Ni-Cr钢中P的非平衡晶界偏聚现象

采用Auger电子能谱仪分析了经过1000℃淬火后600℃时效过程的Ni-Cr钢中元素磷的晶界偏聚浓度,得到晶界P的偏聚浓度随时效时间变化的动力学曲线。结果表明,Ni-Cr钢在600℃时效60 min时,P的晶界偏聚浓度出现极大峰值,与平衡晶界偏聚模型不符。利用溶质的非平衡晶界偏聚模型进行分析,证实这是由于钢中P的非平衡偏聚临界时间现象引起的。     

W4Mo3Cr4VSiN低合金高速钢中马氏体二次硬化的研究

通过透射电子显微镜分析研究了W4Mo3Cr4VSiN(F205）低合金高速钢在1160℃淬火，250－700℃不同温度下回火时马氏体二次硬化的原因、碳化物析出机理。结果表明：在回火温度为350℃时，F205钢从基体中析出大量的Fe3C;520℃时Fe3C消失、重溶；540℃时有类似于Al-Cu合金中的GP区的W、Mo等合金元素与碳原子组成的复合偏聚区存在；560℃时，有面心立方的Mo2C和Cr7C3从基体中弥散析出，与此同时W、Mo等合金元素与碳原子组成的复合偏聚区逐渐减少，使得F205钢二次硬化效应达到了最大值；在700℃左右，Mo2C晶格发生变化（Mo2C(fcc)→Mo2C(hcp））。     

铜偏聚区的高分辨电镜分析

研究铜在钢中的时效强化和沉淀规律具有理论意义和实用价值。应用JEM-2010高分辨电镜研究了Fe-1．18Cu、Fe-1．55Cu高纯钢在时效时组织结构的变化规律,发现,含铜高纯钢固溶处理后,在550℃、650℃时效过程中,首先在铁素体晶粒中析出含铜偏聚区,铜原子偏聚在（001）α晶面上。在时效峰处为富铜的G、P区颗粒,其直径为4—20nm,呈层状的圆饼状,一般5—9层,富铜层和贫铜层相间分布,每一层厚度约为1—2nm。G、P区与铁素体基体半共格。G．P区的富铜区内及周边存在高密度位错和层错。在过时效初期,含铜偏聚区颗粒长大,偏聚区内富铜层和贫铜层的数量增多,富铜层厚度减小,位错密度降低。在铁素体基体上弥散分布的G．P区是含铜高纯钢时效强化的原因。     

12Cr1MoV钢连续冷却过程中P的晶界偏聚

采用分步冷却工艺，研究了连续冷却过程中12Cr1MoV钢中P的非平衡晶界偏聚过程，实际测得在813K恒温45h时，P在晶界的偏聚量为4．1at％，相应的理论计算等效时问te(813K)=42．558h时，P在晶界的偏聚量为4．4at％，表明实验结果与理论计算值相吻合。从而说明晶界偏聚的等效时间理论能很好地解释分步冷却工艺中P的非平衡晶界偏聚动力学和分步冷却工艺加速脆化的机理。     

高速钢中马氏体二次硬化的TEM研究

研究了含4％Co的M42基体钢在250—700℃回火区间的析出相低温回火有M_3C(M以Fe为主)碳化物析出,400℃以上回火,数量逐渐减少.500—560℃观察到一个衍射芒线的演化过程.在580℃回火时观察到面心立方M_2C(M以Mo为主),700℃时面心立方M_2C全部转变成六方M_2C,还有VC和Cr_(23)C_6。衍射芒线是由于合金元素Mo,W与碳元素在{100}_(α′)面上的偏聚造成的,是由复合偏聚区向过渡相(面心立方M_2C)的演变.这一演变使M42基体钢回火出现二次硬化现象。     

利用APT对RPV模拟钢中界面上原子偏聚特征的研究

核反应堆压力容器(RPV)模拟钢样品经过660℃调质处理和370℃时效3000 h后,用原子探针层析法研究了晶界和相界面上原子偏聚的特征.结果表明,Ni,Mn,Si.C,P和Mo在晶界处均有不同程度的偏聚,偏聚倾向由强到弱依次为:C,P,Mo,Si,Mn和Ni.Cu在晶界处会出现贫化现象.Si在晶界上的偏聚程度与晶界的特性有关.在这几种元素中,C在晶界上偏聚的宽度最大,如以成分分布图中浓度峰的半高宽来比较,C的偏聚宽度是Mn,Ni和M0的1.5倍.在富Cu相与α-Fe的相界面处,Ni和Mn有明显的偏聚,而C,P.Mo和Si倾向偏聚在相界面的α-Fe一侧,且偏聚的程度比晶界处的低.     

含铜高纯净钢时效过程中铜偏聚区的演变

利用高分辨透射电镜研究了含铜高纯净钢时效过程中铜偏聚区的形貌与结构变化,分析了含铜钢的时效强化机制.结果表明,含铜钢固溶态与时效初期铁素体基体存在铜原子偏聚区,随时效时间延长,在时效硬度峰处铜偏聚区演变为富铜的亚稳Fe-Cu颗粒,该富铜析出相与基体呈半共格关系,其周围与内部存在的高密度位错与层错构成位错运动的阻碍,这可能是导致含铜钢时效强化的主要原因.     

高温合金GH4169(Inconel 718)中磷晶界偏聚特性的实验研究

采用Auger电子能谱仪测量了镍基高温合金GH4169中磷(P)的晶界偏聚量.结果表明,经1020与1200 ℃固溶处理后在720 ℃时效2 h的样品,P的晶界偏聚浓度分别是0.344%与0.412%(原子分数).晶界偏聚浓度随固溶处理温度的升高而升高.基于这一实验结果,确定了P在该合金中的非平衡晶界偏聚特性.     

时效时间对超低碳钢中铜析出的影响

采用JEM-2010高分辨透射电镜研究了超低碳钢固溶处理后时效过程中组织的变化及铜的析出颗粒结构。探讨了时效时间对铜偏聚区的影响。结果表明,过饱和铜的超低碳钢存在铜原子的偏聚区,随着时效时间的延长,铜原子通过扩散不断富集,铜原子偏聚区也由体心立方结构逐渐转变为面心立方结构。     

3D ATOM PROBE CHARACTERIZATION OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS PARTITIONING IN CEMENTITE OF A Nb-V MICROALLOYED STEEL

将Nb-V微合金钢在1200 ℃固溶0.5 h后淬火, 然后在450 ℃回火4 h, 结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM), 用三维原子探针(3DAP)研究渗碳体内部和渗碳体/基体界面处的元素分布和成分变化. 结果显示, 淬火样品中C原子由于自回火而出现轻微偏聚, 其它合金原子V,Nb, Si, Mn, Mo和Al等分布均匀. 450 ℃回火4 h样品中出现C原子偏聚区, 在该区域内, Mn含量较高, Mo和V轻微偏聚, Si和Al很少, 对应渗碳体析出, Si富集在渗碳体/基体界面处; 另外, 观察到C和V明显偏聚的单原子面, 周围富集Si和Mn, 对应合金碳化物析出初期形成的G.P.区, 成分主要为V4C3.     

高强IF钢基板中心偏析及改善措施研究

针对高强IF钢T210P1基板硫化物偏析与组织偏析的问题进行了研究,结果表明MnS先于TiS析出,S质量分数由0.012%降低至0.008%以下时,可有效改善硫化物中心偏析现象;加热温度为1 250℃、加热时间为180min时,较加热温度为1 150℃、加热时间为120min有助于改善P元素在厚度中心富集导致的组织偏析现象。     

磷元素的非平衡晶界偏聚对A690M海洋环境用钢耐海水腐蚀性能的影响

采用俄歇能谱分析了A690M海洋环境用钢在600℃回火过程中磷元素的晶界偏聚行为,结合极化曲线和腐蚀锈层的微观分析探讨了P元素晶界偏聚对A690M钢耐海水腐蚀性能的影响。研究表明:A690M钢中P元素的晶界偏聚符合空位-溶质原子复合扩散导致的非平衡偏聚机制;P的晶界偏聚含量越高,锈层内部越易形成层状磷疤坑,使板坯耐海水腐蚀性能降低。     

PHOSPHORUS GRAIN BOUNDARY SEGREGATION IN A P-DOPED 2.25Cr1Mo STEEL

Grain boundary segregation of phosphorus during tempering at 540℃ after quenching from 980℃ is examined for a P-doped 2.25Cr1Mo steel by means of Auger electron spectroscopy.The solute-boundary binding energy and the diffusion coefficient for phosphorus are determined by virtue of the measured segregation kinetics along with the equilibrium segregation theory.The obtained values of the above parameters are discussed with comparison to those found in the literature for low-alloy steels.     

PHOSPHORUS SEGREGATION AND ANNEALING TEXTURE IN A LOW CARBON STEEL SHEETS

The present work is to study the effect of phosphorus on the annealing texture of a low carbonsteel at different cold rolling and annealing condition by means of pole-figure,inverse-polefigure and orientation distribution function(ODF)method.The microstructure and distribu-tion of phosphorus in steel sheet are studied by means of metallography,scanning electron mi-croscope(SEM)and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).The results show that phos-phorus promotes the formation of the fiber texture of〈011〉parallel to the rolling direc-tion and〈111〉normal to the sheet surface.The texture was found to be affected mainlyby preannealing temperatures,promoted at 390 or 590℃,and retarded at 490℃.At thepreannealing temperature promoting the formation of texture,phosphorus segregation to theinterior of grains was observed.It seems that the formation of the fiber texture may be associ-ated with the segregation of phosphorus.     

17CrNiMo6齿轮钢的组织均匀化

以17CrNiMo6齿轮钢为研究对象,通过对其锻态试样进行不同温度和不同时间的退火处理,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)组织分析手段和Origin数据处理软件,对其带状组织形成原因以及均匀化行为进行了研究与定量分析。结果表明,C、Cr、Ni、Mn和Mo元素在珠光体+贝氏体区域的富集是17CrNiMo6齿轮钢带状组织产生的根本原因,当加热温度为1100 ℃、保温时间为11 h和加热温度为1250 ℃、保温时间为2 h以上时,带状组织已消除,但合金元素不均匀程度仍较高。当加热温度为1250 ℃、保温时间为4 h时,C、Cr、Mn、Ni、P、S、Mo的偏析系数K分别为1.02、0.98、1.02、1.02、1.01、0.98、0.98,元素分布也达到均匀。     

抗硫酸露点腐蚀钢的表面研究

以高硫重油为燃料的锅炉烟气中常含有较多的ＳＯ２、ＳＯ３在锅炉的低温部位，如空气预热器、集尘器、烟道、烟囱等处引起所谓的“硫酸露点腐蚀”。日本开发的各种Ｓ－ＴＥＮ烟具有良好的抗硫酸露点腐蚀性能。在成分上，Ｓ－ＴＥＮ钢与普通碳钢不同的是：它含有少量的Ｃｕ、Ｓｂ元素，但这些合金元素提高抗硫酸露点腐蚀的机理仍不清楚。本工作对供货状态的、以及在硫酸中浸泡过的Ｓ－ＴＥＮ钢进行ＡＥＳ分析和ＳＥＭ观察及能谱分析，     

帘线钢坯中心碳偏析的热扩散规律研究

针对钢帘线生产对碳偏析程度的要求,通过对72A帘线钢小方坯进行热扩散试验,摸索了加热参数对中心最大碳偏析度的影响规律,以期指导钢坯加热工艺的制定.结果表明,72A帘线钢连铸小方坯的最大碳偏析均出现在其几何中心区域;延长热扩散时间和提高保温温度,均有助于中心碳偏析的改善;采用1060 ℃保温10 h与1160 ℃保温6 h,中心碳偏析的热扩散效果相当,基本都可以满足钢帘线生产需要;1060 ℃保温时的热扩散回归方程显示,试验钢条件下,通过热扩散彻底消除中心碳偏析,几乎不可能也不现实,只能作为改善中心碳偏析的弥补手段.     

Carbon segregation and inclusions effects on surface fracture morphology of a 12% chromium stainless steel

Martensitic 12% chromium stainless steel is generally used for the manufacture of water vapour turbine blades. This material, under these environmental conditions, develops fatigue corrosion with failure as a result of the segregation of certain constituent elements such as phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S),^[1–3] or the presence of some types of inclusions.^[2–4] To be able to understand and explain these phenomena, in situ characterization of the fractured surfaces were performed for two types of samples: steel 1 as manufactured turbine material whose fracture mode is intergranular and steel 2 issued from last stage turbine blades after 100 000 h service at 40 °C whose fracture mode is transgranular. The techniques used for characterization were scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with the x-ray analysis by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The Auger results enabled the understanding of the brittle to ductile transition for the material by showing the simultaneous diffusion of carbon from grain boundaries (GB) to grains (G) and chromium from G to GB. Furthermore, the heavy segregation of phosphorus at the GBs could explain the intergranular crack rupture traces observed in steel 2. SEM observations coupled with EDS analysis showed the presence of different types of non-metallic inclusions such as silicon-based complex inclusions and manganese sulfides (MnS). The presence of silicon-based complex inclusions at GB could explain the intergranular fracture mode previously reported. The characterization of the fracture appearance suggests also that MnS inclusions can act as nucleation sites for secondary microcracks at the GB level that were observed after service.     

消除应力热处理对移动式容器WH590E钢组织和性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和力学性能测试等研究了消除应力(SR)热处理对移动式容器WH590E钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响,并分析了SR热处理对WH590E钢低温韧性的影响机理。结果表明:SR热处理后,试验钢的晶粒尺寸差异性变小,带状组织偏析带虽仍横向贯穿视场,但纵向宽度减小到10μm以内,C、Si、Ni、P、V的偏析带也明显变窄,尤其是Mn的偏析聚集度下降明显;试验钢中的M/A岛逐渐分解,连续分布的珠光体带分散,且逐渐扁平化,珠光体团的数量减少,尺寸减小,周围的位错密度下降。SR热处理后钢的屈强比增大,这与珠光体量减少导致的抗拉强度下降和V等合金元素的析出强化致使屈服强度升高有关,SR热处理大幅提高试验钢的低温韧性主要是由于SR热处理降低了试验钢中的带状组织等级。试验范围内SR热处理的最佳工艺为600℃保温1 h。     

Grain Boundary Segregation Behavior in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel During Reversible Temper Embrittlement

Low alloy steels serving for a long time at high temperature, e.g., around 500 °C, are very sensitive to temper embrittlement due to segregation of various trace elements at prior austenite grain boundaries and/or carbide/matrix interfaces. This type of segregation in combination with various environmental effects can adversely affect the fracture resistance and fatigue crack propagation rate with subsequent change in fracture morphology of low alloy steels. This article describes the segregation behavior of various elements in 2.25Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel investigated by AES, FEG-STEM, SEM, and EDS analyses. As confirmed by AES and FEG-STEM, phosphorus is found to be the main embrittling element for isothermal embrittlement. Sulfur and Mo segregation is only evident after longer embrittlement times. In the step-cooling embrittlement, phosphorus is still found to be the main embrittling element, but heavy segregation of sulfur in some isolated intergranular facets was also observed. For P segregation, a Mo-C-P interaction is observed, while sulfur segregation is attributed to site competition between sulfur and carbon atoms.