真空热处理对碳化钒粉末制备的影响

为了制备高纯的碳化钒粉末,对五氧化二钒为原料小批量制备所得碳化钒产物进行了真空热处理。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、LECO碳氧分析仪等测试手段对热处理产物进行了表征,重点研究了热处理温度对碳化钒粉末的影响,并用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)测试探讨了热处理对碳化钒纯化的机理。结果表明:在1100℃的热处理温度下,可得到有序的V8C7相,游离碳和氧含量分别为0.18%、0.31%;热处理的过程使得碳化钒中的游离碳和氧的下降是粉末中游离碳和剩余的少量钒氧化物发生了进一步的还原反应和粉末中吸附水的消失造成的。     

含钒添加剂对纳米硬质合金性能的影响

通过添加草酸氧钒替代碳化钒作为纳米硬质合金制备过程中的抑制剂添加剂，草酸氧钒在湿磨过程中溶解于酒精研磨液中，并在料浆中均匀分散，干燥过程中，草酸氧钒析出并吸附于碳化钨等颗粒表面。烧结过程中，草酸氧钒在400℃左右的温度下转化为氧化钒，在1000℃左右原位还原碳化为碳化钒，该碳化钒均匀分布于合金中，并在后续的液相烧结中抑制碳化钨晶粒长大。研究表明：添加草酸氧钒制备的硬质合金的矫顽磁力值高于添加碳化钒制备的硬质合金的矫顽磁力值；添加碳化钒，容易导致硬质合金中存在碳化钒聚集现象，而添加草酸氧钒制备的合金微观结构没有发现碳化钒聚集现象。     

高钒高速钢中碳化钒的形态分布研究

在5％～l0％V，1．7％～3．2％C的条件下，研究了高钒高速钢中碳化钒的形态与分布，并对碳化钒的形态及分布形式进行了命名。研究表明，高钒高速钢中碳化钒基本形态有6种：团球状、块状、开花状、条状、短杆状和蠕虫状。碳化钒分布形式有3种：晶间分布、菊花状分布和均匀分布。合金为亚共晶成分时碳化钒沿晶间分布。合金为共晶成分时，碳化钒呈菊花状分布。合金为过共晶成分时碳化钒均匀分布。变质处理可改善初生碳化钒的形态，而对共晶碳化钒的形态则无明显影响。     

不同碳含量V9高钒合金的凝固过程及相组成

利用热分析、透射、能谱分析以及金相电镜扫描等方法,研究了Fe-5Cr-2Mo-9V-C系合金中C量变化对凝固过程中结晶相的种类和结晶温度的影响,初步建立了V9高钒合金(Fe-5Cr-2Mo-9V)-C的准二元相图。结果表明,V9高钒合金碳含量低于2.2%时初生相为δ相,高于2.2%初生相为MC型碳化钒;随着碳含量的增加,碳化钒由晶间分布向晶内分布转化;当碳含量为4.2%时,二元共晶碳化钒以离异共晶方式析出,碳化物多为团球状均匀分布。     

碳化钒添加剂对硬质合金烧结的影响

本文研究了添加和未添加碳化钒的微晶质合金的烧结性能。没添加碳化钒的合金开始收缩的温度比添加碳化钒的要低,而在1200℃以上后者的致密化速率高得多,据发现,碳化钒添加剂不但在液态烧结中,而且在固态烧结中（尤其是在1000－1200℃的温度范围内）能有效抑制晶粒的长大。HREM观测说明添加碳化钒的合金中WC／Co界面的WC表面有刻面,而且主要由两种晶面（101^-1)和（0001）组成。EDS分析明显表明钒沿这些面偏析,而且钒在（0001）面的浓度比在（101^-0)面的浓度高,本文认为烧结期间碳化钒添加剂对晶粒长大的抑制作用与钒沿WC和钴界面的偏析有关,还观察到WC／WC界面钒伴随钴的偏析,看来它也对抑制晶粒的长大有影响。     

碳化钒有序-无序相变的热力学研究

本文分析了碳化钒由无序相转变为有序相转变的热力学问题,建立了基于碳化钒中不同类型键相互作用与熵值和自由能的函数关系,求解了碳化钒由无序相转变为有序相转变后碳原子和空位的有序度,结合粉末的DSC的测定曲线和XRD衍射分析表明:在T=1 515 K时,碳化钒粉末存在有序-无序相变,其具有一阶相变特征,有序度将由0.23突变为0。     

钒酸钙碳化铵化生产钒氧化物的反应规律

以钒渣亚熔盐法钒铬共提工艺所得到的中间产品钒酸钙为研究对象,针对钒酸钙后续产品转化问题,提出钒酸钙碳化铵化生产钒氧化物的工艺路线;研究NH_4HCO_3转化溶出钒的工艺条件,考察是否通入CO_2、NH_4HCO_3的添加量、反应温度、不同液固比以及反应时间等对钒酸钙转化溶出效果的影响。结果表明:钒酸钙碳化铵化反应的最佳条件为反应温度75℃,液固比20:1,通入CO_2,且流速1.5 L/min,铵钒摩尔比1.0,反应时间1h,此条件下钒酸钙中钒转化率为97.35%。     

CaCl2熔盐中自烧结电解制备碳化钒及其机制

以氧化钒和石墨粉为原料,采用聚乙烯醇粘接制备阴极片。以光谱石墨棒为阳极,阴极片在800℃氯化钙熔盐中自烧结,恒电压3.2 V下,通过熔盐电解法制备碳化钒。结果表明:粘接的阴极片强度满足熔盐电解的要求,通过熔盐电解,不仅完成阴极片自烧结的过程,并制备出组分单一的碳化钒粉体。通过不同电解阶段产物的物相及循环伏安曲线对反应机制进行研究的结果表明:碳化钒的形成过程为3步反应:V5++(C)→V3++(C)→V2++(C)→V(Cx)。     

电炉冶炼降低高钛渣中钒含量的可行性研究

针对在钛冶金过程中钒是由富钛料带入的，必须除去的有害杂质这一事实，讨论了在制取高钛渣的电炉冶炼过程中对钒的氧化物进行还原，从而实现将钒分离出去的可行性，并在不同参数的电炉上进行了试验，结果表明，钒的氧化物能够在高钛渣冶炼过程中被还原，且冶炼条件不同，钒的降低程度不同。     

高钒高速钢碳化钒形态的数值化分析

针对碳化钒的不同形态,设计出定量分析软件,并利用形状因子K,实现了高钒高速钢不同碳化物形态数值化处理,当K介于0.785～1.000之间碳化钒形态为团球状;K≤0.223,碳化钒呈开花状.高钒高速钢当碳含量达到4.2%时,K为0.86和当量直径D为0.78μm,碳化物呈团球状均匀分布.     

Effects of mineral loading methods on carbon solution reaction of coal-derived carbon material

1 Introduction The addition of the same oxide into carbon material with different methods has been discussed in previous studies[1?6]. The results showed that different mineral loading method could lead to different effects on carbon solution reaction of…     

反应磁控溅射法制备氧化钒薄膜

采用反应磁控溅射加真空退火分别在玻璃和Si（100）基底上制备氧化钒薄膜,利用X射线衍射和原子力显微镜分析其物相和表面形貌。结果表明：氧气体积分数低于15％时,玻璃上薄膜为低价钒氧化物,Si（100）A2薄膜为V2O5（001）织构和V2O3（104）织构,高于20％时两基底上薄膜均为V2O5;玻璃上V2O5薄膜500℃下退火3h生成VO2,退火后薄膜粗糙度明显下降;Si（100）上V2O5薄膜500℃下退火2h生成V2O3（104）织构,退火后薄膜粗糙度变化不大。     

High temperature corrosion of alloy Haynes 556 in carburizing/oxidizing environments

The iron based alloy Haynes 556 has been recently used in hydrocarbon and carbonaceous environments due to its excellent resistance to carburization. This alloy outperforms stainless steels and some of the best commercial carburization‐resistant nickel‐based alloys. This paper is concerned with the behavior of alloy Haynes 556 in high temperature carburizing environments containing trace amounts of oxygen. Thermal cyclic exposures were conducted in 2% and 10% CH₄/H₂ gas mixtures at 800, 900, 1000, and 1100°C for 10 cycles, 50 h each. Carbon activities, oxygen partial pressures, and stabilities of oxides and carbides were used to identify the role played by the reaction products in providing protection. Thermodynamic analyses, weight changes, and microstructural characterization were correlated with environmental parameters and alloy composition to elucidate the causes of its marked resistance to carburization. The results indicate protective character in both gas mixtures under all exposure conditions except the most aggressive, namely 1100°C in 10% CH₄/H₂ gas mixture. Below 1000°C, the formation of Cr, Al, and Si oxides along with Cr carbides provides the primary means of protection. Catastrophic failure at 1100°C was manifested by extensive fracture and crack development within the outer substrate surface in the 10% CH₄/H₂ gas mixture resulting in a dramatic increase in weight gain. This has been attributed to the increased carbon pick‐up, coupled with the loss of the protective outer scales.     

Impact of oxyfuel atmospheres H2O/CO2/O2 and H2O/CO2 on the oxidation of ferritic–martensitic and austenitic steels

In future power plant technologies, oxyfuel, steels are subjected to steam rich and carbon dioxide rich combustion gases. The effect of simulated combustion gases H₂O/CO₂/O₂ (30/69/1 mol%) and H₂O/CO₂ (30/70 mol%) on the corrosion behavior of low alloyed steels, 9–12% chromium steels and an austenitic steel were studied. It was discovered that the formation of protective chromium rich oxides is hampered due to the carburization of the base material and the formation of chromium rich carbides. The kinetics of corrosion and carburization are quantified. The effect of temperature and the effect of gas pressure are analyzed statistically.     

Corrosion of high temprature alloys in the primary circuit helium of high temperature gas cooled reactors. – Part I: Theoretical background

The interaction of Ni and Fe-Ni base alloys with the reactive impurities H₂O, CO, H₂ and CH₄ in simulated cooling gas of the primary circuit of the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) causes corrosion effects that can significantly influence the mechanical properties. Apart from the formation of surface scales (oxides, carbides or mixed oxides/carbides), structural changes of the alloys are observed; depending on gas composition, gas supply rate and test temperature, carburization or decarburization can occur. In this report it is shown that an interpretation of the basic corrosion effects is possible on the basis of a modified stability diagram for chromium provided that - the kinetics of elementary gas metal reactions are incorporated in the expressions for carbon activity and oxygen partial pressure of the atmosphere and - the gradients of the potentials across the surface scales are taken into account. The interpretation allows the derivation of the corrosion behaviour of NiCr-base alloys in different HTGR helium compositions and enables the limits for the formation of protective chromia surface scales to be given. The influence of alloying elements other than chromium can be explained qualitatively. The results can be transferred to other reactive gas mixtures, which are characterized by an oxygen partial pressure near to the dissociation pressure of the scale forming oxides.     

纳米In2O3的微乳液合成及酒敏性能

采用微乳液法制备超细In2O3粉体，粉体粒径为8nm，在In2O3基体材料中掺杂Pd及金属氧化物，研制出实用性的热线型C2H5OH气敏元件，该元件功耗低(小丁300mW)，选择性高，长期稳定性好。并考察了温度、湿度变化对气敏元件性能的影响，分析了元件的气敏机理。     

A new method of synthesizing ultrafine vanadium carbide by dielectric barrier discharge plasma assisted milling

A new high efficiency method of synthesis of ultrafine vanadium carbide (VC) at a low carburization temperature has been developed. Firstly, a mixture of V₂O₅ and graphite powders is milled using dielectric barrier discharge plasma assisted milling (denoted as DBDP milling) for 4 h, and then the milled powders are carburized at 1200 °C, causing the V₂O₅ to react completely with graphite to form ultrafine VC. The formation temperature of VC is much lower than that needed in the conventional milling and heating process. This is because of the greatly enhanced reaction between V₂O₅ and graphite arising from the unique lump-like morphology and large number of clean surface contacts and greater surface area induced by DBDP milling.     

Optimized production route of WC powder pre-alloyed with Ta for fine grained cemented carbides

Powders of hexagonal (W,Ta)C were produced following a two-step carburization process with (W,Ta)₂C powder as an intermediate product. XRD measurements indicate that higher temperatures during the first carburization step increase the fraction of Ta in the (W,Ta)₂C structure where lower temperatures during the second carburization step seems to increase the fraction of Ta in the (W,Ta)C structure. Lower temperatures during the carburization steps increase the fraction of Σ2 WC/WC grain boundaries and cause the formation of what is interpreted as Σ4 boundaries. The (W,Ta)C powders can be successfully used to produce fine grained WC-Co based cemented carbides. The pre-alloying with Ta appears to have a softening effect on the material.     

锂钒氧系锂离子电池正极材料的研究进展

综述了钒氧系锂离子电池正极材料的研究进展。其中主要对钒氧化物中的V2O5、含锂源的钒氧化物LiV3O8、单变价的钒系氧化物LiNiVO4及双变价的钒系氧化物FeVO4的结构、制备方法、电化学性质等研究现状进行了综合阐述;重点介绍了双变价的钒系氧化物FeVO4的充放电机制及其改性研究的现状。     

Carburization of iron using CO−H<Subscript>2</Subscript> gas mixture

Iron carbides formed on the surface of iron and iron oxide samples at 640 °C in a gas mixture of CO?H₂ were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), and by measuring mass change. The Fe₃C amount of the samples has been quantitatively evaluated by the weight change during carburization. While Fe₂O₃ powder was mostly completed to Fe₃C in the early stage, within 5 min after reduction reactions, the conversion of Fe powder sample to Fe₃C (iron carbide) was almost finished after 10 min. The carburization rate of a Fe sheet was very slow and intermediate products (Fe₂C, Fe₅C₂) were observed. This phenomenon is largely due to the difficulty of carbon diffusion into its dense surface. It was found that the carburization rate was affected by change of surface conditions and surface area by reduction, degradation, and cracks at high temperature. This study should help provide a fundamental understanding of carburization in the field of iron-making and suggest a direction for its further development.