等离子体球化处理和放电等离子烧结制备钡钨阴极多孔钨基体

采用等离子体球化处理和放电等离子烧结(SPS)相结合的方法制备了钡钨阴极多孔钨基体。研究了等离子体球化处理工艺参数对钨粉的球化率和性能的影响规律,以及SPS制备的多孔钨基体的微观组织和相应钡钨阴极的发射性能。结果表明:当喂粉速率和载气流量分别为2.4 g/min和4.0 L/min时,可得到球化率大于98%,且表面光滑、球形度高的球形钨粉;经球化处理后,钨粉的松装密度和流动性显著提高。与原料钨粉相比,采用球形钨粉制备得到的多孔钨基体的孔隙结构和分布均得到显著改善,且开孔率由18.3%提高至19.7%;相应的钡钨阴极在1050℃下的饱和脉冲发射电流密度由8.7 A/cm~2提高至11.2 A/cm~2。     

粉末粒形对钡钨阴极多孔钨基体孔隙的影响

采用粉末注射成形工艺制备钡钨阴极多孔钨基体，定量表征钨粉的粉末粒度和粒形，重点研究粉末粒形对多孔钨基体孔隙特性的影响。通过对比粉末的球形度、形状因子、圆润度、粗糙度、赘生物指数和凹度等特征参数，发现球形钨粉比商品还原钨粉和窄粒度钨粉具有更好的球形度、表面光滑度以及分散度。当粉末粒度相差不多时，通过改善钨粉的颗粒形状，粉末分散度得到提高，SW粉末经注射成形得到的多孔钨基体(P_SW)的孔隙结构均匀性最佳，其平均孔隙度、平均开孔孔隙度、平均孔径和孔隙总容积分别为24.0%、23.9%、1.17μm、0.0206 mL/g。     

激光镀锆/钪钡铝酸盐复合薄膜钪型阴极的研究

钪型阴极具有优异的电子发射潜力,但同时也存在着发射均匀性和重复性差等共性问题。本文提出采用脉冲激光镀膜技术在浸渍钪型阴极表面沉积锆/高活性钪钡铝酸盐复合叠层薄膜,以实现对其性能的改进。实验完成了阴极表面膜层的制备,阴极二极管电子发射性能测试,阴极表面光/热发射电子显微镜观察,以及激活阴极表面成分及其深度方向分布的俄歇电子显微镜分析。研究结果表明,覆膜钪型阴极激活后,其表面Ba、Sc含量提升,获得了约110 ~ 130 nm厚的活性层,阴极展现出良好的发射性能;同时,阴极的表面发射均匀性获得明显提升。     

扩散阴极用多孔钨基体材料的评述

本文梳理了扩散阴极对钨基体材料孔隙特性的设计要求。以其制备为主线,介绍了钨粉预处理、钨粉成形、钨压坯烧结、多孔钨渗（去）铜、钨骨架的热等静压及深冷加工;最后总结了钨基体材料的性能表征手段。阴极用钨粉等离子球化、挤压或注射成形是未来的发展趋势;钨骨架的热等静压改性有助于高可靠和长寿命;多孔钨的深冷加工是一种可持续的先进加工方法,有望实现钨基体的短流程制造。     

微波烧结法制备含钪扩散阴极及其发射性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶结合氢还原法制备出Sc均匀掺杂的钨粉,随后采用微波烧结法成功制备出浸渍型含钪扩散阴极。对Sc掺杂钨粉特性、Sc掺杂钨海绵基体微观结构、阴极发射性能和阴极表面活性物质分布进行了分析,结果显示:Sc以Sc2O3的形态均匀分布于平均粒径1μm的钨粉中,海绵体骨架主要由大小均匀的亚微米级准球形颗粒构成,表面孔结构良好,孔分布均匀,平均孔径在0.46μm左右,Sc_2O_3均匀分布于基体之中。电子发射测试结果表明,该阴极950℃b时脉冲偏离点电流密度Jdiv为137.59 A/cm~2,发射斜率1.431。激活后的阴极表面Ba:Sc:O的原子比例为1.8:1:2.2,同时阴极表面存在大量的纳米粒子,对阴极发射有促进作用。     

热处理对铈钨电极表面元素分布和价态影响的研究

采用真空高温和真空高频2种热处理工艺对铈钨电极进行热处理,利用金相显微镜、电子探针显微分析仪(EPMA)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试分析对热处理前后的铈钨电极表面金相形貌和铈元素的浓度-深度分布及价态演变进行研究,以此分析了电极中铈元素的扩散和富集的行为机理,阐明了热处理工艺对制灯后铈钨电极发射性能的影响。结果表明,经过高频处理后表面铈元素含量高达11.75%,且Ce³⁺的相对比例高于真空处理电极,更加有利于提高阴极的发射性能。结果表明,经过高频处理后表面铈元素含量高达11.75%,且Ce³⁺的相对比例高于真空处理电极,更有利于提高阴极的发射性能。     

稀土镧钼热阴极材料表面镧元素的蒸发

从理论上计算了碳化Mo-La2O3热阴极材料在不同温度下活性物质镧元素的蒸发速度,分析了镧元素蒸发对材料热电子发射及其稳定性的影响.计算结果表明:当温度为1623～1700K时,阴极中镧的扩散速度大于阴极表面镧的蒸发速度,Mo-La2O3阴极表面单质La的生成和蒸发保持平衡,阴极发射稳定; 当工作温度超过1700K,阴极表面镧的蒸发速度超过扩散速度,发射电流逐渐减少.测试了Mo-La2O3阴极FU-6051电子管在不同温度时的发射性能,热力学理论计算结果较好地解析了实验结果.     

低温烧结孔隙度可控多孔钨

多孔钨作高电流密度阴极是钨的重要应用之一,它的多孔骨架是储备式阴极至关重要的部分.骨架中要浸渍电子发射化合物,这种化合物每从表面发射一次以后应立即有新的材料通过开孔孔道喂入表面孔隙,这就要求孔隙度十分均匀.     

钪系阴极基体的研究

采用氧化钪与钨机械混合、氧化钨与钪盐水溶液固液掺杂法制备了氧化钪-钨基体，采用扫描电镜及原位俄歇电子能谱方法研究了基体中钪的分布及阴极基体的抗离子轰击性能。结果表明，采用液固法制备的烧结体，氧化钪分布均匀，这样的结构有利于钪的扩散和补充，原位俄歇轰击实验结果表明，阴极基体具有良好的耐高温和耐离子轰击性。     

第二相粒子（La2O3）尺度对钼镧线切割丝使用性能的影响

采用SEM、TEM和能谱仪等研究掺杂镧钼丝中的La₂O₃粒子在线切割过程中的行为和作用机制。结果表明,在钼丝中掺杂少量La,钼丝使用寿命、切割面积显著提高;La₂O₃是阴极热电子的主要发射源,在切割过程中La₂O₃粒子的活化、蒸发使La在镧钼丝的表面分布均匀。     

直流电弧热喷涂等离子体偏离局域热力学平衡态分析

在大气压力下,利用直流电弧放电产生热喷涂等离子体,采用发射光谱和热焓探针对热等离子体的射流特性进行诊断。文中通过使用氩原子两条特征谱线的辐射强度,采用双谱线相对辐射强度比值法来计算等离子体的电子温度;同时使用焓探针测量等离子体射流的焓值来计算得到气体温度。研究不同氩气流量和电流强度下,热等离子体的气体温度与射流中电子温度的演变情况,并对两者温度差值出现的原因及变化情况进行分析。结果表明,相同条件下发射光谱法测量的电子温度始终高于焓探针测量的等离子体温度,热喷涂等离子体在一定程度上偏离局域热力学平衡态。     

先进的电子断层扫描技术在材料科学中的发展——基于透射电子显微镜和扫描透射电子显微镜(英文)

介绍了基于透射电子显微镜和扫描透射电子显微镜的电子断层扫描技术在材料科学领域的最新进展。详细地描述各种电子断层扫描的类型:基于透射电子显微镜的断层扫描技术包括明场断层扫描、暗场断层扫描、弱束暗场断层扫描、环形暗场断层扫描和能量过滤断层扫描;基于扫描透射电子显微镜的断层扫描技术包括高角环形暗场断层扫描、环形暗场断层扫描,非共格明场断层扫描、电子能量损失谱断层扫描和X射线能谱断层扫描。报道了优化的倾转系列,比如双轴倾转、同轴倾转、锥形倾转以及等斜率倾转等。总结了先进的重构算法包括离散迭代重构技术、压缩传感算法以及等斜率算法。最后,提出了电子断层扫描技术在材料科学中的发展趋势。     

大气下热喷涂等离子体电子密度的光谱诊断

利用直流电弧放电装置产生了大气压下热喷涂等离子体,采用原子发射光谱法测量热喷涂等离子体射流中的辐射强度.通过Stark展宽法,使用ArΙ谱线在430 nm处的Δλ_1/2(谱线的半宽高)对大气压力下热喷涂等离子体射流中电子密度进行计算,研究了不同氩气流量及不同输入功率对等离子体电子密度的影响;同时使用Saha方程计算氩等离子体的电离程度,研究气体流量和电流与氩等离子体电离程度的关系.结果表明,电子密度和电离程度随着等离子体喷枪输入功率的增加而增加,而随着气体流量增加时,电子密度略有增加而电离程度会减少.     

Laser-assisted synthesis of carbon nanofibers: From arrays to thin films and coatings

Carbon nanofiber assemblies in the form of non-aligned films, arrays of vertically aligned nanofibers, aligned nanofiber mats and composite coatings were produced by laser-assisted catalytic chemical vapor deposition. A visible argon ion laser was used to thermally decompose pure ethylene over alumina supported nickel catalysts. Straight, vermicular, beaded, branched and coiled individual nanofibers were observed. The effects of the laser irradiation time on individual nanofiber characteristics, thus on overall nanofiber assembly characteristics were investigated. The arrays, nanostructured films and coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The individual nanofibers were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Nanofiber texture and nanotexture were assessed by lattice fringe analysis of high resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The observed variation in the interfringe distance along the nanofiber wall suggests a pulsed growth mode. This growth mode and the nanofiber shaping mechanism are discussed. Recommendations on how to control nanofiber characteristics such as shape and internal structure are provided.     

Glycolthermal synthesis and characterization of hexagonal CdS round microparticles in flower-like clusters

Hexagonal CdS round microparticles in flower-like clusters were synthesized by glycolthermal reactions of CdCl₂ and thiourea as cadmium and sulphur sources in 1,2-propylene glycol (PG) at 100-200 °C for 10-30 h. Phase and morphology were detected using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The products were pure phase of hexagonal wurtzite CdS. The quantitative elemental analysis of Cd:S ratio was detected using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer. Raman spectrometer revealed the presence of fundamental and overtone modes at 296 and 595 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the strong 1LO and weak 2LO modes, respectively. Photonic properties were investigated using UV-visible and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. They showed the same absorption at 493-498 nm, and emission at 431 nm due to the excitonic recombination process. A possible formation mechanism was also proposed, according to experimental results.     

The effect of roll gap geometry on microstructure in cold-rolled aluminum

Microstructure and texture are analyzed through the thickness of two aluminum plates cold-rolled 40% with different roll gap geometries. It is found that both texture and microstructure are strongly affected by the rolling geometry. After rolling with intermediate-size draughts a rolling-type texture is developed throughout the plate thickness. In this case, grains are subdivided by extended planar dislocation boundaries preferentially aligned at an angle of 40 ± 15° to the rolling direction. In the plate rolled with small draughts, shear texture components appear in the intermediate layers. In these layers, extended planar dislocation boundaries are frequently found to be inclined closely to the rolling direction. The subsurface and central layers of this plate exhibit microstructures similar to those in the plate rolled with intermediate draughts. It is suggested that the development of different textures and microstructures at different depths is related to the activation of different slip systems due to through-thickness strain gradients.     

Synthesis of (Ti,W, Mo,V)(C,N) nanocomposite powder from novel precursors

(Ti, W, Mo, V)(C, N) nanocomposite powders with globular-like particle of ∼10–100 nm were synthesized by a novel method, namely carbothermal reduction–nitridation (CRN) of complex oxide–carbon mixture, which was made initially from salt solution containing titanium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and carbon elements by air drying and subsequent calcining at 300 °C for 0.5 h. Phase composition of reaction products was discussed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and microstructure of the calcined powders and final products was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. The results show that the synthesizing temperature of (Ti, W, Mo, V)(C, N) powders was reduced greatly by the novel precursor method. Thus, the preparation of (Ti, 15W, 5Mo, 0.2V)(C, N) is at only 1200 °C for 2 h. The lowering of synthesizing temperature is mainly due to the homogeneous chemical composition of the complex oxide–carbon mixture and its unusual honeycombed structure.     

An Investigation of Carbon Content and Consolidation Temperature on Microstructure and Properties of Hafnium Boride Ceramic

This paper discusses the use of Plasma Pressure Compaction to consolidate hafnium diboride powders. The effect of carbon addition on densification was studied. The influence of consolidation temperature on microstructure, density, and hardness of the bulk sample is presented. The interrelationship between microstructure and properties of the bulk sample are rationalized in light of the intrinsic influence of carbon content and the extrinsic influence of consolidation temperature.     

Mechanism of Secondary Electron Emission of Cu-Al-Mg Alloy

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A combined composition and morphology study of electrodeposited Zn-Co and Zn-Co-Fe alloy coatings

The composition and morphology of electrodeposited Zn-Co and Zn-Co-Fe alloy coatings are studied by a variety of complementary analytical techniques. Morphology of the alloy deposits is shown to change significantly with Co content in the alloy coating. An increase in the Co content in the range of 0.7-9 wt.% Co in Zn-Co and Zn-Co-Fe alloys results in a change in grain shape from angular to nodular and a further increase up to 10 wt.% Co corresponds to a characteristic growth mode. In the range of 10-29 wt.% of Co, the deposit contains two types of grains, i.e. one with low Co content (5-7 wt.%) and another with higher Co content (i.e. 15-35 wt.%). Zn-Co and Zn-Co-Fe alloys with Co contents of or higher than 32 wt.% Co show a homogeneous structure, which can be considered to be nanocrystalline in nature. The presence of two or more phases is not desired in terms of enhanced local corrosion by (micro-)galvanic coupling of phases while the single phase or nanocrystalline coatings provide good corrosion protection properties.