高速撞击声发射信号在铝板中的衰减规律

高速撞击声发射信号传播至传感器并被转换成电信号的过程中会发生信号幅值的衰减,导致信号在损伤评估和源定位的误差增大。分析了衰减产生的原因,得到了衰减的一般规律。为了分析高速撞击声发射信号中不同频率板波模态的衰减规律,将高速撞击数值模拟声发射信号进行了小波信号高频和低频的重构并分别进行衰减规律的研究,得到了此两种频率在铝板中的衰减规律,研究了衰减系数和"等效幅值"随撞击速度的变化规律,研究结果可以用于撞击源定位传感器布局优化及损伤程度评估等领域。     

基于HHT变换的声发射源平面定位方法

为了应对空间碎片的威胁,研制了一种基于声发射技术的用于实时监测空间碎片撞击航天器的在轨感知系统。对平面声发射源精确定位技术提出了需求。声发射信号属于非平稳随机信号,传统的小波变换无法充分获得其中携带的信息。利用HHT技术分析声发射信号波形,改进了AO模态到达时刻的确定算法,提高了线定位精度。在此基础上,将平面定位问题转化为求取函数最小值的优化问题,并利用单纯形法进行求解。在铝合金板上对铅芯折断波源进行了定位试验,结果表明,相对于小波变换,HHT更适于分析声发射信号;改进后的线定位方法和双时标法可有效应用于各向同性板的定位问题。研究结果为空间碎片在轨感知系统的研制提供了参考。     

高聚物粘结炸药热冲击过程中的声发射现象研究

通过水浴冲击对高聚物粘结炸药（PBX）进行热冲击试验，由于材料在热冲击下产生的热应力来不及释放，从而导致材料内部产生裂纹。利用声发射仪器对热冲击过程进行监测，获得炸药材料在热冲击过程中的声发射信号。研究结果表明，声发射信号能够很好地反映热冲击过程中PBX损伤的产生和演变，并能够对损伤位置进行准确的定位，从而为研究材料的热冲击损伤机理和模式提供可靠的试验数据和理论依据。     

复合材料试验件受外载荷作用的声发射信号特征

复合材料试验件缺陷在载荷的作用下均有可能扩展而成为声发射源,对这些缺陷在试验件受载过程中的区分及定位日益成为声发射信号数据分析的主要方面。对复合材料试验件外载荷试验中声发射信号的特征进行简要分析,对大幅值长时间的信号及大幅值短时间的信号能量分布及通道分布进行了试验分析。结果表明,声发射信号可以较准确反映试验件受外载荷过程中的变化及损伤区域,能粗略区分损伤类型,但定位精度有待进一步提高。进一步验证了,幅值大发射时间长的信号可表示试验件的宏观分层损伤,而幅值大发射时间短的信号可表示试验件产生的纤维断裂损伤,并可表示损伤区域发生的变化。     

常压储罐声发射检测技术

声发射检测技术可用于常压储罐腐蚀评价。讨论了常压储罐中声发射信号产生的机制和传播过程,试验研究了液体介质中声发射源的定位、波速的计算及声发射信号的衰减规律,提出了声发射信号的分析方法以及结果评价方法。指出由于信号传播路径的不确定,使定位分析较困难,而从每个通道单位时间的撞击数来判断更有实际意义,并给出了工程实例。     

二次碎片云超高速撞击声发射源时序特性

空间碎片击穿防护屏产生二次碎片云撞击密封舱舱壁形成大量点状声发射源,这些点状声发射源的集合构成了二次碎片云超高速撞击声发射源。为探究其时序特性,通过引入Corvonato二次碎片云模型,分析了点状声发射源的产生时序及其所发信号的传播时序,提出了"时序最速点"概念用于表征此类声发射源;分析了时序最速点、撞击中心和传感器三者间的相对位置关系,在此基础上提出了时序最速环概念,并通过试验证明了时序最速环概念。结论对发展二次碎片云超高速撞击声发射源定位技术具有重要意义。     

利用声发射技术检测储罐的腐蚀损伤状态

研究了采用声发射技术检测大型氧化剂储罐腐蚀损伤状态的可行性。根据液体火箭氧化剂储罐主要的结构材料5A03铝合金在实际使用中的腐蚀机理,选取不同浓度的硝酸作为腐蚀介质,建立5A03铝合金腐蚀的试验方案,利用声发射技术对腐蚀过程进行监测,获得了各浓度水平下的声发射信号。试验结果表明,声发射信号撞击数的多少能够反映合金不同的腐蚀损伤程度,不同浓度硝酸中5A03铝合金腐蚀声发射信号的上升时间、持续时间、振铃计数、能量等特征参数的分布具有较大差异,可通过90％的分布区间加以区分。利用所建立的BP神经网络能够以很高的正确率对5A03铝合金储罐腐蚀损伤程度进行模式识别。     

V型切口板材试件拉伸断裂过程中的声发射特征

制作了直V型切口和斜V型切口板材试件,设计了板材拉伸断裂声发射监测试验。结合金属断裂力学性能和红外热图,分别对两种切口板材主要声发射参数与断裂过程的相关性进行深入分析,研究试件损伤过程的声发射参数表征以及某些参数特征。结果表明,声发射能量计数、振铃计数、撞击、幅度和频谱峰值能较好地表征试件损伤过程。证明了声发射技术应用于钢制结构损伤实时监测和预警的可行性,并得出某些声发射参数的重要特征。     

蜂窝夹层复合材料的压缩损伤声发射特征

应用声发射技术对蜂窝夹层复合材料压缩损伤过程进行了试验研究。分析载荷与声发射信号关联图,依据其损伤过程和声发射特征,发现随着加载条件下载荷的增加,复合材料的损伤逐步增大。在加载初始阶段,仅有少量声发射信号,各种表征信号量小幅度增加;在加载中期,声发射信号增多,各种表征信号量不断增大;在加载后期,声发射信号有明显突增,各种表征信号量急剧增加。复合材料压缩损伤破坏与声发射的幅值、能量、撞击、上升时间、持续时间和计数等参量特征相关。根据各阶段特征参量滤波后所得信号分布与实际断裂位置相吻合。     

钢结构疲劳损伤声发射监测

采用声发射技术对已开裂的焊缝进行监测,实现了在复杂的环境噪声中识别出裂纹活动信号。通过分析疲劳裂纹损伤产生的原因以及材料在交变载荷作用下产生声发射的机理,得到表征焊缝裂纹活动过程的信号特征。试验表明,声发射技术对钢结构裂纹损伤的活度、强度具有较大的敏感性,可以实现对裂纹损伤状态发展变化的实时监测。     

Erosion of POSS-polyimide films under hypervelocity impact and atomic oxygen: The role of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures

Low Earth orbital debris impacts on the external surfaces of satellites have increased dramatically in recent years. Polyimides are used as the outer layer of thermal control insulation blankets, covering most of the external spacecraft surfaces that are exposed to the space environment. A recently developed material, named polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-polyimide, shows significant enhancement in withstanding the space environment. In this work, the combined effect of ground-simulated hypervelocity space debris impacts and atomic oxygen (AO) on the erosion of POSS-containing polyimide films was investigated. During such hypervelocity impacts, elevated temperatures, on the order of hundreds degrees, are formed. A laser-driven flyer system was used to accelerate aluminum flyers to impact velocities of up to 3 km s^?1. The impacted films were exposed to an oxygen RF plasma environment, simulating the effect of AO in the low Earth orbit. Impacted polyimide films exposed to AO revealed synergistic erosion effect, while impacted POSS-containing samples showed improved erosion resistance. The increased erosion rate of the impacted polyimide film is explained by formation of residual stresses that affect the oxidation mainly by increasing the diffusivity of oxygen into the subsurface layers. Mechanical properties of the POSS-containing samples performed at 450 °C and fractographic examination supports the above hypothesis.     

Degradation of space exposed surfaces by hypervelocity dust bombardment, and refractory materials for space

Dust particles with diameters below 100 μm represent an important part of the space environment. Objects like satellites or spacecrafts, are constantly bombarded with particles of cosmic velocities of 10 km/s and more. These hypervelocity impacts lead to evaporation of a large fraction of these particles and to the formation of craters on the material surfaces which exhibit diameters which are up to one order of magnitude larger than the impinging particles. This results in a remarkable materials degradation of space exposed surfaces which can considerably reduce the life time e.g. of semiconductor panels for the generation of energy, due to the cumulative effect of a multitude of such particles which hit a surface during a certain time.The particle population in space near to earth consists of two distinct groups:

(a) Natural particles, micrometeorites: These particles are a natural part of the space environment and cannot be avoided. Most of them have so-called “chondritic” compositions and consist of Si, Al, Mg, Fe, Ca and O, an elemental makeup resembling the bulk composition of the original solar nebula from which our solar system and the planets formed 4.5 billion years ago.

(b) Man made debris particles: These stem from various sources, e.g. exhausts from solid rocket fuels, paint chips, fragments from space crafts etc. These particles pose an increasing danger to space flight and their future production must be reduced by strict debris policies.

The important question was now:What percentage of impact particles is man-made?Cosmic and man-made particles exhibit different chemical compositions. Hence, a micro-chemical analysis of particle impacts on satellite surfaces can be used to determine the particle ratio. For this purpose, the LDEF-experiment (Long Duration Exposure Facility) was launched by NASA in 1984 to study erosion phenomena on material surfaces (of more than 10,000 test samples) in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO)-environment. LDEF was retrieved only in 1990 because of the Challenger disaster which essentially delayed the retrieval up to the last moment before the experimental setup would have been destroyed upon entrance into the earth atmosphere.The demonstration of pronounced material degradation of space exposed materials logically leads to the question which materials are used in space technology. Plansee SE in Reutte/Tyrol has quite a tradition in the production of smaller rocket nozzles, e.g. satellite propulsion nozzles and general propulsion components made of Mo, W, Nb or Ta-based alloys. The W–Ag evaporation cooled alloy was among the earliest materials for rocket combustion chambers enduring ultra high temperatures due to partial evaporation of the silver which thereby cooled the chamber. Ni- and Fe-based ODS superalloys find application in durable TPS/hot structures of hypersonic vehicles, e.g. as honeycomb panels and fasteners of PM 1000/2000. These are PM-ferritic and nickel based oxide dispersion strengthened alloys. We have studied the significance of Yttrium depletion within the oxide scales of these alloys.     

声发射检测中的压电换能器

在声发射检测中，传感器是获取信息的关键部件之一。目前绝大部分声发射传感器都是压电换能器。就采用压电原理的声发射传感器的发展及其校准问题作概述，对声发射传感器中的特殊问题孔径效应及其对传感器设计、性能和校准的影响进行讨论。     

压力容器无损检测--声发射检测技术

声发射技术是20世纪60年代开始,目前逐步成熟的一种无损检测方法,已被广泛应用在压力容器检测和结构的完整性评价方面。文中简要介绍了国内外压力容器声发射检测的发展史和现状。给出了压力容器用钢的声发射特性和压力容器声发射检测方法,综合分析了国内外压力容器声发射检测的标准、仪器和应用进展。最后指出了压力容器声发射检测的发展方向,即在线监测、声发射信号的模式识别和人工神经网络模式识别分析。     

Pitting and uniform corrosion source recognition using acoustic emission parameters

Acoustic emission (AE) can be used to detect corrosion in various applications. In cases of severe background noise, good noise elimination techniques and source identification approaches are required to increase signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper, a new AE parameter is presented as an alternative to AE activity for classification of corrosion sources. The duration and frequency of AE signals are found to be helpful in identifying the source of pitting and uniform corrosion processes. Results are explained in terms of theories of corrosion mechanisms and AE, as well as using experiment results. Finally, new AE source-based approaches to monitor both corrosion processes are proposed.     

声发射技术在氧化膜破裂监测中的应用

在高温腐蚀领域,声发射技术是一种最有效且具有极高灵敏度的监测氧化膜破裂的技术.通过分析声发射计数,可以判断氧化膜首次发生破裂的时间及最后破裂的程度.如对声发射频谱进行分析,则可以判别氧化膜内发生塑性变形、开裂及剥落的过程.利用声发射技术还可以测量氧化膜/合金界面处预存物理缺陷大小及分布.此外,将声发射技术与其它技术结合,可建立全新的分析测试系统.综述了声发射技术用于监测氧化膜破裂的原理和方法,以及多种性能测试方面的应用与新发展.     

Application of acoustic emission to seeded gear fault detection

Acoustic emission (AE) is gaining ground as a non-destructive technique for health diagnosis on rotating machinery. There are vast opportunities for development of the AE technique on various forms of rotating machinery, including gearboxes. This paper reviews some recent developments in application of AE to gear defect diagnosis. Furthermore, an experimental investigation that examines the effectiveness of AE for gear defect identification is presented. It is concluded that application of the AE technique to seeded gear defect detection is fraught with difficulties. In addition, the viability of the AE technique for gear defect detection from non-rotating components of a machine is called into question.     

Study on source location using an acoustic emission system for various corrosion types

In this paper, four main types of corrosion: uniform, pitting, crevice and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) found in the petrochemical industry, were characterized and identified by Acoustic Emission (AE) analysis using their locations and extracted AE parameters. A novel low-cost AE location system based on a Field Programmable Gate Array PC (FPGA-PC) and a LOCAN 320 AE analyzer were utilized in this study. Specimens used in experiments were austenitic stainless-steel SS304. The pattern of AE signals from each type of corrosion was plotted using their location and correlation. Experimental results show the ability of our FPGA-PC system to determine corrosion locations. The correlations of AE parameters including amplitude, counts, hits and time were used to identify different types of corrosion. In addition, the characteristics of the corrosion process for each type are explained using the AE signals obtained corresponding to the source locations, together with experimental observation.