等离子蒸发制备的纳晶镍的压缩变形机理（英文）

与传统粗晶金属材料相比,纳晶金属具有特殊的变形机理。为了探索纳晶金属的变形机理,以等离子蒸发结合热压烧结制备的块体纳晶镍为研究对象,进行了准静态压缩力学性能测试,并且利用XRD和TEM技术对试样压缩前和压缩后的微结构演化进行了研究。结果表明:块体纳晶镍表现出较高的压缩强度和较好的韧性,且强度和韧性均具有率相关性。同时,纳晶镍压缩变形后晶粒尺寸较压缩前减小,但其微应变增加。结合纳晶镍的力学行为和压缩过程中微结构的演化,预测晶界位错运动和晶界滑移的联合机制是块体纳晶镍压缩过程中塑性变形的主要机理。     

粗晶与纳晶镍片拉伸力学行为

和普通粗晶金属材料相比,纳米晶体金属通常具有较高的强度和硬度,但其韧性明显降低。为了探究导致纳晶金属低韧性的原因,以高纯度、高致密度的粗晶和纳晶金属镍片为研究对象,利用数字图像相关技术研究了其在单轴准静态拉伸下的力学性能。通过分析2种试样的应变场证实,粗晶镍的塑性变形是均匀的,而纳晶镍的塑性变形表现出局部剪切带化。这种局部剪切带化行为是导致纳晶镍过早断裂的主要原因。     

纳晶与粗晶镍片微划痕力学行为与变形机制

纳米晶体材料优异的力学性能和特殊的变形机制为其工程应用奠定了基础。为探究纳晶材料的力学性能与变形机制,以高致密度和高纯度纳晶镍片为研究对象,利用微划痕技术测试其划痕硬度、抗划痕性能、划痕回弹性能、摩擦力与摩擦系数等力学行为,并与粗晶镍片进行了对比。结果表明,纳晶试样具有较高的划痕硬度和抗划痕能力以及较低的摩擦力与摩擦系数。同时,基于划痕力学行为探讨了2种试样的塑性变形机制。结果显示,纳晶镍试样的塑性变形机制以晶界滑移和晶间扩散为主,而粗晶镍试样的塑性变形中位错的发射与堆积占主导。     

纳米晶体镍片剪切带演化的实验研究

以高纯度、高致密度的纳晶金属镍片为研究对象,利用数字图像相关方法研究了其在单轴准静态拉伸载荷下的剪切带化变形行为,系统分析了纳晶金属镍片中剪切带的萌生及演化规律,定量分析了剪切带形核、扩展和失效的重要节点,讨论了纳晶镍剪切带的物理特征。结果显示:剪切带的演化发展是纳晶镍试样塑性变形的主要形式,是纳晶镍试样具有较低延性的原因。     

制备方法对块体纳米晶镍组织性能的影响

以高能球磨法和等离子体蒸发法制备的纳米晶镍粉为原料,采用预压烧结法制备了块体纳米晶镍.采用XRD、SEM和自动压汞仪对试样的微观组织结构及孔隙率进行检测,对其硬度、压缩强度进行测试.结果表明:由于等离子体蒸发法制备的纳米晶镍粉为均匀、细小的球状晶粒,具有较小的微观应变,从而比球磨试样更易于成型,块体的致密度更高,热稳定性更好.等离子体蒸发试样的硬度较高,压缩屈服强度达310～410 MPa,表现出较低的加工硬化和良好的塑性压缩形变能力,断口为沿晶断裂,晶界滑移在变形中起到重要作用.     

块体纳米晶镍的制备及力学性能研究

采用直流电弧等离子体蒸发+预压烧结法制得块体纳米晶镍。对纳米晶镍的晶粒度、孔隙率进行了表征,对其压缩强度、应变速率敏感性及压缩对晶格畸变、晶粒尺寸的影响进行了研究。结果表明,纳米晶镍的晶粒尺寸随烧结温度的升高而增大,725℃烧结时块材相对致密度达97%。压缩强度随晶粒尺寸减小而增大,且与压缩速率成正比;最大抗压断裂强度达到600MPa,表现出较低的加工硬化和良好的塑性压缩形变能力,断口为沿晶断裂;压缩会引起晶格畸变量的减小和晶粒的细化。     

试样尺寸对镁基块体金属玻璃压缩力学行为的影响

研究试样直径和高径比对3种镁基块体金属玻璃Mg65Cu25Gd10、Mg65Cu20Ni5Gd10和Mg75Ni10Gd10压缩变形行为的影响,探讨镁基块体金属玻璃断裂模式的转变机制。压缩应力—应变曲线和断口扫描电镜观察结果表明:镁基块体金属玻璃Mg65Cu25Gd10、Mg65Cu20Ni5Gd10和Mg75Ni10Gd10在压缩条件下可在3个不同的变形阶段发生断裂,第1个是弹性变形阶段,在此变形阶段金属玻璃都以解理方式断裂,无塑性;第2个变形阶段的断裂为解理和剪切混合方式断裂,金属玻璃具有一定的剪切塑性变形;第3个变形阶段为稳定剪切锯齿塑性流变阶段,在此变形阶段金属玻璃都是以剪切方式断裂,具有稳定的塑性变形;镁基块体金属玻璃的断裂模式与尺寸有关,减小试样的直径和高径比都有利于块体金属玻璃由解理断裂向剪切断裂的转变,强度和塑性也相应地得到提高。     

晶粒尺寸对纳晶双峰材料断裂韧性的影响

为了描述由纳晶基体和粗晶颗粒组成的纳晶双峰材料的断裂韧性,通过建立一个粘聚力模型来研究纳晶双峰材料的临界应力强度因子K_(IC)(表征材料断裂韧性)。考虑到纳晶双峰材料的一个典型情况:裂纹位于2个纳晶颗粒的交界面处,裂纹尖端与粗晶粒的晶界相交,假设粘聚区的尺寸等于纳晶颗粒的尺寸d。裂纹的钝化和扩展过程受位错和粘聚力的共同影响,刃型位错是从粘聚力裂纹的尖端发射,该过程对裂纹产生屏蔽效应。模型计算结果显示:当粗晶颗粒尺寸D确定时,K_(IC)随着纳晶材料晶粒尺寸d的增大而增大;当纳晶材料晶粒尺寸d确定时,K_(IC)随着粗晶材料晶粒尺寸D的增大而增大;相对于纳晶颗粒的尺寸,断裂韧性对粗晶晶粒的尺寸更加敏感。     

梯度纳晶镍拉压不对称性分子动力学研究

基于分子动力学模拟研究了在拉伸和压缩载荷下梯度纳晶镍的力学性能和微观变形机制。结果表明，梯度纳晶镍在压缩载荷下的平均流动应力大于拉伸载荷下的平均流动应力，反映出较为明显的拉压不对称性，同时拉压不对称性随着晶粒尺寸梯度的增大越发明显，在晶粒梯度为0.230时，应力拉压不对称性达到最大，此后随晶粒梯度的增大而逐渐减小。通过统计发现，梯度纳晶镍在变形过程中位错运动和位错密度也存在拉压不对称性。进一步定量分析得知，位错密度拉压不对称性随晶粒梯度的变化趋势与平均流动应力的应力拉压不对称性一致，证实了位错运动是导致应力拉压不对称性的直接原因。     

2A02航空铝合金激光冲击诱导的表层纳米化

采用输出波长为1064 nm、脉冲宽度为20 ns的调Q钕玻璃激光,对2A02航空铝合金板表层进行了激光冲击,用透射电镜及其高分辨像的傅里叶过滤像分析了激光冲击后样品表面的微结构演变,研究了激光冲击诱导的纳晶化行为与形成机理及其对表面性能的影响。结果表明,激光冲击能在2A02航空铝合金板表面形成直径为～100 nm的纳米晶;表面纳晶层的硬度比基体提高54.5%。分析认为2A02铝合金表面纳晶化过程是激光冲击超高应变率和超高能量共同作用下由位错和空位等非平衡缺陷诱导的晶粒分化过程。     

A polycrystalline mechanical model for bulk nanocrystalline materials using the energy approach

To systematically understand the grain size, strain rate and defect development dependent mechanical behavior of bulk nanocrystalline materials, a new constitutive model is proposed to describe the deformation mechanism, microstructure evolution and mechanical response of bulk nanocrystalline materials using the energy approach. In this model, the grain interior and grain boundary were not taken as two independent phases with different volume fractions, but as an integral object sustained dislocation and accommodated grain boundary sliding mechanisms. Meanwhile, defect creation and evolution and their effects on the overall stress–strain relation as well as the failure process of bulk nanocrystalline materials were considered in the model. For experimental verification, we have prepared nanocrystalline Ni powder by the DC arc plasma evaporation method. Bulk nanocrystalline Ni samples were then made by compaction and hot sintering. Experimental measurements on the mechanical response of bulk nanocrystalline Ni were performed under different strain rates and grain sizes. Comparison between experimental data and model predictions show that the method developed appears to be capable of describing the mechanical response of bulk nanocrystalline materials. The model applications to nanocrystalline Mg and Cu have shown that it can reflect the asymmetric defect development between tension and compression under quasi-static conditions; this results in its good capacity to describe the dynamic strain rate sensitivity and strain hardening behavior over a relatively large strain range under both compression and tension conditions.     

Anatomy of nanomaterial deformation: Grain boundary sliding,plasticity and cavitation in nanocrystalline Ni

The deformation of nanocrystalline metals is a complex process that involves a cascade of plastic events, including dislocation motion, grain boundary activity and cavitation. These mechanisms act simultaneously and synergistically during fracture, masking their individual roles and often resulting in a wide range of failure modes in the same material. Using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, we dissect the size-dependent deformation of nanocrystalline Ni nanowires for a range of diameters spanning a few nanometers to the bulk. By analyzing the localization of von Mises shear strain and stress triaxiality, we identify the key nanostructural features, the role of each elementary process and the dominant deformation mechanism as a function of sample diameter. Our atomic level analysis not only provides a fundamental understanding of the deformation of nanocrystalline Ni, but also demonstrates that large-scale simulations can be an essential complement for modern in situ electron microscopy/atom-probe tomography.     

Temperature dependence of compressive behavior of bulk nanocrystalline Ni–Fe

The temperature dependence of compressive behavior of bulk nanocrystalline Ni–19Fe (37 nm) was investigated by compression and deformation morphology observations at temperatures from −162 to 600 °C. The results of both compression behavior and deformation morphologies suggest that low-temperature deformation mechanism was different from that at high temperatures.     

“Bulk” Nanocrystalline Metals: Review of the Current State of the Art and Future Opportunities for Copper and Copper Alloys

It is a new beginning for innovative fundamental and applied science in nanocrystalline materials. Many of the processing and consolidation challenges that have haunted nanocrystalline materials are now more fully understood, opening the doors for bulk nanocrystalline materials and parts to be produced. While challenges remain, recent advances in experimental, computational, and theoretical capability have allowed for bulk specimens that have heretofore been pursued only on a limited basis. This article discusses the methodology for synthesis and consolidation of bulk nanocrystalline materials using mechanical alloying, the alloy development and synthesis process for stabilizing these materials at elevated temperatures, and the physical and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials with a focus throughout on nanocrystalline copper and a nanocrystalline Cu-Ta system, consolidated via equal channel angular extrusion, with properties rivaling that of nanocrystalline pure Ta. Moreover, modeling and simulation approaches as well as experimental results for grain growth, grain boundary processes, and deformation mechanisms in nanocrystalline copper are briefly reviewed and discussed. Integrating experiments and computational materials science for synthesizing bulk nanocrystalline materials can bring about the next generation of ultrahigh strength materials for defense and energy applications.     

TA15钛合金高温变形过程的介观模拟计算

以多晶体位错滑移及塑性流动机制为基础,探究了TA15钛合金在高温变形过程中介观层次上形变不均匀性和力学响应。基于率相关晶体塑性理论,建立了描述体心立方结构金属力学行为的本构模型,同时考虑了主滑移系和次滑移系的运动;确定了合理的材料本构参数,高温压缩实验与模拟得到的真应力-应变曲线基本一致。通过对TA15钛合金高温变形模拟结果进行分析,包括应力和应变分布、滑移系开动情况和晶界面积变化,得出:(1)由于晶粒几何及取向的随机性造成应力和应变分布非均匀性;(2)晶粒间相互作用的复杂性会导致各个滑移系开动的差异性;(3)形变程度越大,晶粒密度越大,晶界面积变化率越大。模拟结果为相变等显微组织演变及多尺度同步耦合提供了参考。     

Microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of surface of CuNi alloy produced by punching and annealing treatment

The influence of annealing on the formation of nanocrystalline of CuNi alloy surface was investigated by evaluating the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of as-processed condition (using severe plastic deformation by punching process) and its annealed condition. It was observed that the microstructure changed after annealing of punched sample using an atomic force microscope. Mechanical resistance and corrosion resistance were also characterized using nanoindentation test, electrochemical test, electron work function, and microtribometer test. It was found that the punched and subsequent annealed samples have increasing hardness, elastic behavior (η), and corrosion resistance. Therefore, annealing can lead to the final formation of nanocrystalline and corresponding stability of grain boundary, which are responsible for the increasing mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.     

Tensile deformation and microstructure of a nanocrystalline Ni–W alloy produced by electrodeposition

Deformation and fracture characteristics of the electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni–W alloy with a grain size of 8.1 nm were investigated. Tensile tests were carried out at room temperature with specimen of 25–30 μm in thickness. The fractured surface was examined using SEM and high-resolution TEM was used to study the microstructure of deformed specimens. Based on these observations we propose a deformation mechanism and fracture process for nanocrystalline Ni–W during tensile deformation are initiated by grain boundary sliding.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of TiAl alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering

A fine-grained TiAl alloy with a composition of Ti-47%Al(mole fraction) was prepared by double mechanical milling(DMM) and spark plasma sintering(SPS). The relationship among sintering temperature, microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-47%Al alloy was studied by X-ray diffractometry(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and mechanical testing. The results show that the morphology of double mechanical milling powder is regular with size of 20?40 μm. The main phase TiAl and few phases Ti₃Al and Ti₂Al were observed in the SPS bulk samples. For samples sintered at 1000 °C, the equiaxed crystal grain was achieved with size of 100?250 nm. The samples exhibited compressive and bending properties at room temperature with compressive strength of 2013 MPa, compression ratio of 4.6% and bending strength of 896 MPa. For samples sintered at 1100 °C, the size of equiaxed crystal grain was obviously increased. The SPS bulk samples exhibited uniform microstructures, with equiaxed TiAl phase and lamellar Ti₃Al phase were observed. The samples exhibited compressive and bending properties at room temperature with compressive strength of 1990 MPa, compression ratio of 6.0% and bending strength of 705 MPa. The micro-hardness of the SPS bulk samples sintered at 1000 °C is obviously higher than that of the samples sintered at 1100 °C. The compression fracture mode of the SPS TiAl alloy samples is intergranular fracture and the bending fracture mode of the SPS TiAl alloy samples is intergranular rupture and cleavage fracture.     

Observations of grain boundary impurities in nanocrystalline Al and their influence on microstructural stability and mechanical behaviour

The exceptional properties of nanocrystalline materials lend themselves to a wide range of structural and functional applications. There is recent evidence to suggest that grain boundary impurities may have a dramatic effect on the stability, strength and ductility of nanocrystalline metals and alloys. In this study, transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography were used to characterize specimens deposited at different base pressures, thus providing a direct comparison of impurity content with microstructural stability and mechanical behaviour. Atom probe measurements provide clear experimental evidence of grain boundary segregation of oxygen in samples deposited at higher base pressures. It is proposed that these oxygen atoms pin the boundaries, preventing stress-assisted grain growth and resulting in increased strength and loss in ductility. This study provides the first direct experimental evidence that boundary impurities play a critical role in determining the microstructural stability and deformation behaviour of nanocrystalline metals.