ZK60镁合金激光焊接接头的液化开裂(英文)

采用激光对ZK60镁合金板材进行焊接,研究焊接接头半熔化区的显微组织。结果表明:铸态合金半熔化区中沿晶分布的共析混合物在焊接过程中出现液化,其凝固组织呈现亚共晶结构,这种结构导致晶界处的Zn元素偏析更为严重,从而加剧了该区域的开裂倾向;半熔化区液化开裂的主要原因是凝固最终阶段液相不足使得半熔化区液化部位产生缩孔,并成为裂纹源,在凝固收缩及热收缩所产生的拉应力作用下,裂纹沿弱化的晶界扩展;降低焊接热输入和对母材进行轧制等塑性加工均有利于提高该合金焊接时的抗液化裂纹性能,后者的作用主要在于细化共晶相的尺寸并改变其分布。     

镁合金电阻点焊液化裂纹机理研究

为了获得高性能的镁合金电阻点焊接头,利用体视显微镜、扫面电镜等设备研究了点焊接头热影响区裂纹的形貌,并研究了裂纹的形成机理及控制方法.结果表明,热影响区裂纹属于液化裂纹,其出现在紧靠点焊熔核的热影响区,并且能够扩展到点焊接头的表面,它可能是由结晶裂纹在熔核边缘产生的应力集中引起的.液化裂纹的形成主要与低熔点液化膜(由低固溶度的原子扩散到熔化的晶界而形成)和冷却过程中产生的拉伸应力有关.应该选择相对低的热输入(即相对小的焊接电流、短的焊接时间或者高的电极压力)来降低热影响区液化裂纹敏感性.     

不锈钢焊接凝固裂纹应力应变场数值模拟模型的建立

依据焊接过程的特点,本文把焊接构件分成熔池液相区,固液共存区和固相区三个区域,为了建立焊接凝固裂纹驱动力数值模拟模型,本文详细分析了这三个区域的力学行为,在实测了液态金属的凝固速率和固液态金属的加载卸载响应曲线的基础上着重研究了熔池的变形、固液共存区金属的流变性能和凝固收缩对熔池尾部应力,应变演变过程的影响。最后,采用单元死活的方法解决了熔池的变形问题,采用热、弹、塑性力学方法处理了固相区的应力,     

10kW光纤激光焊接缺陷的形成

研究了未熔透光纤激光焊接过程中工艺参数对小孔型气孔、热裂纹和飞溅的影响,并讨论焊接缺陷形成机理. 结果表明,随着光纤激光焊接速度的增加,焊缝气孔和热裂纹倾向降低. 当焦点位置在工件表面时,气孔倾向最大;而当焦点位置由入焦向离焦偏移时,热裂纹敏感性增加. 光纤激光焊接气孔是由小孔不稳定引起的,而小孔不稳定性同时引起了熔池后部凝固前沿形状的变化,提高了焊缝热裂纹的敏感性. 较慢速光纤激光焊接飞溅的形成主要在于小孔开口处前沿熔池的凸起,其程度可能与小孔的稳定性有关.     

高强钢激光焊接凝固裂纹研究现状

采用激光自熔焊、激光填丝焊及激光-电弧复合焊进行高强钢焊接时均会出现热裂纹,且以凝固裂纹为主.针对该问题,文中综合论述了近些年激光及其复合焊高强钢凝固裂纹的研究情况,介绍了凝固裂纹的特点、形成机制及防止措施.从目前的研究结果来看,高强钢激光焊接中凝固裂纹以焊缝纵向裂纹为主,国内外主要从化学成分、熔池几何形状、焊接参数、拘束度4个影响因素研究凝固裂纹的形成,研究侧重于熔池的凸起部分和深宽比对凝固裂纹形成的影响,凸起部分会造成凝固延迟、产生大的拉应力、促进S,P杂质元素的偏析;较大的深宽比会造成局部应力集中从而引发裂纹产生.采用不同工艺方法改变焊缝几何形状是解决激光焊接凝固裂纹的一个重要方向.     

GH150合金焊接热影响区液化与液化裂纹

采用可变拘束试验，热塑性试验，差热分析，光镜与扫描电镜观察，研究了ＧＨ１５０合金焊接热影响区液化及液化裂纹形成机制，加热过程中温度高于１２５０℃的热影响区由于γ／（Ｎｂ，Ｔｉ）Ｃ共晶产生液化，在温度达到１３５３℃（固相线）至１３７５℃（液相线）的近缝区，晶内出现大量液化点，冷却过程中温度在１２７３和１２００℃时形成γ／（Ｎｂ，Ｔｉ）Ｃ共晶和γ／Ｌａｖｅｓ相共晶，（Ｎｇ，Ｔｉ）Ｃ组分液化及形成γ／Ｌ     

奥氏体不锈钢激光焊接过程中残留液体金属的在线观察

激光焊接时较快的冷却速度,有可能促进凝固热裂纹的生成,而凝固热裂纹的生成与凝固温度区间内的残留液体金属行为直接相关.采用由高速摄像机和光学显微镜头组成的摄像装置,针对SUS304,SUS316,SUS310S等3种奥氏体不锈钢激光焊接熔池后端残留液体金属的凝固行为进行高速高倍在线观察,对不同焊接速度下的熔池凝固行为进行了分析,并对3种材料凝固前沿残留液体金属的存在范围进行了量化比较.结果表明,在线观察法可辨别的残留液体金属是固液相共存区间的一部分,在线观察得到的残留液体金属的存在范围与热裂纹试验获得的热裂纹敏感性有较好的对应关系.     

焊接凝固裂纹机理及敏感性测试的研究进展

焊接凝固裂纹的形成是一个受多种因素影响的高温复杂过程，虽然已取得了显著的研究成果，但目前仍存在理论和技术上的问题。该文从焊接凝固裂纹机理、凝固裂纹判据、凝固裂纹敏感性测试等方面综述了焊接凝固裂纹领域的研究进展。在焊接凝固裂纹形成机理的研究中，已形成强度理论、液膜理论、晶间搭桥理论及凝固补偿收缩理论。凝固裂纹敏感性判据的研究主要基于应力、应变、应变速率三个角度形成多种判据模型。对凝固裂纹敏感性的多种测试方法进行了对比分析，重点指出了横向移动凝固裂纹敏感性试验（TMW）作为新型测试方法的优越性。对焊接凝固裂纹的研究方向进行了展望，为凝固裂纹冶金机理的深入研究及凝固裂纹控制的工程应用提供理论基础及技术支撑。     

纵向预拉伸增大铝合金焊接热裂纹倾向的分析

利用热弹塑性有限元方法对铝合金薄板壁TIG焊接进行了数值模拟计算,建立了分析模型,定量地描述了预拉伸载荷对熔池后方凝固金属产生的横向拉伸应力和应变在焊缝中心的分布情况,并进行了试验验证.分析得出,预拉伸载荷对于焊接刚形成的凝固连接处产生横向拉伸应力,该横向应力的存在从力学角度上增大了焊缝产生热裂纹的倾向,并且随着预拉伸应力的增加,产生的横向拉伸应力也随之增加,采用60,120,150和210 MPa应力时,试件在焊接试验时产生的热裂纹的长度分别为5.2,8.1,8.9和10.6 mm.试验结果表明了模拟计算结果的可靠性.     

不锈钢及耐热耐蚀合金焊接热裂纹概述

概述了不锈钢及耐热耐蚀合金的几种焊接热裂纹,包括焊缝中的凝固裂纹、熔合线附近的液化裂纹和粗晶区的低塑性裂纹.综合各方面的试验结果得出,热裂纹的产生与材料因素和力学因素有关.材料因素包括凝固脆性温度区间、低塑性温度区间和材料的最低塑性值,力学因素包括应变速度、应变量及其叠加作用.     

表层组织状态对6005A铝合金MIG焊接头液化裂纹及疲劳性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子背散射衍射和高周疲劳试验,研究了表层组织状态对轨道交通用6005A铝合金MIG焊接头液化裂纹及疲劳性能的影响.?结果表明,粗晶组织晶界附近第二相粗大,导致热影响区晶界液膜厚度达到8?～?10?μm,使得液化晶界抵抗拉应力的能力降低,从而对液化裂纹缺陷更敏感.?因表层粗晶组织形成的液化裂纹成为...     

基于原位SEM的激光-MIG复合焊接7075-T6铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为

通过扫描电镜原位观察激光复合焊接头各区裂纹的扩展行为. 结果表明,焊缝各区组织的不同使得疲劳裂纹扩展行为发生明显改变,疲劳裂纹位于焊缝中心时,裂纹总体沿着垂直于载荷主轴的方向扩展;疲劳裂纹位于热影响区时,裂纹大致成"Z"字型路径进行扩展;疲劳裂纹在焊缝中心和热影响区扩展时都存在二次裂纹;疲劳裂纹在母材区扩展时,呈现出单一和典型的裂纹扩展模式. 此外,通过原位SEM观察获得不同循环周期下的裂纹扩展长度,进而推算得到7075-T6铝合金接头各区内疲劳裂纹扩展速率的Paris公式.     

Effect of minor elements on hot cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel welds

This research evaluates the effects of Si, N and REM on the hot cracking behavior of specially designed austenitic stainless steels. Varestraint hot cracking tests and microstructural examination revealed that solidification cracking of 304 can be minimized by a suitable addition of Si, N and control of the solidification mode. Further, the addition of N to “fully” austenitic 316 weld metal decreased solidification cracking susceptibility. REM additions were also effective in reducing solidification and weld metal HAZ liquation cracking in 347, but was ineffective for reduction in base metal HAZ liquation cracking.     

Special features of the formation of the microstructure and chemical heterogeneity in welded joints in alloys of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu system alloyed with scandium

Special features of the formation of the microstructure and the development of chemical heterogeneity in the weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) in arc welding of a complex alloyed alloy of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu system are discussed. It is shown that the effect of welding heating results in melting of the phase components of the alloy in the HAZ with the formation of structures of the eutectic origin in the form of long interlayers at the boundaries of recrystallized grains, causing brittleness of the metal. Alloying the alloy with scandium reduces the intensity of the processes of recrystallization and the extent of liquation at the grain boundaries and also localizes the melting of the grains without the formation of thick eutectic interlayers.     

Microstructural Characterization of Thermomechanical and Heat-Affected Zones of an Inertia Friction Welded Astroloy

The behaviour of γ’ phase to thermal and mechanical effects during rapid heating of Astroloy, a powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy has been investigated. The thermo-mechanical-affected zone (TMAZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) microstructures of an inertia friction welded (IFW) Astroloy were simulated using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulation system. Detailed microstructural examination of the simulated TMAZ and HAZ and those present in actual IFW specimens showed that γ’ particles persisted during rapid heating up to a temperature where the formation of liquid is thermodynamically favored and subsequently re-solidified eutectically. The result obtained showed that forging during the thermo-mechanical simulation significantly enhanced resistance to weld liquation cracking of the alloy. This is attributable to strain-induced rapid isothermal dissolution of the constitutional liquation products within 150 μm from the center of the forged sample. This was not observed in purely thermally simulated samples. The microstructure within the TMAZ of the as-welded alloy is similar to the microstructure in the forged Gleeble specimens.     

Metallurgical modeling of microcrack repairment during welding nonferrous materials: non-equilibrium solidification behavior of weld pool (I)

Metallurgical modeling of synergistic microcrack self-repairmen during welding single crystal and polycrystalline superalloys of high-temperature aerospace materials has been properly established.The idea of improvement of nickel-based superalloys weldability through non-equilibrium solidification behavior of backfill to self-repair arterial crack network is usefully proposed.Crystallographic control strategy of crack self-repairmen of fusion zone interdendritic solidification cracking and heat-affected zone (HAZ) intergranular liquation cracking is technically achievable,indicating that optimal niobium alloying beneficially refines weld microstructure,stabilizes the primary solidification path,increases the solidification temperature and concomitantly decreases the weld pool geometry.High-carbon grain boundary is more thermal stable and less contributes to incipient intergranular liquid film than that of low-carbon grain boundary.The theoretical predictions of cracking susceptibility are indirectly verified in a rather satisfactory manner.Additionally,the metallurgical modeling enhances predicative capabilities and thereby is readily applicable for other alloy systems.     

铝合金焊接热裂缝断口形貌分析

本文用扫描电子显微镜及电子探针对Al—4.5Cu—Si—Mg合金焊缝金属结晶裂缝及多层焊时产生的液化裂缝断口进行了研究。同时,使用示波器测量并记录了结晶裂缝产生的温度,相应地分析了在不同结晶温度下开裂的结晶裂缝的断口形貌特征。对产生在焊缝金属中及近缝区基本金属中的液化裂缝断口形貌特征进行了分析。在此基础上,得出了从断口形貌上区分结晶裂缝与液化裂缝断口形貌特征。     

Heat affected zone microfissuring in a laser beam welded directionally solidified Ni3Al-base alloy

The laser beam weld heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure of a newly developed aerospace alloy, IC 6, was examined. HAZ microfissuring was observed and found to be associated with grain boundary liquation facilitated by subsolidus eutectic-type transformation of the alloy’s major phase, γ′ precipitates, and interfacial melting of M₆C-type carbide and (Mo₂Ni)B₂-type boride particles.     

Studies on multipass welding with trailing heat sink considering phase transformation

A two pass butt welding of 6 mm mild steel plates was simulated using 3D finite element model using temperature and phase dependent material properties. Material phase transformations were simulated using suitable phase transformation kinetic models. Mechanical analysis is carried out using nodal temperature and phase proportions as input. Experiments were carried out using liquid nitrogen (LN2) as trailing heat sink. Trailing heat sink helped to reduce the residual stress in the fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) although distortions were found be increasing. A parametric study was conducted to study the effect of distance between weld arc and trailing heat sink. The heat sink closer to weld arc reduced both distortions and residual stresses.