YC6113柴油机蠕墨铸铁缸盖铸件的质量控制

通过合理使用炉后配料比,并在冲天炉出铁时脱硫,可以有效得到满足蠕墨铸铁生产的低硫原铁液,同时正确选择、控制化学成分、熔炼工艺及蠕化处理方法,并使用长方形压边冒口工艺,使牌号为RuT340的柴油机缸盖铸件的蠕化率≥75％,金相组织珠光体体积分数稳定达到98％以上,石墨长度为4级,硬度≥160HBS,综合废品率低于8％,满足相关技术和质量控制要求。     

蠕墨铸铁NE840V8柴油机缸体铸造工艺研究与试制

介绍了蠕墨铸铁NE840V8柴油机缸体铸件试制过程,通过合理设计缸体毛坯铸造造型、制芯及砂芯组装工艺,合理使用炉料配比,同时根据生产条件正确选择和控制化学成分、蠕化剂及蠕化处理方法,使紧凑的蠕化处理、合理的浇注温度和浇注速度工艺过程相匹配,可得到缸体铸件的蠕化率达到80%以上,满足相关技术和质量控制要求。     

蠕墨铸铁超声波蠕化率检测方法研究

蠕化率是保证蠕墨铸铁力学性能和使用性能的关键因素。针对蠕墨铸铁铸件批量生产中蠕化率的控制难点,分析了铸铁中石墨形态对材料性能参数的变化和影响。结果表明,当铸铁材质的超声波纵波速度在5 000～5 350 m/s时,蠕墨铸铁中蠕虫状的石墨含量≥50%,能够满足蠕墨铸铁标准的材质要求;利用测量铸件本体或与铸件连体试块的波速,作为蠕化率快速检测的一种方法,可以对蠕化率快速检测。这种检测方法成本低,可靠性好,能够有效保证铸件产品的质量。     

蠕墨铸铁制动盘体表面黑斑的防止措施

介绍了大功率机车蠕墨铸铁制动盘表面产生黑斑的原因及危害,并分析了黑斑的形成机理,最终通过控制CE、蠕化剂的加入量、孕育剂的加入量、改善浇注工艺、增加涂料的涂刷厚度等措施,使盘体表面黑斑基本消除,蠕化率达到85％,制动盘铸件合格率达到90％以上,大大降低了生产成本.     

蠕虫状石墨铸铁的炉前控制及凝固规律探讨

对蠕铁的炉前控制技术及凝固的基本规律进行了探讨，总结了稳定蠕铁生产的质量控制方法。主要结论是：（1）变质剂加入量应根据原铁液w（S）的高低进行调整；（2）蠕铁Y形试样与炉前试样之间的蠕化率相差30％～55％，炉前金相蠕化率控制在20％～45％之间可获得合格的蠕铁铸件；（3）蠕铁件的蠕化率不宜控制过高．普通砂型件宜低于95％，树脂砂铸件低于85％为宜；（4）蠕铁液停留时间在30min之内，其力学性能和金相组织变化不大，超过该时间蠕铁组织不易控制。     

蠕墨铸铁缸盖的生产控制

介绍了蠕墨铸铁缸盖的技术要求,详细阐述了该件的生产工艺:(1)选择优质的原材料,大批量使用废钢及回炉料,适当控制生铁加入量;(2)严格控制铁液的w(S)、CE、w(Mg_残)以及w(RE)量,将微量元素Pb+Al+Sb+Zr控制在0.10%以内;(3)通过添加Cu、Sn合金化,提高铸件本体力学性能和珠光体体积分数;(4)采取高温熔炼工艺,加强一次预处理和二次变质处理等过程控制。生产结果显示:铸件本体的珠光体体积分数达到90%以上,蠕化率≥80%,内外废品率控制在3%左右,不良蠕化率包次降到1%以下。     

薄壁蠕墨铸铁的组织与性能研究

蠕墨铸铁（CGI）是制造高功率密度发动机机体及气缸盖等部件的理想材料。本试验通过金相显微分析和力学性能测试,研究了CE 和PCu、Mo合金化对薄壁蠕墨铸铁组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：cE为4．5％时,壁厚6mm铸件的蠕化率可达到80％-85％,同时可使壁厚3mm铸件消除游离渗碳体,获得无白口组织;Cu-Mo复合强化效果要优于Cu、Mo单因素强化作用,复合加入量为0．6％时,综合力学性能可稳定达到Rm≥450MPa、A≥3％。     

蠕墨铸铁缸盖铸件的铸造工艺模拟

介绍了4缸4气门高压共轨柴油发动机缸盖铸件的结构,利用数值模拟软件对3种铸造工艺进行模拟分析,认为方案三对于消除缩松类缺陷有明显的优势,并对该方案进行了优化和完善.生产结果显示,在蠕化率为85％的情况下,仍然没有出现缩孔、缩松类缺陷,且铸件满足各项力学性能要求.     

无孕育蠕墨铸铁壁厚敏感性研究

采用低镧镁硅铁蠕化剂制备蠕铁铁液,探索了铸件壁厚对合金蠕化率、蠕墨和共晶团形态及基体组织的影响规律。结果表明,在无孕育工艺条件下,蠕墨铸铁的凝固组织由奥氏体枝晶、形态不规则的蠕墨/奥氏体共晶团和少量球墨/奥氏体共晶团组成,铸态组织由铁素体、珠光体和蠕虫状石墨及少量球状石墨组成。随着铸件壁厚的增大,蠕墨铸铁的蠕化率、蠕墨形态参数、蠕墨/奥氏体共晶团尺寸趋于增大,共晶团形貌团球化,而枝晶数量和珠光体数量显著减少。当铸件模数一定时,铸件边缘处的蠕化率、蠕墨形态参数和共晶团尺寸均低于心部,但枝晶析出数量高于心部。对于蠕化率较高的合金,当模数MS≥0.75 cm时,蠕化率对壁厚的变化不甚敏感,反之,敏感性较强;而对于蠕化率较低的合金,敏感性转变模数由0.75 cm降为0.5 cm。此外,无论合金蠕化率高低,其基体组织中的珠光体数量对壁厚变化均十分敏感,尤其是当铸件模数MS0.5 cm时,珠光体数量随铸件模数的增大显著减少。     

二步法蠕化工艺生产缸体的组织和性能

采用二步法蠕化工艺生产蠕墨铸铁缸体铸件,并借助金相显微镜和力学性能测试等手段对缸体的组织和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:二步法蠕化工艺生产缸体的力学性能和微观组织均能够达到Ru T400的标准要求,蠕化率和硬度的稳定性优于普通冲入法生产的蠕墨铸铁缸体。     

Effect of gas composition on cementite decomposition and coke formation on iron

Cementite decomposition and coke formation in the metal dusting process of iron were investigated at 700 °C in CO-H₂-H₂O gas mixtures. The presence of graphite deposited on the surface initiates the decomposition of cementite into iron and graphite. The morphology of the reaction products varies with gas composition. For CO concentrations less than 5 vol%, particles of iron or even closed iron layers have been observed at the cementite/graphite interface. With increasing CO content the amount of iron in the interface decreases. At CO concentrations higher than 30 vol%, iron could not be detected at the interface by optical microscopy. Thermo-gravimetric analysis shows that the rate of carbon take-up increases with increasing CO concentration reaching a maximum at about 60-75 vol%.The morphologies of graphite in the coke layer can be identified as three types: porous graphite clusters with embedded iron-containing particles, compact bulk graphite with a uniform thickness and a columnar layered structure, and filamentous carbon with iron-containing phases at the tip or along its length. For gas mixtures with low CO concentrations, e.g. 5 vol%, porous graphite clusters are the main form of carbon although filamentous carbon can be seen at the early stage of reaction. With increasing CO concentrations to, e.g. 30 vol%, a compact bulk graphite is formed on the top of the surface. Under this compact graphite, there is an inner layer of graphite which is the combination of porous graphite clusters and filaments. These two layers of graphite are clearly distinguishable when CO content reaches more than 75 vol%. In this case, the main form of graphite in the inner layer is filamentous carbon. The compact graphite layer suffers a serious deformation and forms many cracks because of the growth of catalytic filamentous carbon underneath. These filaments grow outside from compact graphite crevices and finally cover the whole surface. The higher the CO content in the gas, the more the tendency of filamentous carbon formation. The interplay between morphologies of carbon formation and metal dusting has been discussed.     

振动凝固对消失模铸造球铁组织特征的影响

试验研究了振动凝固对消失模铸造球铁合金石墨形态、基体组织及硬度的影响,浇注不同厚度的试样,对比了厚度5mm、10mm、20mm、40mm试样在静止凝固与振动凝固条件下组织特征的变化。结果表明：振动凝固可以增加石墨球个数,随振动频率的提高,石墨球个数增加明显;振动凝固可以显著减少粗大石墨的比例,提高石墨分布的均匀性,随振动频率的提高,粗大石墨的比例呈减小趋势;振动凝固可以降低薄壁铸铁件中的碳化物含量,随振动频率提高,碳化物比例下降,硬度降低。     

Effect of nodularity on mechanical properties and fracture of ferritic spheroidal graphite iron

Ferritic spheroidal graphite irons with nodularity from 72% to 96% were prepared. The relationship between the nodularity and the mechanical properties of the ferritic spheroidal graphite iron was investigated. The effect of nodularity on the mechanical properties and tensile fracture of the cast iron were studied. Results showed that the tensile strength Rm, yield strength R_(p0.2), elongation to failure A_5, and impact energy KV_2 of the cast iron had a good linear relationship with its nodularity. Nodularity and annealing treatment would obviously affect the fracture characteristics of ferritic spheroidal graphite iron. The annealed ferritic spheroidal graphite iron with 93% nodularity showed a completely ductile rupture. With the decrease of nodularity from 93% to 72%, the cleavage fracture area ratio increased gradually from 0% to 8.3%. Compared with as-cast ferritic spheroidal graphite iron, annealing treatment reduced the cleavage fracture area of the ferritic spheroidal graphite iron.     

Recovering flake graphite from steelmaking kish

As part of its research efforts to encourage conservation and reuse of natural resources, the U.S. Bureau of Mines has developed a process to produce high-quality flake graphite from the steelmaking waste known as kish. The kish produced by current steelmaking practices is a mixture of graphite, desulfurization slag, and iron that is skimmed from the molten iron feed to the basic oxygen furnace. Kish was treated by a combination of screening and hydraulic classification to produce a concentrate containing more than 70% graphite. Acid leaching of the concentrate gave a graphite product with 95–99% purity and a flake size ranging from 10 mesh down. Industrial graphite users indicated that kish graphite is a suitable substitute for natural graphite material for most uses.     

Research of microstructure of spherical graphite iron by electropulsing annealing

This paper investigated the solid-state graphitization of spherical graphite iron by electropulsing annealing. The results indicated that the electropulsing annealing can accelerate the decomposition of cementite, improve the diffusion ability of carbon in the matrix and make more neonatal graphites in small size be formed. With the increase of electropulsing annealing temperature, the graphitization rate is accelerated. At the high temperature and the quick heating rate, the solid-state graphitization can be finished in a short time. Analysis shows that electropulsing annealing promotes the nucleation of graphite and the decomposition of cementite, consequently, the solid-state graphitization of spherical graphite iron is accelerated.     

High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Flake and Spheroidal Graphite Cast Irons

Flake and spheroidal graphite cast irons with similar composition were subjected to high temperature oxidation to investigate graphite morphology and distribution effects on the oxidation behavior. High temperature oxidation tests were conducted between 400 and 750 °C in air. For comparison low carbon steel was also tested.Graphite morphology obviously affected high-temperature oxidation resistance. The flake graphite cast iron exhibited the worst high-temperature oxidation resistance compared with spheroidal graphite cast iron. Since graphite flakes provide suitable sites for the iron oxide growth and are almost interconnected, the iron oxide grows faster and penetrates along the graphite flakes boundaries resulting in the subsurface oxidation. Due to the severe subsurface oxidation flake graphite cast iron parabolic rate constants are five times higher than that of the spheroidal graphite cast iron. However, spheroidal graphite cast iron parabolic rate constants and oxide layer thickness are similar to those of the low carbon steel. Therefore, graphite flakes have negative effect on the cast iron high temperature oxidation resistance.     

灰铸铁棒中的球状石墨

在较小截面的连铸灰铸铁型材表层,观察到具有球状石墨的金相组织;经过试验证明,在一定冷却条件下,未经处理过的灰口铁液也可能析出球状石墨。认为这种现象是石墨生长受扩散控制的结果。     

50%～30%中、低蠕化率铸铁的性能及应用

综述了灰铁、蠕铁和球铁中的石墨形态与其力学性能及热力学性能的关系。铸铁材料的实际性能是随着蠕化率或球化率的变化而变化,也就是随着球状、团状、团絮状、蠕虫状石墨的数量比例变化而变化的;中、低蠕化率(蠕化率50%～30%,即球化率50%～70%)铸铁处于由蠕铁向球铁变化的中、后段,具有优于球铁的铸造性能、致密性、导热性、减震性和切削加工性能,同时具有优于高蠕化率蠕铁的常温和高温力学性能。指出中、低蠕化率铸铁适用于需要较高强度和冷热疲劳性能的场合。     

Effect of Lanthanun on micructure and properties of a chilled iron camshaft

Inoculation can reduce the chill depth of a chilled iron,and therefore influence the microstructure and properties of the iron.In this paper,the effect of rare earth Lanthanun (La) on the microstructure and properties of a chilled iron camshaft was studied.The results show that the La addition efficiently enhances the mechanical properties,yet with the unfavorable effect of decreasing the chilled depth and hardness.Moreover,La promotes graphite concentration and results in large graphite size,as well as A-type graphite.It is also found that excessive La destroys the interconnection and directivity of ledeburite.According to the experimental results,the optimum adding content of La should be no more than 0.02wt.%.     

MICRODISTRIBUTION OF NODULIZER IN VARIOUS PHASES OF CAST IRON

应用有机电解液低温电解及放射性测量方法,测定了普通铸铁及高纯Fe-C-Si合金中的合金化Ce量及石墨中的Ce量,石墨中的Ce量大都略高于或相近于基体中的Ce量,在Ce含量相同的情况下,铸铁中的合金化Ce量比钢中多。 涂层法自射线照相结果表明:Ce在片状石墨中呈均匀分布,而在球状石墨中的分布却是多样的。开花状石墨中的Ce多于片状石墨及球状石墨中的Ce.球状石墨周围的铁素体及珠光体是贫Ce.远离球状石墨的珠光体及莱氏体是富Ce.初生奥氏体枝晶转变形成的珠光体和蜂窝状莱氏体都含有较少的Ce,而板状渗碳体型莱氏体含Ce较多.Ce明显富集于共晶时最后凝固的区域。球状石墨的形成主要取决于原铁水中的反球化剂(硫)含量,它的影响比球化剂的残留量或合金化量的作用更大。