亚共晶白口铸铁等离子弧表面淬火的淬硬层性能研究

运用等离子弧束作为热源对亚共晶白口合金铸铁进行表面淬火处理,采用正交试验法优化等离子弧表面淬火工艺参数,分析各主要工艺参数对淬硬层硬度、深度的影响规律,并对处理后淬硬层显微硬度和显微组织状态进行分析与讨论.结果表明:对淬硬层硬度影响的主要参数是工作电流,其次是喷嘴工件间距,然后才是弧束的扫描速度;对淬硬层深度影响最大的参数是弧束的扫描速度,其次为工作电流;随着电流值的增加,淬硬层深度、硬度提高,但需要控制工作电流值;随着扫描速度的提高和喷嘴到工件距离的不断增加,淬硬层的硬度、深度下降;利用等离子弧束对工件进行表面淬火处理,需确定最佳工艺参数.     

农用机具等离子弧表面强化机器人的淬火过程模拟

基于农用机具热处理过程面临的主要难题研制出等离子弧金属表面强化机器人,并利用有限元仿真软件对45钢农机连接板建立了淬火过程温度场仿真模型,分析热传导过程,预测出淬硬层深度及表面硬度。通过表面强化试验,淬火后的45钢农机连接板表面耐磨性能大幅度提高,实测结果与模拟值一致。等离子弧表面强化机器人实现了零件表面的精确加工。     

45钢量化水淬应用研究

研究了45钢量化水淬的淬硬深度和淬火畸变，并与普通水淬和油淬进行了比较分析。结果表明，调整量化水淬参数，可在水与油之间渊整水的冷却特件，使45钢得到相应的淬硬深度和较小的淬火畸变量。     

双程切入磨削表面硬化层的研究

采用缓进给磨削方式和不同的磨削行程对40Cr钢进行了磨削淬硬，对单程和双程磨削表面硬化层的组织与性能进行了比较。结果表明，尽管单程和双程磨削时的原始组织不同，但两者的表面硬化层组织及其变化趋势完全相同。双程磨削淬硬可使表面硬化层深度及其均匀性、显微硬度及耐磨性得到进一步提高；但其最大残余压应力值及应力影响深度有所降低。双程磨削硬化层组织的形成机制同样适用于多程磨削淬硬或淬硬钢的磨削淬硬等场合。     

40Cr钢淬硬层深度的涡流无损检测

利用涡流方法和常规硬度分析法对常用的淬火钢-40Cr钢的淬硬层深度进行了检测。通过对检测所得涡流信号的分析、计算及其与硬度实验法测算结果的对比，发现涡流无损检测拟合计算方法与硬度分析法的结果最大相对偏差平均小于6％。本研究将最小二乘法用于涡流硬度检测拟合，拟合值与实测的最大相对偏差为0．55％，拟合率达到了99％，并由此得出了涡流检测淬火钢淬硬层深度的规律。研究结果表明，涡流检测方法可以作为一种可靠的无损检测方法来进行淬硬层深度的测算，且所得结果的误差较小。     

等离子表面淬火相变硬化带的预测及影响因素

提出了等离子对金属材料表面淬火处理的温度场计算及快速确定铁基材料表面硬化带尺寸的方法。分析了等离子表面淬火过程中一些重要参数与淬硬深度的关系，通过45钢的淬火硬化试验，验证了该方法的正确性和实用性。     

40Cr铜淬硬层深度的涡流无损检测

利用涡流方法和常规硬度分析法对常用的淬火钢-40Cr钢的淬硬层深度进行了检测.通过对检测所得涡流信号的分析、计算及其与硬度实验法测算结果的对比,发现涡流无损检测拟合计算方法与硬度分析法的结果最大相对偏差平均小于6%.本研究将最小二乘法用于涡流硬度检测拟合,拟合值与实测的最大相对偏差为0.5%,拟合率达到了99%,并由此得出了涡流检测淬火钢淬硬层深度的规律.研究结果表明,涡流检测方法可以作为一种可靠的无损检测方法来进行淬硬层深度的测算,且所得结果的误差较小.     

内孔锥形底面的高频感应加热

我厂生产的一种柴油机进排气摇臂,材料为40Cr钢,其形状和尺寸见图1。技术要求:零件的小端内孔底部的115°锥形底面要高频淬硬,淬硬层深度为2～3mm,淬硬层硬度为HRC≥56。     

42CrMo钢激光-感应复合淬火淬硬层几何特征及组织研究

采用激光-感应复合淬火的新工艺,将激光和电磁感应两种热源复合提高42CrMo钢激光淬火的淬硬层深度和均匀性。利用COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5软件对42CrMo复合淬火过程中温度场的演变过程进行分析,通过淬火实验对模型进行了验证,淬硬层深度模拟值与实验值一致性较高。采用该模型,比较了复合淬火与单一激光和单一感应淬火在同工艺下淬硬层的表面温度和深度,分析了不同扫描速度和激光光斑尺寸对淬硬层深度的影响。通过实验对复合淬火的淬硬层深度、硬度、晶粒大小和显微组织进行分析。结果表明,激光-感应复合淬火可以有效提高试样的表面淬火温度,提高淬硬层宽度和深度,弥补单一激光淬火功率不足的缺点,通过模型预测了复合淬火最优扫描速度和光斑尺寸。相较于两种单一淬火,复合淬火的晶粒度和显微组织形态在深度方向上的变化趋势与激光淬火相似,且具有更高的淬硬层平均硬度。     

细长钢导轨局部淬硬工艺

本厂生产的一种卧式加工中心，用户要求其上使用的钢导轨采用感应加热局部淬火。在试制该加工中心时，遇到的最大困难是导轨淬火变形。本文根据试验，介绍解决钢导轨局部淬火变形的方法。1钢导轨的热处理技术要求和遇到的主要困难图1示出该导轨的外形尺寸和淬硬部位则视图点划线所示）。钢导轨材料为阴钢，要求硬化深度＞2mm，硬度＞55HRC。图1（a）主导轨（b）辅助导轨从图中可以看出，这些导轨均细而长，淬硬部位不对称，必然导致淬火后导轨的不对称变形。图纸上要求的硬化层深度较深（＞2mm），加上磨削加工余量，淬硬后的硬化层深度要…     

基于多物理环境顺序耦合法的联合弧特性分析

由于转移弧和非转移弧的并存以及电、磁、热、流等物理现象的复杂耦合作用,使得传统数值方法分析联合弧射流特性较为困难.依据磁流体动力学和电磁学理论建立联合型等离子体弧的三维数学模型,利用物理环境顺序耦合法对多场复杂耦合的联合弧进行有限元迭代计算,并分析工作电流、气体流量相关工艺参数对联合弧射流温度特性的影响.结果表明,联合...     

THE INVESTIGATION ON PLASMA ARC TREATMENT OF CHROMIUM PLATED ALLOY STRUCTURE STEEL

The technology of plasma arc was used to modify the interface adhesion between chromium coating and steel substrate. The interface microstructure was studied as a function of plasma arc processing parameters. Microstructure analysis was performed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe. The microhardness distribution along the depth of a cross-section of the chromium coating and the substrate was measured. The results show the energy density of transferred plasma arc is obviously higher than plasma non-transferred arc. The molten interface wasbetween chromium coating and steel substrate obtained by plasma transferred arc. Interfaces between chromium coating and steel substrate can be divided by plasma non-transferred arc into three classes: non-molten, a little molten and molten. Good interface bonding was obtained by proper process parameters. The microhardness of chromium coating decreases with increasing energy density of plasma arc.     

40Cr钢镀铬后等离子弧处理工艺及组织研究

用等离子弧对40Cr钢试样表面进行扫描处理以增强镀铬层与基体结合的方法，研究了不同工艺处理后材料的组织与显微硬度分布的变化。结果表明，由于转移弧热效率较高，试样组织及显微硬度的变化对有效输出功率的变化非常敏感。采用非转移弧处理，通过合理配比工艺参数，获得较为合适的有效输出功率，能够促进镀层与基体之间的冶金结合，得到较为满意的组织，控制镀铬层的晶粒尺寸及基体上热影响区和硬化层的深度，可改善试样的显微硬度的分布。     

The thermal plasma processing of fine powders

Interest in the thermal plasma processing of fine powders has increased in recent years. Its potential for the production of advanced materials is highly recognized. This paper discusses research carried out in the plasma-processing laboratory at the University of Alabama to produce fine powders using transferred and non-transferred arc plasma systems. Fine powders of metal, ceramics, and composites were synthesized using plasma technology. For more information, contact Ramana G. Reddy, University of Alabama, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0202.     

Non-transferred Arc Torch Simulation by a Non-equilibrium Plasma Laminar-to-Turbulent Flow Model

Non-transferred arc torches are at the core of diverse industrial applications, particularly plasma spray. The flow in these torches transitions from laminar inside the torch to turbulent in the emerging jet. The interaction of the plasma with the processing gas leads to significant deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) far from the arc core. The flow from a non-transferred arc plasma spray torch is simulated using a non-LTE (NLTE) plasma flow model solved by variational multiscale (VMS) and nonlinear VMS (VMS_n) methods, which are suitable for unified laminar and turbulent flow simulations. Non-plasma turbulent jet simulations indicate that the VMS_n method produces results comparable to those by the dynamic Smagorinsky method, often considered the workhorse for turbulent incompressible flow simulations. VMS and VMS_n approaches are applied to the simulation of incompressible, compressible, and NLTE plasma flows in non-transferred arc torch operating at representative conditions found in plasma spray processes. The NLTE plasma flow simulations reproduce the dynamics of the arc inside the torch together with the evolution of turbulence in the produced plasma jet in a cohesive manner. However, the similarity of results by both methods indicates the need for numerical resolution significantly higher than what is commonly afforded in arc torch simulations.     

Pulsed plasma arc cladding

A prototype of Pulsed Plasma Arc Cladding system was developed, in which single power source supplies both transferred plasma arc (TPA) and non-transferred plasma arc (N-TPA). Both plasmas work in turn in a high frequency controlled by an IGBT connecting nozzle and workpiece. The working frequency of lGBT ranges from 50～7000 Hz, in which the plasmas can work in turn smoothly. Higher than 500 Hz of working frequency is suggested for promotion of cladding quality and protection of IGBT. Drag phenomenon of TPA intensifies as the frequency goes up, which tends to increase the current proportion of TPA and suppress N-TPA. The occupation ratio of IGBT can be regulated from 5%～95%, which balances the power supplies of both plasmas. An occupation ratio higher than 50% gives adequate proportion of arc current for N-TPA to preheat powder.     

45钢等离子弧表面淬火技术的研究与应用

以45钢为典型材料，进行了等离子弧表面淬火技术工艺试验研究。分析了加热功率、扫描速度、喷嘴直径以及弧柱长度等因素对淬火硬度、淬火深度、相变区域的金相组织诸方面的影响规律，同时，对不同冷却方法的淬火效果进行了试验研究，从而确定了45钢等离子弧表面淬火的工艺方法。     

Comparisons of Two Models for the Simulation of a DC Arc Plasma Torch

The hypothesis of local thermal equilibrium (LTE) in thermal plasma has been widely accepted. Most of the simulation models for the arc plasma torch are based on the hypothesis of LTE and its results indicate good validity to mimic the pattern of plasma flow inside a plasma torch. However, according to the LTE hypothesis, electrical conductivity near electrodes is significantly lower because of the low gas temperature. Consequently, it is difficult for electrical current flows to pass between the anode and cathode. Therefore, the key subject for a model concentrating on the LTE assumption is to deal with the low electrical conductivity near the electrodes. In this study, two models determining the electrical conductivity at the vicinity of the electrodes with two different assumptions were used to calculate the flow patterns inside a non-transferred DC arc plasma torch. Gas temperature, velocity, voltage drop, and heat energy of the plasma arc were compared between the two models. The results indicated that the plasma arc inside the plasma torch fluctuates, as simulated by both models. It seems that the model can obtain comparable accuracy with the experimental results if the plasma gas electrical conductivity is determined by nominal electron temperature.     

Microstructure and properties of flame sprayed tungsten carbide coatings

This article reports on feasibility experiments carried out with oxy-acetylene spray system with various oxygen to fuel ratios using two different tungsten carbide powders and powder feeding methods, to evaluate the newly developed fused WC, synthesised by transferred arc thermal plasma method. Transferred arc thermal plasma method is more economical and less energy intensive than the conventional arc method and results in a fused carbide powder with higher hardness. The microstructure and phase composition of powders and coatings were analysed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Carbon content of the powders and coatings were determined to study the decarburisation of the material during spraying process. Coatings were also characterised by their hardness and abrasive wear. The effects of metallurgical transformation and phase content are related to wear performance. The results demonstrate that the powders exhibit various degree of phase transformation during the spray process depending on the type of powder, powder feeding and spray parameters. The carbon loss during the spray process in excess of 45% resulted in reduced hardness and wear resistance of the coatings. Coatings with high amount of WC and W₂C along with FeW₃C showed higher wear resistance. Thus, coatings of high wear resistance can be produced using fused tungsten carbide powder with WC and W₂C phases, which can be economically synthesised by thermal plasma transferred arc method.     

Influence and Analysis of Concentrate Degree of Plasma Arc for Heat Process of Hardening Treatment

THE metal material can obtain better use performancesuch as rigidity and anti-fatigue by surface hardentreatment using high energy density plasma beam.Thesurface harden treatment by plasma arc is correlated tothe heat cycle for the treatment course of the hardenzone.In order to enhance the surface quality of theprocessed workpiece,assure the stability of the processcourse and control effectively process technologycourse,the study of the heat process for plasma arctreatment is very important in…