金属铍静态再结晶行为

通过热压缩和真空退火实验系统研究了金属铍低温形变(应变温度350 ℃,应变速率10_^-3 s_^-1,应变量30%)后在680 ℃至880 ℃温度区间退火组织演变规律。结果表明：金属铍具有独特的静态再结晶行为,再结晶晶粒首先在10 2}<10 >拉伸孪晶界处形核,机理为应变诱导的孪晶界弓出形核。晶界“弓出”形核落后于孪晶界“弓出”形核的原因是BeO杂质对原始晶粒晶界钉扎,阻碍了其界面的迁移。孪晶界和原始晶粒晶界“弓出”形核是金属铍主要的形核方式,晶内直接形核和杂质处形核是其次要的形核方式。低温形变铍在680 ℃至880 ℃内退火均能够获得晶粒细化的完全再结晶组织,且没有再结晶织构形成。金属铍的再结晶晶粒不易长大,原因也是由于BeO杂质的对晶界迁移的钉扎作用。在680 ℃,730 ℃,780 ℃,830 ℃和880℃退火,完成再结晶时间分别大约为2160 min,180 min,20 min,5 min,4 min。金属铍350℃下压缩发生{0001}基面滑移和{10 2}类孪晶变形,形变机理与室温相同,没有随温度升高而发生改变,仍保持金属铍特有的反常变形行为。     

热挤压态FGH95合金的动态再结晶机制研究

针对热挤压态FGH95合金进行变形温度为1050~1120 ℃、变形量为50%和70%、应变速率为10?4~1 s?1的热压缩试验,研究该合金动态再结晶（DRX）的组织演变和形核机制。结果表明:提高变形温度和降低应变速率可以促进小角度晶界向大角度晶界迁移,有利于动态再结晶晶粒的长大;变形温度和变形量对热挤压态FGH95合金的动态再结晶机理的影响不明显,而应变速率对动态再结晶机制影响较大;随着应变速率的增加,热挤压态FGH95合金由不连续动态再结晶机制逐渐转变为连续动态再结晶机制;热挤压态FGH95合金的动态再结晶以不连续动态再结晶形核机制为主,以连续动态再结晶形核机制为辅;在1050 ℃、1 s?1变形条件下,热挤压态FGH95合金发生连续动态再结晶形核。     

一种新型Ni-Cr-Co基合金的热变形行为及其组织演变研究

采用Gleeble-3800热压缩实验机研究了新型Ni-Cr-Co基合金在1050~1250 ℃、0.001~1 s_^-1条件下的热变形行为,并利用EBSD探讨了变形温度和应变速率对合金组织演变和动态再结晶形核机制的影响。结果表明,流变应力随变形温度的升高而降低,而随应变速率的增大而增加。基于流变应力曲线,建立合金的Arrhenius本构方程和热加工图,得到热变形激活能为520.03 kJ/mol,最佳热加工区间为1175~1250 ℃、0.006~1 s_^-1,该区域最大功率耗散效率为45％。动态再结晶分数随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而增加,且动态再结晶过程形成均匀细小的等轴晶粒以及∑3孪晶界。动态再结晶形核主要以晶界“弓出”为特征的不连续动态再结晶机制主导。低温高应变速率下,持续亚晶转动诱导的连续动态再结晶作为辅助形核机制发挥作用。     

等轴细晶Ti-45Al-7Nb合金的高温机械性能及变形机制

采用粉末冶金法制备了双相等轴细晶Ti-45Al-7Nb（原子分数）合金,研究了该合金在温度为900、950和1000 ℃以及应变速率为1×10^-3、1×10^-4和5×10^-5 s^-1条件下的高温力学性能,并讨论了相应的变形机理。结果表明,在高温或低应变率下,Ti-45Al-7Nb合金的极限拉伸强度逐渐降低,但伸长率显著增加。由于细小晶粒容易实现变形和协调,其伸长率明显高于粗晶粒合金。高温拉伸后,合金在裂缝处形成大量的空洞,并在裂缝前部形成大量垂直于拉伸方向的长裂纹。此外,晶界的滑动、晶粒的孪生和动态再结晶也导致了合金变形,从而提高了微观组织的延展性。     

Haynes 230合金热变形组织演化规律研究

采用Thermecmastor-Z型热模拟机对Haynes230合金进行变形温度为950~1250 ℃,应变速率为0.001～10 s-1范围内的高温压缩试验,并利用OM和TEM分析研究了热变形组织演化特征和动态再结晶形核机制。结果表明：动态再结晶晶粒尺寸和体积分数随着变形温度的升高而增大和增多,随着应变速率的升高而变小和减少;晶界弓出是合金动态再结晶的主要形核机制,项链组织在热变形组织演化过程中起着重要作用;动态再结晶稳态晶粒尺寸Dss与Z参数之间符合幂函数关系     

同时添加钪、锆对Al-10Mg合金再结晶机制的影响

利用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了Al-10Mg及Al-10Mg-0.1Sc-0.1Zr合金在热压缩过程中的组织演变及动态再结晶机制。结果表明：同时添加Sc、Zr能够明显细化Al-10Mg合金的铸态晶粒,热处理后,Sc、Zr能够形成与α-Al基体共格的Al₃(Sc,Zr) 相,这些沉淀相能够提高合金的热变形抗力;在变形过程中,Al₃(Sc,Zr)相能够钉扎位错运动、降低晶界及变形带处的位错密度,使位错在沉淀相周围聚集,因而改变了Al-10Mg合金内部位错增殖与湮灭的过程、进而使Al-10Mg合金动态再结晶方式由不连续动态再结晶(DDRX)转变为连续动态再结晶(CDRX)。     

锻态GH4742合金的热变形行为及组织性能演变

利用单道次等温压缩实验获得了锻态GH4742合金在变形温度为 1020~1150 ℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s_^-1、真应变为0.65时的真应力-应变曲线,构建了GH4742合金的热变形本构方程和热加工图,并采用SEM、EBSD等研究了热变形过程中微观亚结构以及γ′相的演变规律,建立了变形工艺条件-组织形态差异-性能变化之间的关联性。结果表明：合金的组织性能演化机制与Z参数密切相关,1080 ℃低温变形时,应变速率由0.001 s_^-1增加至1 s_^-1后,lnZ值由75.6增加至82.6,热效应增强,小角度晶界比例降低,动态再结晶比例增加,组织发生细化,基体硬度增加;1110 ℃高温变形时,随着应变速率增加,lnZ值由74增加至78.5,位错滑移和晶界迁移减缓,小角度晶界比例增加,动态再结晶比例降低,加工硬化程度增加,基体硬度增加。GH4742合金不发生动态再结晶晶粒粗化的临界lnZ值为73。结合热加工图和变形组织分析得出锻态GH4742合金良好的加工区域为变形温度1110～1150 ℃、应变速率0.01～0.1s_^-1。     

变形参数对TA32合金的超塑性变形行为及微观组织演化的影响

针对我国自主研制的TA32高温钛合金,开展了在变形温度为895-935℃和应变速率为8.3×10_-4-1.32×10-2 s_-1条件下的高温拉伸变形试验研究,利用电子背散射技术(EBSD)表征了不同变形条件下的晶粒形貌、晶粒取向和分布规律。结果表明：TA32合金具有良好的超塑性变形能力,最大断裂延伸率能达到1141.8%。在高温和低应变速率条件下,晶粒的长大容易造成在变形后期真实应力出现上升现象。真实应力和断裂延伸率对变形温度、变形程度和应变速率均是敏感的,动态再结晶容易在高温或低应变速率条件下发生。动态再结晶程度随着变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低和变形程度的增大而增大,变形后的织构接近随机取向织构,原始晶粒得到等轴化,提高了晶粒尺寸的均匀性。在变形过程中,不连续动态再接晶是主要的动态再结晶机制,随着变形温度的升高、应变速率的降低和变形程度的增大,不连续动态再结晶的作用在增强,连续动态再结晶的作用则是在减弱。     

Incoloy825合金热变形过程中的本构模型和特殊晶界演变

采用原始JC模型、修正JC模型和应变补偿Arrhenius方程，描述了Incoloy825合金在不同温度（950～1150 °C）和应变速率（1~10 s^-1）下经摩擦和温升修正后的应力-应变曲线。结果表明，修正后曲线具有明显的动态再结晶特征。与原始JC模型和修正的JC模型相比，Arrhenius应变补偿模型更适合于描述Incoloy825合金热变形过程中的应力应变行为。温度和应变速率对特殊晶界的演变有显著影响。特殊晶界长度分数与动态再结晶分数呈正相关。与冷轧后退火处理工艺相比，热变形工艺调控的特殊晶界长度分数较低，热变形工艺不适合用来调整特殊晶界分数，其原因是在热变形过程中动态再结晶的大量形核造成较小的晶粒团簇。     

冷轧TA5钛合金退火过程的再结晶行为及织构演变

采用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)对冷轧及退火态TA5钛合金板材的晶粒尺寸、再结晶及织构进行了表征,并讨论了变形不均匀对再结晶行为及织构演变的影响。结果表明:<0002>//TD取向晶粒比<0002>//ND取向晶粒更容易发生变形,结合hcp结构滑移系统的有限性,共同决定了TA5合金板材冷轧变形具有不均匀性的特点。退火早期再结晶在局部应变大的区域快速形核,且变形量越大,形核数量也越多,再结晶后样品的晶粒尺寸也越小。局部应变大的区域在退火早期以“定向形核”机制快速发生再结晶形核并长大,包括少量剩余的严重变形<0002>//TD取向晶粒;同时,其余应变较低的组织在再结晶形核全过程以“应变诱发晶界迁动形核”机制缓慢形核,这两种机制共同作用导致退火后板材的织构弱化,但仍以冷轧态的基面织构为主。硬度变化曲线可以很好的反映再结晶程度;但受织构影响,不同测试面的硬度值存在显著差异,加载轴与晶体c轴之间的夹角越大,硬度值越小。     

Microstructural path and temperature dependence of recrystallization in commercial aluminum

The isothermal recrystallization of 90% cold-rolled commercial purity aluminum alloy AA1050 was studied by means of quantitative microscopy at four temperatures from 245°C to 280°C. The microstructural properties, V_v, the volume fraction recrystallized, S_v, the interfacial area density separating recrystallized grains from deformed grains and 〈λ〉, the mean recrystallized grain free length, were measured stereologically as a function of time. The kinetics, microstructural path, grain boundary migration rates and temperature dependence of recrystallization were quantified experimentally. Based on analysis of all data and microstructural path modelling, recrystallization was determined to be growth (boundary migration rate) controlled; all nucleation occurred in time periods short compared to the earliest annealing times. The activation energy for grain boundary migration was calculated to be 172–183 kJ/mole suggesting that a solute-limited grain boundary migration rate mechanism was operative in the alloy. The recrystallization microstructural path was found to be isokinetic, i.e. identical at all the annealing temperatures studied. Two stages of recrystallization kinetics were observed; an early transient-like stage characterized by decreasing growth rates and a later stage in which the kinetics approached Avrami behavior and the growth rates were approximately constant. The transient-like behavior is attributed to the steep, deformation-induced stored energy gradients surrrounding precipitate particles where the recrystallized grains are nucleated.     

Deformation Microstructures of Mg-3Al-1Zn Magnesium Alloy Compressed Over Wide Regions of Temperature and Strain Rate

Hot compression tests of Mg-3Al-1Zn magnesium alloy were performed at temperatures between 300-500 °C and strain rates between 0.03 and 90 s⁻¹. Dynamic recrystallization of the alloy is developed by the necklace mechanism. At the temperature of 300 °C, structures are fully dynamic recrystallized except at intermediate strain rates. As temperature rises to 400 °C, structures are fully recrystallized at all strain rates. The abnormal grain size increase at high strain rate is attributed to the temperature rising of the deforming sample.     

High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of wrought nickel-based superalloy GH4037 in solid and semi-solid states

Cylindrical samples of Ni-based GH4037 alloy were compressed at solid temperatures (1200, 1250 and 1300 °C) and semi-solid temperatures (1340, 1350, 1360, 1370 and 1380 °C) with different strain rates of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 s⁻¹. High temperature deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of GH4037 alloy were investigated. The results indicated that flow stress decreased rapidly at semi-solid temperatures compared to that at solid temperatures. Besides, the flow stress continued to increase after reaching the initial peak stress at semi-solid temperatures when the strain rate was 1 s⁻¹. With increasing the deformation temperature, the size of initial solid grains and recrystallized grains increased. At semi-solid temperatures, the grains were equiaxed, and liquid phase existed at the grain boundaries and inside the grains. Discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) characterized by grain boundary bulging was the main nucleation mechanism for GH4037 alloy.     

Electron backscattered diffraction study on superplastic properties of coarse-grained Fe-27 at% Al

An electron backscattered diffraction technique has been used to investigate crystallographic features of a superplastic coarse-grained Fe-27 at% Al alloy. Alloy samples studied have been tensile tested in a temperature range between 600 and 800°C in air under an initial strain rate of 1×10⁻⁴ s⁻¹. As a result of dynamic recovery and recrystallization, the grain structure undergoes four major transitions: subgrain-boundary formation, grain-boundary migration, formation and growth of recrystallized grains. A model based on the microstructural evolution is described. Subgrains form during an initial stage of high-temperature deformation when deformation is conducted at low temperature (600°C). Upon further deformation at 700°C, grain boundaries migrate, resulting in the formation of new grains. When deformation is made further to a larger elongation or at even higher temperature (800°C), dynamic recovery and recrystallization occur significantly, resulting in grain refinement and hence superplasticity. Refined grains thus formed maintain crystallographic relationships with parent grains.     

Processing,microstructure and property aspects of a spraycast Al–Mg–Li–Zr alloy

This paper describes a microstructural and property investigation of an Al–5.31Mg–1.15Li–0.28Zr alloy produced by spraycasting and downstream processing. Following a dispersoid precipitation treatment of 4 h at 400 °C, samples were hot compressed at strain rates of 2, 1, 0.2 and 0.1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹ at temperatures between 250 and 475 °C. Electron backscattered diffraction showed a strong dependence of recrystallised grain size on deformation temperature. At 250 °C and faster strain rates at 325 °C, a network of fine recrystallised necklace grains formed by progressive lattice rotation. At 325 °C at slow strain rates and at 400 °C and higher, dynamic recrystallisation occurred by discontinuous nucleation and growth at regions of microscopic strain localisation such as grain boundaries and triple points. The microstructures from small-scale hot compression experiments were compared with larger forgings under similar conditions and microstructural evolution was broadly similar. Mechanical properties of larger-scale forgings exceeded the targets for mechanically alloyed Al–Mg–Li alloy AA5091.     

High-strain-rate superplasticity of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloys with Fe and Ni additions

During high-strain-rate superplastic deformation, superplasticity indices, and the microstructure of two Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Zr alloys with additions of nickel and iron, which contain equal volume fractions of eutectic particles of Al₃Ni or Al₉FeNi, have been compared. It has been shown that the alloys exhibit superplasticity with 300–800% elongations at the strain rates of 1 × 10^–2–1 × 10^–1 s^–1. The differences in the kinetics of alloy recrystallization in the course of heating and deformation at different temperatures and rates of the superplastic deformation, which are related to the various parameters of the particles of the eutectic phases, have been found. At strain rates higher than 4 × 10^–2, in the alloy with Fe and Ni, a partially nonrecrystallized structure is retained up to material failure and, in the alloy with Ni, a completely recrystallized structure is formed at rates of up to 1 × 10^–1 s^–1.     

Solid-state recycling of AZ91D magnesium alloy chips

A method for recycling AZ91D magnesium alloy chips by solid-state recycling was studied. The experiments were carried out adopting the cold-press pressure and hot extrusion. The results indicate that recycled specimens of AZ91D magnesium alloy present better mechanical properties and consist of fine grains due to dynamic recrystallization. The mechanisms of dynamic recrystallization depend on plastic deformation process and change with the deformation temperature. At 300-350 °C, the deformation mechanisms are associated with the operation of basal slip and twinning, and the “necklace” structures are formed. At 350-400 °C, the cross slip results in the formation of new grains and grain refinement. At above 400 °C, the dynamic recrystallization mechanisms are controlled by dislocation climb, and recrystallized grains are homogeneous. The tensile strength of recycled specimens increases with the increase of the strain rate. When the strain rate is overhigh, the cracks and fractures in the surface appear and affect the tensile strength of recycled specimens.     

Recrystallization in hot vs cold deformed commercial aluminum: a microstructure path comparison

Static, isothermal recrystallization at a temperature of 400 °C was studied by means of quantitative microscopy in a well-characterized, commercial purity aluminum-alloy AA1050 that had undergone plane strain deformation at 400 °C at a strain rate of 2.5 s⁻¹ to an equivalent strain of 2. The microstructural properties, V_v, the volume fraction recrystallized, S_v, the interfacial area density separating recrystallizing grains from deformed volumes and <λ>, the mean recrystallized grain free length, were all measured stereologically as a function of time and the reaction kinetics, microstructural path, grain boundary migration rates and nucleation characteristics of the recrystallization were quantified experimentally. The results are compared to a recently published study of recrystallization in the identical pre-deformation starting material but after room temperature deformation by rolling to a comparable strain. Recrystallization kinetics differences between the two materials include: the hot deformed material had a higher, by at least 120 °C, recrystallization temperature; had many fewer recrystallization nuclei leading to a factor of about three larger as-recrystallized grain size; lacked a Cahn-Hagel growth rate transient like the cold deformed exhibited; and required a slightly different impingement model for the microstructural path analysis. In both cases particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) was thought to be operative but it seemed to be much more potent after cold deformation.