V-5Cr-5Ti合金的热加工性能

通过Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金的高温压缩和拉伸试验,研究压缩过程中变形温度对合金临界变形量和临界变形抗力的影响和在拉伸过程中变形温度对合金屈服强度和断面收缩率的影响规律,并用金相显微镜分析了合金的压缩变形组织。结果表明:V-5Cr-5Ti合金的热加工变形抗力大、塑性低,欲改善其加工性能,加热温度的选择及控制尤为重要。合金的加工温度应严格控制在1150～1250℃,变形量控制在30%以内,才能得到满足要求的合金。     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金的拉伸性能及其强化机理

对真空熔炼V-5Cr-5Ti合金开展了均匀化退火、热锻开坯、冷轧变形和热处理实验,利用万能试验机、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）研究了V-5Cr-5Ti合金中析出相对力学性能影响,估算了V-5Cr-5Ti合金中析出相强化的效果。结果表明：铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金存在以片层状析出相为特征的树枝状析出相,合金均匀化退火后析出相由片层状转化为针状,由树枝状转化成团聚状。析出相在变形过程中破碎成短条状或球状颗粒。铸态合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率的平均值分别为505.0 MPa、415.0 MPa和8.2%,断裂机制为脆性的解理断裂。均匀化热处理后断裂机制转变为沿晶断裂和准解离断裂共存的混合型断裂。80%冷变形＋热处理后合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率的平均值分别为487.3 MPa、382.7 MPa和26.2%,由于晶粒及析出相形态的变化,合金塑性得到大幅改善。锻造和冷轧后合金断裂机制为韧性的微孔型断裂。析出相以Orowan强化机制增强V-5Cr-5Ti合金,以80%冷轧1000 ℃/1 h退火状态合金为例,由析出相强化获得的屈服强度增量约为50.1 MPa。     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金粉末热锻技术研究

针对经粉末冶金法制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金锥形件预制坯,设计并加工了HIP及热锻的不锈钢包套。V-5Cr-5Ti合金采用双层包套封焊后进行了粉末热锻试验。试验结果显示:V-5Cr-5Ti合金1180℃经7~9火次粉末热锻,总变形量47.5%,经1000℃/2 h退火处理后,晶粒平均尺寸约为100μm,其抗拉强度σb为490 MPa,屈服强度σ0.2为368 MPa,延伸率δ约为28%,断面收缩率Ψ约为61.5%。     

粉末冶金V-5Cr-5Ti合金的制备与性能

以氢化脱氢粉末为原料,采用冷等静压和真空烧结制备了V-5Cr-5Ti合金,并利用热等静压、热锻和热处理来改善其组织和性能。利用XRD衍射仪测定原料及V-5Cr-5Ti合金的物相。利用氧氮分析仪、材料试验机、金相显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)等测试了不同状态V-5Cr-5Ti合金试样的氧氮含量、力学性能及断口形貌。结果表明:粉末冶金V-5Cr-5Ti合金的相对密度达到99.8%以上,物相组成为单一bcc相钒基固溶体。热锻后退火试样的氧含量小于600μg/g,抗拉强度为490 MPa,屈服强度为368 MPa,延伸率和断面收缩率分别为28%和61.5%,断口形貌由细小韧窝组成。     

钒与V-5Cr-5Ti合金在氯离子溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为

采用电化学腐蚀测试技术对钒与V-5Cr-5Ti合金在氯离子溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明,在50μg/gCl-的氯化钾溶液中,钒的腐蚀电位高于V-5Cr-5Ti合金而具有更好的热力学稳定性;相对于V-5Cr-5Ti合金,钒具有较大的极化电阻和较小的腐蚀电流;钒与V-5Cr-5Ti合金具有相似的阴极极化行为;在阳极极化过程中,钒主要表现为Tafel行为,而V-5Cr-5Ti合金具有"伪钝化"和钝化行为;二者均具有负的循环极化滞后环;钒的抗腐蚀性能优于V-5Cr-5Ti合金。     

热处理制度对Ti-5Mo-5V-6Cr-3Al钛合金力学性能的影响研究

研究了铬含量对Ti-5Mo-5V-3Al-Cr系合金相变点和锻造抗力的影响规律,采用不同的固溶温度、冷却方式和时效处理制度对Ti-5Mo-5V-6Cr-3Al合金显微组织和力学性能的影响进行了研究。结果表明:降低Ti-5Mo-5V-3Al-Cr系合金中的铬含量可以提高相变点和降低锻造抗力。Ti-5Mo-5V-6Cr-3Al合金经800℃×30 min水冷固溶处理后的综合力学性能较热锻后优良;经800℃×30 min水冷+580℃×4 h空冷时效处理后,合金棒材具有优良的综合力学性能,可以作为锻造机加工成品的最终热处理强化工艺,可以满足不同用户对合金的使用要求。     

基于等通道转角挤压的V-5Cr-5Ti合金晶粒细化机理研究

研究了等通道转角挤压（ECAP）技术处理V-5Cr-5Ti合金的可行性,并分析了后续退火处理对合金硬度和微观组织的影响规律,进而探讨了合金的晶粒细化机理。ECAP采用相关模具在万能试验机上进行,在真空炉中进行退火,利用维氏硬度计进行硬度测试,采用X射线衍射（XRD）分析相结构,光学显微镜（OM）观察微观组织。研究结果表明,在室温下V-5Cr-5Ti合金可以顺利进行两道次ECAP过程,后续配合950℃以上温度退火,晶粒尺寸可以从约100μm被细化到约30μm。V-5Cr-5Ti合金的晶粒细化机理不同于传统体心立方合金,在挤压过程中,原始晶粒发生自转动,原始晶界清晰可见,未被碎化,但晶内出现大量的剪切滑移带。在后续退火过程中,细小晶粒在原始晶粒内部的剪切滑移带上形成,最终原始晶界和形成的细小晶界逐渐难以区分,形成整体的细晶组织。     

旋锻对粉末冶金V-5Cr-5Ti合金力学性能的影响

V-5Cr-5Ti合金具有良好的抗辐照和尺寸稳定性能,是良好聚变堆第1壁结构材料。但直接由粉末冶金法制得的V-5Cr-5Ti合金的力学性能达不到工程要求。为此研究了旋锻对粉末冶金法制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金力学性能的影响。实验分别采取1050℃和1200℃旋锻,并在1050℃退火。结果表明:经1200℃旋锻并在1050℃退火后,合金的抗拉强度达470 MPa,屈服强度达到337 MPa,并有24.2%伸长率,致密度高达99.3%。金相分析发现,该状态组织结构均匀,晶粒度达到10级。试样断裂区域存在富Ti及富Cr固溶区,脆性区域主要为Ti(CON)相,韧性断裂区域主要为富V合金区。     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金的内耗特征研究

研究了不同处理状态下V-5Cr-5Ti合金的内耗特征,并结合微观缺陷的作用机制对内耗峰进行分析。利用倒扭摆仪和多功能内耗测试仪进行内耗测试,采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析相结构,扫描电镜(SEM)观察微观组织。研究结果表明,V-5Cr-5Ti合金制备过程中无法完全消除C、O、N等杂质元素,这些元素会以间隙原子或沉淀相颗粒形式存在,进而影响合金的微观组织缺陷。在不同的处理状态下,杂质元素的不同存在形式会使合金的内耗会产生不同的变化特征。根据内耗机制,所有的内耗峰均可以由应力作用下微观缺陷的运动来揭示,比如点缺陷、位错、晶界等。     

V-5Cr-5Ti合金铸态组织中的第二相行为研究

采用XRD、OM、SEM和TEM对V-5Cr-5Ti合金铸态组织进行分析,研究第二相的行为。结果表明:采用真空电子束熔炼制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金铸态组织具有粗大的晶粒,晶粒内部存在以层状第二相堆垛成树枝状为特征的成分偏析区;金属钒和铸态V-5Cr-5Ti合金的晶格常数分别为0.30316和0.30375 nm,V的单胞体积膨胀约0.58%;存在2种类型的第二相:(1)短条状第二相,具有fcc结构,晶格常数为0.4182~0.4228 nm;(2)椭圆状第二相,具有fcc结构,晶格常数为0.4186~0.4242 nm。V-5Cr-5Ti合金凝固过程中,首先Ti元素与C元素反应析出具有立方结构的亚稳间隙相(Ti_2C)或V元素与C元素反应析出具有hcp结构的亚稳间隙相(V_2C),随后原子发生相互取代,最终形成以Ti元素为主,V、Cr元素为辅,具有fcc结构的碳-氧-氮化物,化学式记为(Ti_2-CON)。     

粉末冶金碳化物强化铌合金组织演变及其力学行为

采用机械球磨与热压烧结相结合的粉末冶金法对不同球磨时间Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的粉末变形行为,微观组织结构和力学行为进行研究。结果表明:随着球磨时间的增加,Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C复合粉末中的块状金属颗粒首先变形为片状后在碰撞挤压作用下破碎成絮状,TiC粉末均匀的分布于片状金属粉末表面;Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金由Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C两相构成,各合金碳化物体积分数均为11%左右,Ti元素主要分布于Nbss晶界和碳化物内,Al、Cr、V元素主要分布于Nbss晶粒内,Nbss和(Nb,Ti)C相尺寸均随球磨时间增加而尺寸减小;Nbss晶粒细化及强化相碳化物弥散化导致合金的室温压缩力学性能和塑性变形能力显著提高,压缩变形后合金Nbss与碳化物具有良好的界面结合能力,但是碳化物内部存在明显的近似平行分布的裂纹;数据对比表明,粉末冶金法制备Nb-35Ti-6Al-5Cr-8V-5C合金的力学性能优于电弧熔炼法。     

Al元素对Ti-V-Cr系阻燃钛合金热强性影响的研究

制备了Ti-25V-15Cr-0．2Si和Ti-25V-15Cr-2Al-0．2Si2种阻燃钛合金，分别测试其在不同热暴露和蠕变工艺条件下的热稳定性能和蠕变性能，并观察了组织。结果表明，Al元素提高了Ti—V-Cr系阻燃钛合金的室温力学性能，降低了热稳定性能和抗蠕变性能；在实验的热稳定和蠕变工艺参数下，2种合金中只存在a相和Ti5Si3相，没发现其他过渡相和中间化合物；在热暴露和蠕变过程中，组织稳定性降低，Al元素的添加促进了a相和Ti5si，相的析出，降低了Ti-V-Cr系阻燃钛合金抗蠕变性能和热稳定性能。     

The use of β titanium alloys in the aerospace industry

Beta titanium alloys have been available since the 1950s (Ti-13V-11Cr-3Mo or B120VCA), but significant applications of these alloys, beyond the SR-71 Blackbird, have been slow in coming. The next significant usage of a β alloy did not occur until the mid-1980s on the B-1B bomber. This aircraft used Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn sheet due to its capability for strip rolling, improved formability, and higher strength than Ti-6Al-4V. The next major usage was on a commercial aircraft, the Boeing 777, which made extensive use of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al high-strength forgings. Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn environmental control system ducting, castings, and springs were also used, along with Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr (β-C) springs. Beta-21S was also introduced for high-temperature usage. More recent work at Boeing has focused on the development of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr, a high-strength alloy that can be used at higher strength than Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and is much more robust; it has a much wider, or friendlier, processing window. This, along with additional studies at Boeing, and from within the aerospace industry in general will be discussed in detail, summarizing applications and the rationale for the selection of this alloy system for aerospace applications. This paper was presented at the Beta Titanium Alloys of the 00’s Symposium sponsored by the Titanium Committee of TMS, held during the 2005 TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, February 13–16, 2005 in San Francisco, CA.     

镀层金属对钒合金与不锈钢电子束焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用高真空电子束阻隔熔化连接异种金属V-5Cr-5Ti钒合金和HR-2不锈钢,通过焊缝成型、微观组织和接头性能的对比分析,研究不同镀层金属(Au、Ag、Cr和Ni)的影响。结果表明:通过电子束流的偏移均可实现V-5Cr-5Ti/Au(Ag、Cr、Ni)/HR-2异种金属的连接,接头平滑过渡,焊缝正反面成型良好;V-5Cr-5Ti与熔化区的界面较为平直,在靠近钒合金一侧形成一个明显的镀层金属富集带;熔化区内部晶粒细小均匀,在靠近HR-2处形成取向明显的树枝晶。Au和Ag起到了很好的阻隔作用,V-5Cr-5Ti/HR-2接头的抗拉强度明显增加,达到400 MPa,X射线探伤未发现裂纹和气孔缺陷;镀层金属为Cr、Ni时,接头抗拉强度低于100 MPa。     

激光熔炼Ti5Si3／NiTi金属间化合物合金的组织及耐磨性

设计并利用激光熔炼技术制备出了以Ti5Si3为增强相、以NiTi为基体的金属间化合物新型耐磨合金，研究了增强相Ti5Si3的含量对合金显微组织、显微硬度及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明，随Ti5Si3含量的增加，合金显微组织由亚共晶向共晶、过共晶转化，增强相Ti5Si3由细层片状共晶相向块状初生相转变，合金显微硬度随之显著提高；在室温干滑动磨损条件下，Ti5Si3／NiTi金属间化合物合金具有优异的耐磨性，并随Ti5Si3增强相的增加而显著提高。Ti5Si3增强相的高硬度和NiTi基体的高韧性及伪弹性效应是该合金具有优异耐磨性能的主要原因。     

Rapid Synthesis of V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy/Composite by Field Assisted Sintering Technique

The present investigation deals with synthesis and characterization of V-4Cr-4Ti composite/alloy from unmilled and mechanically alloyed powders. Starting powders were sintered by field assisted sintering technique with varying process parameters viz., temperature, holding time, etc. Both powder and sintered samples were subjected to microstructural and morphological characterization by using scanning electron microscopy and phase analysis was done with the help of X-ray diffraction. Field assisted sintering of unmilled and milled powders has resulted in V-4Cr-4Ti composite and single phase V-4Cr-4Ti alloy. Differential thermal analysis was performed in powder samples to identify the recovery and recrystallization regimes of starting powders. Activation energy of the starting powder was calculated by Kissinger analysis. Field assisted sintering of mechanically alloyed powders resulted in nanostructured single phase V-4Cr-4Ti alloy whereas sintering of unmilled powders resulted in V-4Cr-4Ti composite. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms nanostructured single phase V-4Cr-4Ti alloy after field assisted sintering of milled powders. For identical sintering condition, unmilled V-4Cr-4Ti powders have consumed 75% more current than milled powders. Role of particle size, shape and their distribution on the densification behavior of V-4Cr-4Ti powders are also discussed. Interstitial contamination in the sintered samples were studied using electron probe micro-analysis. Microhardness experiments were done on the sintered samples and their corresponding Hall-Pitch plots were deduced.     

Cellular automaton simulation of dynamic recrystallization behavior in V-10Cr-5Ti alloy under hot deformation conditions

The deformation behavior of V-10Cr-5Ti alloy was studied on the Gleeble-1500 thermomechanical simulator at the temperatures of 950-1350 °C, and the strain rates of 0.01-10 s^?1. Based on the Arrhenius model, dislocation density model, nucleation model and grain growth model, a numerical cellular automaton (CA) model coupling simulation of hot deformation is established to simulate and characterize the microstructural evolution during DRX. The results show that the flow stress is fairly sensitive to the strain rate and deformation temperature. The error between the predicted stress by the Arrhenius model and the actual measured value is less than 8%. The initial average grain size calculated by the CA model is 86.25 μm, which is close to the experimental result (85.63 μm). The simulations show that the effect of initial grain size on the dynamic recrystallization microstructure evolution is not significant, while increasing the strain rate or reducing the temperature can refine the recrystallized grains.