Effects of electrode configuration on electroslag remelting process of M2 high-speed steel ingot

The electrode configuration determines the thermophysical field during the electroslag remelting(ESR) process and affects the final microstructure of the ingot. In this work, ingot with a diameter of 400 mm was prepared with two electrode configuration modes of single power ESR process, namely one electrode(OE) and two series-connected electrodes(TSCE). Finite element simulation was employed to calculate the electromagnetic field, flow field and temperature field of the ESR system. The results show that the temperature of the slag pool and the metal pool of the TSCE process is lower and more uniform than that of the OE process.The calculated temperature distribution of the ingot could be indirectly verified from the shape of the metal pool by the experiment. The experimental results show that the depth of the metal pool in the OE ingot is about 160 mm, while the depth of the TSCE ingot is nearly 40 mm shallower than that of the OE ingot. Microstructural comparisons indicate that coarse eutectic carbides are formed in the center of the OE ingot, whereas more even eutectic carbides appear in the center of the TSCE ingot. In general, compared with the OE process, the TSCE process is preferred to remelt high speed steel ingots.     

Phenomena at three-phase electroslag remelting

The electroslag remelting (ESR) process is widely used to produce high-quality ingots and billets for high-alloyed steels and alloys.Both the single-phase and three-phase alternating current diagram with bifilar and monofilar connection are in use for heavy ingot manufacturing.The numerical simulation of the three-phase bifilar circuit for the 120 t three-phase bifilar six-electrode ESR furnace at different variants of electric connection was presented and discussed.At the bifilar diagram of power supply,the geometrical location of electrodes in a mould holds critical importance for performances:the close location of bifilar pair electrodes provides the highest heat productivity,but the equidistant location of electrodes gives a much more uniform heat distribution.The monofilar mulit-electrode diagram of three-phase connection without phase shift shows the most uniform distribution of potential and heat generation as well as a favorable magnetic field that makes this kind the most promising for providing a high quality of heavy ingots.     

三相电极电渣重熔系统中的磁流体流动和传热分析

建立了三相电极电渣重熔的全耦合三维非稳态模型,研究了电渣炉内的电磁现象、两相流动、传热以及凝固现象。其结果表明:大量的电流流经金属熔滴和熔渣,极少数的电流流经凝固锭。焦耳热功率密度的最大值出现在电极周围和金属熔滴中。高温区位于渣池上部的中心,渣池的平均温度随电流的增大而升高。金属熔池为扁平的U形轮廓,当电流升高时熔池加深并且加宽。     

Mn18Cr18N护环钢电渣重熔工艺的研究

通过对10t电渣炉电气特性的分析,确定了渣池输入功率最大时的临界电流值。理论分析了供电制度、电极直径、渣系和钢种对电渣重熔钢锭表面质量的影响机理。钢锭侧面凝固前沿位置即金属熔池具有无圆柱部分是判断电渣锭表面质量优劣的基本依据。工业试验和理论分析阐明了改善Mn18Cr18N电渣重熔钢锭表面质量的主要措施,并提出了合理的重溶工艺制度。     

Effect of vibrating electrode on temperature profiles,fluid flow,and pool shape in ESR system based on a comprehensive coupled model

The vibrating electrode method was proposed in the electro-slag remelting(ESR) process in this paper,and the effect of vibrating electrode on the solidification structure of ingot was studied.A transient threedimensional(3D) coupled mathematical model was established to simulate the electromagnetic phenomenon,fluid flow as well as pool shape in the ESR process with the vibrating electrode.The finite element volume method is developed to solve the electromagnetic field using ANSYS mechanical APDL software.Moreover,the electromagnetic force and Joule heating are interpolated as the source term of the momentum and energy equations.The multi-physical fields have been investigated and compared between the traditional electrode and the vibrating electrode in the ESR process.The results show that the drop process of metal droplets with the traditional electrode is scattered randomly.However,the drop process of metal droplets with the vibrating electrode is periodic.The highest temperature of slag layer with the vibrating electrode is higher than that with the traditional electrode,which can increase the melting rate due to the enhanced heat transfer in the vicinity of the electrode tip.The results also show that when the amplitude and frequency of the vibrating electrode increase,the cycle of drop process of metal droplets decreases significantly.     

数值模拟电极缩孔对IN718合金电渣重熔过程的影响

利用自主开发的ESR过程仿真软件,针对直径430 mm的IN718合金铸锭,通过设计不同形状尺寸的电极缩孔,进行电渣重熔过程的数值模拟计算和分析。结果表明,基于电磁场、流场和温度场等多物理场耦合计算自主开发的ESR数学模型及仿真软件,可以用于ESR冶炼全过程数值模拟,模型计算的熔池形状和深度、二次枝晶臂间距分布规律与实际剖锭分析结果接近。电极中存在缩孔改变了电极与渣池的接触面积,从而显著影响渣池的焦耳热和电磁力分布,而缩孔沿电极轴向尺寸的变化对二者分布的影响则很少。在恒熔速条件下,当缩孔半径小于0.025 m时,缩孔对熔炼过程几乎没有影响;当缩孔尺寸继续增大时,渣池温度场和流场发生明显改变,渣池温度逐步升高,中心向下流速相对减弱;电极缩孔尺寸变化对熔池温度场及两相区尺寸影响不明显。缩孔半径尺寸对电流和功率等熔炼参数的影响呈非线性关系,临界变化值约为0.05 m,当缩孔半径低于临界值时,对电流和功率等影响较小;高于临界值时,随着缩孔半径增加,电流和功率显著增加,并且增速不断加快。从工艺过程控制稳定性角度而言,该尺寸电极缩孔半径应控制在0.05 m以下。     

GH4698合金真空电弧重熔过程中熔池流动形态

为了进一步了解真空电弧重熔(VAR)过程,本文利用开源CFD计算软件OpenFOAM,基于有限体积法(FVM)建立了包括电磁场、温度场和流场的二维多场耦合模型来研究宏观非稳态下的GH4698镍基合金铸锭的凝固过程。结果表明,从坩埚流向自耗电极的电流所引发的磁场主要集中在铸锭的上部,并沿铸锭轴线旋转。磁感应强度由铸锭中心向边缘呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并在电极边缘处达到最大值。热浮力和洛伦兹力是熔池内的主要驱动力,并且它们对熔池流动的影响正好相反。     

Ti60合金VAR熔炼过程熔体流动与宏观偏析的数值模拟研究

真空自耗电弧熔炼 (Vacuum arc Remelting,VAR) 是生产钛合金铸锭最常用的方式之一,但由于其熔炼过程温度高且不透明,通过实验研究其熔炼过程中流体流动行为和宏观偏析存在困难。基于此,本工作以Ti60高温钛合金为例,通过数值模拟方法对VAR熔炼过程展开研究,同时探讨了熔炼电流和磁场搅拌强度对流体流动行为和宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,VAR熔炼钛合金时,熔池形状由“扁平状”逐渐向“V形”转变;凝固结束后铸锭锭底和边部Zr元素含量低,中心和冒口含量高。熔炼电流产生的洛伦兹力使熔体沿逆时针流动,且熔炼电流越大,熔体流动更剧烈;同时也导致铸锭中心和冒口处出现更为严重的宏观偏析。搅拌磁场产生的洛伦兹力作用于整个熔池,不仅促进了熔池上部熔体的流动,也有利于熔池下部熔体的流动;当无搅拌磁场和搅拌磁场较大时,都会导致Zr元素在铸锭中产生较为严重的宏观偏析。为有效控制VAR熔炼钛合金时宏观偏析缺陷的产生,应采取小熔炼电流和合适的搅拌强度。     

核电锻件微观组织性能控制锻造

原始钢锭中含有不可避免的凝固缺陷，并且在核电等大型锻件中，其内部微观组织晶粒度是影响其高韧性能的关键因素。因此，本文提出为确保核电锻件的优质，必须实行控制锻造，建立了控制锻造系统图，并且根据电渣重熔钢锭的特点，指出，其控制锻造的实质是锻件的微观组织晶粒度控制，改善偏析。     

灰铸铁电渣重熔过程石墨球化现象的研究

实验证明,采用高Ｓｉ含量铸铁自耗电极和含稀土氧化物的ＣａＦ２基熔渣,在直流反极性电渣重熔条件下,可制得球墨铸铁,铸铁中石墨球化现象是铁水经电化学变质处理的结果,熔渣中Ｍｇ１Ｃｅ阳离子在渣－金界面阴极区被还原进入铁水熔池,起到球化剂的作用,提高阳极区自耗电极中的Ｓｉ含量,可以抑制渣中Ｆｅ阳离子的形成,有助于上述电池化学还原反应的进行,这对建立新的冶金工艺技术有一定意义。     

200t级电渣炉的技术特点和产品评价

上海重型机器厂的 2 0 0t级电渣炉 ,是目前世界上最大的电渣炉 ,本文简述了其设备、工艺特点及主要产品性能。指出 ,该 2 0 0t级电渣炉能生产 2 40t重的电渣锭 ,可用于生产 2 0 0t重的大锻件。如果更换成 3 .3m的结晶器 ,则能生产 3 0 0t重的电渣锭 ,可用于生产 2 5 0t重的大锻件。具有参与承制百万千瓦级核电、火电和两千吨级石油裂化加氢反应器锻件的能力     

A Comparison of Chemistry and Inclusion Distribution and Morphology Versus Melting Method of NiTi Alloys

NiTi alloys are produced by three melting methods. The first method requires compaction of nickel and titanium raw material into sections that can be joined together for melting in a Vacuum Arc Remelt unit (VAR). This ingot is melted two or more times in a VAR. The second method utilizes a Vacuum Induction Melting (VIM) unit to alloy the nickel and titanium, with the use of a graphite crucible. The resulting ingot is prepared and remelted in a VAR. The third method begins with primary melting in a vacuum Induction Skull Melter (ISM). The ISM produces ingots that are assembled into an electrode for VAR melting. For each of the melting methods, the final product depends on the quality and handling of the raw materials, the control of the process at each unit, and the preparation of the intermediate ingots for further processing. The melting method influences the final chemistry as well as the type and number of inclusions present in the final product. This study compares the chemistry and microcleanliness of product manufactured by each method to determine the appropriate melting technique that produces NiTi with the lowest residual elements, such as carbon, as well as the lowest size, and number of inclusions.     

28.4t 1Mn18Cr18N护环电渣锭生产

根据1Mn18Cr18N钢特点,通过精心制备电极及控制电渣重熔过程,成功生产了重达28.4 t的护环电渣锭。电渣锭表面质量优良,底部成型良好,顶部补缩密实平整。     

空心钢锭锻造工艺的研究

介绍了30t空心钢锭锻造试验过程及所制产品的质量情况,以及用65t空心钢锭生产电站环形锻件情况,为用大型空心钢锭生产锻件的进一步研究提供了依据。     

轧管用空心钢锭生产工艺的研究与实践

介绍了轧管用空心钢锭生产的难点与关键技术,空心钢锭浇铸模芯的材质、结构,模芯定位装置以及空心钢锭的浇铸工艺。生产的空心钢锭质量满足轧管用空心管坯的高质量要求;其高合金钢空心钢锭直接轧管新工艺,特别适用于轧制多品种、多规格、高品质的高合金无缝钢管,可减少用实心钢锭(锻坯)轧管的镗孔工序,提高产品金属收得率,降低生产成本。     

Processing of high carbon Fe3Al based intermetallic alloy

A melting procedure for air induction melting (AIM) of an Fe₃Al based intermetallic alloy Fe-15.38 wt%Al-1.1 wt%C is described. Use of an appropriate slag cover during AIM results in elimination of hydrogen gas porosity in cast AIM ingots. Criteria for slag selection and slag to metal ratio are discussed. Refining by slag-metal reactions results in significant reduction in impurity levels (S, O, N) during AIM. Consequently, low cost raw materials such as mild steel scrap and commercial aluminium were used for melting the alloy. The AIM ingot exhibited excellent tensile properties. The ductility and hot workability of the ingot may be further improved by subsequent processing through electroslag remelting. It is also argued that the presence of carbon may be necessary to get AIM castings with desirable mechanical properties.     

电渣重熔体系内磁场的数学模拟

基于Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程组及有关的电磁场理论，提出了更切合实际情况的电渣重熔体系内磁场的数学模型，并应用于结晶器直径２００ｍｍ的实验室重熔装置．对直径７６ｍｍ低碳低合金钢电极的重熔过程（３０００Ａ（有效值），ＣａＦ２＋３０ｍａｓｓ％Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋２０ｍａｓｓ％ＣａＯ渣系），结果表明，磁场强度的幅模在电极内沿端部锥体形成方向不断增大，至接近锥顶处达最大值，约为２．６×１０４Ａ／ｍ，此后在渣池、锭子熔池、液固两相区和固态锭子内沿轴向向下逐渐减小；沿半径方向，在电极和渣池内呈现一峰值，在液、固金属区内则单调增大至边界条件限定值．对在直径１４０ｍｍ的结晶器中以直径８０ｍｍ的电极和ＣａＦ２＋ＣａＯ＋Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋ＭｇＯ渣系生产高速钢（Ｍ２）锭的过程，以该模型估计的重熔体系渣池和金属熔池内磁场强度（幅模）的大小和分布与实测结果较相吻合．该模型可作为研究电渣重熔体系内熔体流动，传热和传质过程的基础．     

Melting of Nitride Seeded Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Ingots

As part of a U.S. Bureau of Mines program directed towards understanding the formation and elimination of “type 1” hard alpha defects in titanium alloy ingots, titanium nitride additions of 6 mm (0.25 in.) nitrided sponge particles or air-contaminated sponge were studied. The results reinforce the contention that a primary melting process with a longer residence time than consumable electrode vacuum arc melting is needed. Such a process would ensure dissolution of high nitrogen defects introduced from the raw materials making up the initial ingot or from defects created in processing.     

Macrosegregation Behavior of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al Alloy During Vacuum Consumable Arc Remelting Process

The effects of melting current and magnetic field in vacuum consumable arc remelting (VAR) process on the macrosegregation of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al ingot are investigated in this paper. The results show that Fe content increases gradually from the bottom to the top of ingots along axial direction and the degree of macrosegregation is greater in the radial direction in the middle of the ingot versus the top and bottom. The macrosegregation rate of Fe element is higher with melting current of 2.6 kA than that of 1.7 kA in Ti-10V-2Al-3Fe ingot. There are two forces, buoyancy and Lorentz forces which arise from the flow of current through the pool of VAR when without magnetic stirring, but a new Lorentz force arising from the presence of external inductors occurs with adding magnetic stirring which decreases the macrosegregation rate of Fe element in Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al.