Effect of vibrating electrode on temperature profiles,fluid flow,and pool shape in ESR system based on a comprehensive coupled model

The vibrating electrode method was proposed in the electro-slag remelting(ESR) process in this paper,and the effect of vibrating electrode on the solidification structure of ingot was studied.A transient threedimensional(3D) coupled mathematical model was established to simulate the electromagnetic phenomenon,fluid flow as well as pool shape in the ESR process with the vibrating electrode.The finite element volume method is developed to solve the electromagnetic field using ANSYS mechanical APDL software.Moreover,the electromagnetic force and Joule heating are interpolated as the source term of the momentum and energy equations.The multi-physical fields have been investigated and compared between the traditional electrode and the vibrating electrode in the ESR process.The results show that the drop process of metal droplets with the traditional electrode is scattered randomly.However,the drop process of metal droplets with the vibrating electrode is periodic.The highest temperature of slag layer with the vibrating electrode is higher than that with the traditional electrode,which can increase the melting rate due to the enhanced heat transfer in the vicinity of the electrode tip.The results also show that when the amplitude and frequency of the vibrating electrode increase,the cycle of drop process of metal droplets decreases significantly.     

钛合金TC4真空自耗熔炼工艺参数对宏观偏析影响

采用Fluent软件模拟了钛合金TC4真空自耗熔炼过程中温度场、流场和溶质场相互作用,研究了与铸锭直接相关的3个工艺参数(熔速、铸锭上表面温度和冷却强度)对铸锭宏观偏析的影响规律。结果表明：不同熔炼条件下,在铸锭1000 mm高度处的铁元素径向偏析均呈钟形分布,即铸锭芯部为正偏析,表面区域为负偏析,且负偏析程度均大于正偏析。熔炼速度对铸锭温度场和宏观偏析的影响最为明显：当熔炼速度由0.15 mm/s增加到0.18 mm/s时,铸锭达到稳定熔炼阶段时的高度由1200 mm增加到1600 mm,熔池深度由494 mm增加到738 mm。当距铸锭中心距离小于130 mm时,偏析随熔炼速度增加而减小,在熔炼速度为0.15 mm/s时达到最大值,为3.36%;当距铸锭中心距离大于295 mm时,偏析随熔炼速度增大而增大,在熔炼速度为0.21 mm/s时达到最大值6.23%。铸锭上表面温度和冷却强度对宏观偏析和熔池深度的影响不明显。通过正交分析得到3个主要工艺参数对宏观偏析影响程度为：熔炼速度>冷却强度>铸锭上表面温度,并得到最优工艺参数为熔炼速度0.15 mm/s、铸锭上表面温度21...     

三相电极电渣重熔系统中的磁流体流动和传热分析

建立了三相电极电渣重熔的全耦合三维非稳态模型,研究了电渣炉内的电磁现象、两相流动、传热以及凝固现象。其结果表明:大量的电流流经金属熔滴和熔渣,极少数的电流流经凝固锭。焦耳热功率密度的最大值出现在电极周围和金属熔滴中。高温区位于渣池上部的中心,渣池的平均温度随电流的增大而升高。金属熔池为扁平的U形轮廓,当电流升高时熔池加深并且加宽。     

Simulation of electro-slag re-melting process of 120 t large ingot for nuclear power station and its application

Further research on metallic materials for the super critical rotator and the main pipe line of a nuclear power station is very important for developing the nuclear power industry.In this study,the mathematical model for 120 t large ingot was established,and the computer program ESR3D was developed to simulate the whole electroslag re-melting (ESR) process.This includes the electrode melting,metallic droplet falling,metal pool forming,metal pool and slag pool rising and moving,installation of top crystallizer,ingot solidifying,etc.The simulated average melting rate of the electrode was in good agreement with that in practical production.The optimized parameters were used to produce 80-120 t large ingots,and the quality of the ingots satisfied the specifications of nuclear power and the super critical generating unit.     

数值模拟电极缩孔对IN718合金电渣重熔过程的影响

利用自主开发的ESR过程仿真软件,针对直径430 mm的IN718合金铸锭,通过设计不同形状尺寸的电极缩孔,进行电渣重熔过程的数值模拟计算和分析。结果表明,基于电磁场、流场和温度场等多物理场耦合计算自主开发的ESR数学模型及仿真软件,可以用于ESR冶炼全过程数值模拟,模型计算的熔池形状和深度、二次枝晶臂间距分布规律与实际剖锭分析结果接近。电极中存在缩孔改变了电极与渣池的接触面积,从而显著影响渣池的焦耳热和电磁力分布,而缩孔沿电极轴向尺寸的变化对二者分布的影响则很少。在恒熔速条件下,当缩孔半径小于0.025 m时,缩孔对熔炼过程几乎没有影响;当缩孔尺寸继续增大时,渣池温度场和流场发生明显改变,渣池温度逐步升高,中心向下流速相对减弱;电极缩孔尺寸变化对熔池温度场及两相区尺寸影响不明显。缩孔半径尺寸对电流和功率等熔炼参数的影响呈非线性关系,临界变化值约为0.05 m,当缩孔半径低于临界值时,对电流和功率等影响较小;高于临界值时,随着缩孔半径增加,电流和功率显著增加,并且增速不断加快。从工艺过程控制稳定性角度而言,该尺寸电极缩孔半径应控制在0.05 m以下。     

电渣重熔体系内磁场的数学模拟

基于Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程组及有关的电磁场理论，提出了更切合实际情况的电渣重熔体系内磁场的数学模型，并应用于结晶器直径２００ｍｍ的实验室重熔装置．对直径７６ｍｍ低碳低合金钢电极的重熔过程（３０００Ａ（有效值），ＣａＦ２＋３０ｍａｓｓ％Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋２０ｍａｓｓ％ＣａＯ渣系），结果表明，磁场强度的幅模在电极内沿端部锥体形成方向不断增大，至接近锥顶处达最大值，约为２．６×１０４Ａ／ｍ，此后在渣池、锭子熔池、液固两相区和固态锭子内沿轴向向下逐渐减小；沿半径方向，在电极和渣池内呈现一峰值，在液、固金属区内则单调增大至边界条件限定值．对在直径１４０ｍｍ的结晶器中以直径８０ｍｍ的电极和ＣａＦ２＋ＣａＯ＋Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋ＭｇＯ渣系生产高速钢（Ｍ２）锭的过程，以该模型估计的重熔体系渣池和金属熔池内磁场强度（幅模）的大小和分布与实测结果较相吻合．该模型可作为研究电渣重熔体系内熔体流动，传热和传质过程的基础．     

H13钢中的碳化物分析及其演变规律研究

通过OM、SEM及TEM分析了H13钢在电渣锭退火、锻后退火及淬回火过程中的显微组织变化,利用电解法萃取H13钢在三种状态下的碳化物,通过XRD对其进行物相分析,并与JMatPro热力学相图计算结果进行比较。研究表明:H13钢电渣锭中的伪共晶碳化物主要为V8C7与Fe3Mo3C;在锻造加热过程中,Fe3Mo3C溶于基体,并在锻后退火和淬回火的过程中重新从基体中析出,大部分V8C7溶于基体,少量未溶颗粒保留于锻后退火组织及淬回火组织中;淬回火过程中大量析出以V8C7、Mo2C为主的二次硬化型碳化物,上述结果与JMatPro计算结果基本符合。     

GH4698合金真空电弧重熔过程中熔池流动形态

为了进一步了解真空电弧重熔(VAR)过程,本文利用开源CFD计算软件OpenFOAM,基于有限体积法(FVM)建立了包括电磁场、温度场和流场的二维多场耦合模型来研究宏观非稳态下的GH4698镍基合金铸锭的凝固过程。结果表明,从坩埚流向自耗电极的电流所引发的磁场主要集中在铸锭的上部,并沿铸锭轴线旋转。磁感应强度由铸锭中心向边缘呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并在电极边缘处达到最大值。热浮力和洛伦兹力是熔池内的主要驱动力,并且它们对熔池流动的影响正好相反。     

A Coupled Cellular Automaton–Finite-Element Mathematical Model for the Multiscale Phenomena of Electroslag Remelting H13 Die Steel Ingot

A coupled cellular automaton–finite-element mathematical model has been developed to investigate the multiscale phenomena of the electroslag remelting (ESR) H13 steel ingot. The heat transfer equation is solved to obtain the temperature distribution and liquid metal pool profile by a coarser finite-element (FE) mesh. Then, a regular network of square cells with a much finer scale is drawn for the simulation of microstructure with the cellular automaton (CA) technique. The continuous nucleation, which is based on the Gaussian distribution, is implemented to describe the heterogeneous nucleation. The growth kinetics of the dendritic tip is taken into account by the Kure–Giovanola–Trivedi model. At each time step, the temperature at the CA cell locations is interpolated from the temperature at four adjacent FE elements. The solute transfer is calculated using the FE method. Moreover, the evolution of the multiscale phenomena with growing of the ingot is considered by the varying boundary conditions. A reasonable agreement is demonstrated between the calculation and experiment. The results indicate that the shallow U-shaped metal pool would change to the deep V-shaped metal pool with the growing of the ingot. The vertical columnar grains appear at the bottom of the ingot, and an inverse V-shaped grain structure can be observed at the upper part of the ingot. It can be inferred that improving the undercooling can refine the microstructure and motivate the growing of the columnar grain during the ESR process.     

灰铸铁电渣重熔过程石墨球化现象的研究

实验证明,采用高Ｓｉ含量铸铁自耗电极和含稀土氧化物的ＣａＦ２基熔渣,在直流反极性电渣重熔条件下,可制得球墨铸铁,铸铁中石墨球化现象是铁水经电化学变质处理的结果,熔渣中Ｍｇ１Ｃｅ阳离子在渣－金界面阴极区被还原进入铁水熔池,起到球化剂的作用,提高阳极区自耗电极中的Ｓｉ含量,可以抑制渣中Ｆｅ阳离子的形成,有助于上述电池化学还原反应的进行,这对建立新的冶金工艺技术有一定意义。     

Solidification microstructure of M2 high speed steel by different casting technologies

The present work investigated the solidification microstructure of AISI M2 high speed steel manufactured by different casting technologies,namely iron mould casting and continuous casting.The results revealed that the as-cast structure of the steel was composed of the iron matrix and the M2C eutectic carbide networks,which were greatly refined in the ingot made by continuous casting process,compared with that by the iron mould casting process.M2C eutectic carbides presented variation in their morphologies and growth characteristics in the ingots by both casting methods.In the ingot by iron mould casting,they have a plate-like morphology and grow anisotropically.However,in the ingot made by continuous casting,the carbides evolved into the fiber-like shape that exhibited little characteristics of anisotropic growth.It was noticed that the fiber-like M2C was much easier to decompose and spheroidize after heated,as a result,the carbides refined remarkably,compared with the case of plate-like carbides in the iron mould casting ingot.     

高速钢坯料制备工艺的问题与对策

现行的高速钢坯料制备工艺主要是电渣重熔和粉末冶金两大类。其中电渣重熔锭比普通冶炼模铸钢锭的组织致密,明显改善了初始共晶碳化物的分布,但是电耗过高,生产中产生的氟化物对环境的污染严重;粉末冶金虽然从根本上解决了碳化物偏析和粗大的问题,但其工艺复杂,成本过高,应用受到限制。而半固态连铸工艺既解决了初始碳化物偏析和粗大问题,又克服了电渣重熔中电耗高、环境污染以及粉末冶金成本高的缺点,是值得重视的一个新工艺。     

Ti60合金VAR熔炼过程熔体流动与宏观偏析的数值模拟研究

真空自耗电弧熔炼 (Vacuum arc Remelting,VAR) 是生产钛合金铸锭最常用的方式之一,但由于其熔炼过程温度高且不透明,通过实验研究其熔炼过程中流体流动行为和宏观偏析存在困难。基于此,本工作以Ti60高温钛合金为例,通过数值模拟方法对VAR熔炼过程展开研究,同时探讨了熔炼电流和磁场搅拌强度对流体流动行为和宏观偏析的影响。结果表明,VAR熔炼钛合金时,熔池形状由“扁平状”逐渐向“V形”转变;凝固结束后铸锭锭底和边部Zr元素含量低,中心和冒口含量高。熔炼电流产生的洛伦兹力使熔体沿逆时针流动,且熔炼电流越大,熔体流动更剧烈;同时也导致铸锭中心和冒口处出现更为严重的宏观偏析。搅拌磁场产生的洛伦兹力作用于整个熔池,不仅促进了熔池上部熔体的流动,也有利于熔池下部熔体的流动;当无搅拌磁场和搅拌磁场较大时,都会导致Zr元素在铸锭中产生较为严重的宏观偏析。为有效控制VAR熔炼钛合金时宏观偏析缺陷的产生,应采取小熔炼电流和合适的搅拌强度。     

冷却条件对TC6合金温度场和Cr偏析的影响

采用多场耦合重熔工艺仿真软件MeltFlow-VAR建立数值模型,研究了工业化大规格TC6合金在不同冷却条件下的温度场和Cr元素偏析行为,并通过制备Ф640 mm规格TC6合金铸锭进行验证。模拟结果表明：增大铸锭和坩埚间的换热后,铸锭熔池和糊状区深度变浅,整体呈现自下而上的顺序凝固,Cr元素偏析范围及整锭极差减小。结合实验验证表明：采用壁厚减薄的异形坩埚加强冷却后,凝固组织转变为全柱状晶,有利于减轻偏析,得到成分均匀性较高的铸锭。     

电渣熔铸过程渣池流场的模拟研究

电渣熔铸过程中熔渣的流动决定了熔铸体系温度场的分布以及金属熔池的形状,最终影响熔铸钢锭的质量。采用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对电渣熔铸体系渣池流场进行了模拟研究,所得结果与物理模拟实验结果完全一致。并以此研究了熔铸电流,填充比和电极端部形状对熔渣流速分布的影响,为实际生产提供了依据。     

Mn18Cr18N护环钢电渣重熔工艺的研究

通过对10t电渣炉电气特性的分析,确定了渣池输入功率最大时的临界电流值。理论分析了供电制度、电极直径、渣系和钢种对电渣重熔钢锭表面质量的影响机理。钢锭侧面凝固前沿位置即金属熔池具有无圆柱部分是判断电渣锭表面质量优劣的基本依据。工业试验和理论分析阐明了改善Mn18Cr18N电渣重熔钢锭表面质量的主要措施,并提出了合理的重溶工艺制度。     

铈对D6冷作模具钢中共晶碳化物的影响

针对某集团生产的模铸D6钢中经常出现共晶碳化物对超标现象,在模铸过程中添加稀土元素铈.在坯料和钢材上取样,采用光学显微镜观察侵蚀后钢的组织形貌.结果表明,随着铈含量的增加,共晶碳化物网格尺寸变小,当坯料中铈含量由0.038％增加到0.073％时,网格尺寸减小约50％,网格厚度变薄,甚至网状结构被破坏;钢材中共晶碳化物的级别随铈含量的增加而降低.铈对铸态组织的细化作用导致了最终产品中共晶碳化物的细化.     

TiAl合金真空自耗熔炼过程的数值模拟

通过数值模拟研究了直径为180mm的TiAl合金铸锭的真空自耗冶炼过程,获得了TiAl合金真空自耗熔炼过程中熔炼温度、熔炼速度和冷却能力对金属熔池温度梯度、熔池形状和糊状区宽度的影响规律。结果表明,随熔炼温度升高,熔池深度增加,其形状由碗状向V形转变,熔炼温度对熔池中温度梯度和凝固前沿糊状区宽度影响较小;随熔炼速度增加,熔池中温度梯度显著减小,糊状区宽度和熔池深度则明显降低;随冷却能力增加,糊状区宽度明显减小,熔池中温度梯度和熔池深度略有减小。     

28.4t 1Mn18Cr18N护环电渣锭生产

根据1Mn18Cr18N钢特点,通过精心制备电极及控制电渣重熔过程,成功生产了重达28.4 t的护环电渣锭。电渣锭表面质量优良,底部成型良好,顶部补缩密实平整。     

电子束定点焊接304不锈钢熔池流动行为数值模拟

基于电子束焊接过程的传热与受力物理过程分析,建立相应模型,对电子束定点焊接304不锈钢的温度场与流场进行数值模拟,研究电子束焊接熔池流动行为及焊缝成形规律.结果表明,电子束加热阶段,熔池上表面温度梯度达到106 K/m,熔池表面峰值温度高,在沸点温度附近波动,强烈的金属蒸汽反作用力成为熔池流动的主要作用力,促使熔池中心下凹并不断波动,熔池冷却凝固阶段,金属蒸汽反作用力下降,熔池金属表面张力梯度引起的Marangoni对流成为熔池金属流动主要驱动力,促使焊缝表面熔宽增大,熔池凝固后焊缝上表面宽度为1.9 mm,中心处宽度为1.6 mm,下表面宽度为1.8 mm.