3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱合成及性能

以丙二腈为原料,经过重氮化、加成、环化及氧化反应合成了3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱,其中环化和氧化反应收率分别为55.1%和83.8%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析对3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱进行了结构表征。通过对3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱和3-氰基-4-硝基呋咱~(13)CNMR谱归属研究,确定了氧化呋咱环外配位氧位置。采用量子化学方法优化了3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱分子构型,计算了键级,预估了理论密度(ρ)、标准生成焓(Δ_fH(s))、爆速(D)和爆压(p)。结果表明,3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱分子键级最小的键为N(1)—O(4)(0.84)和C(6)—N(9)(0.91),为分子中易分解点;3-氰基-4-硝基氧化呋咱的ρ、Δ_fH(s)、D和p值分别为1.74 g·cm~(-3)、352.6 k J·mol~(-1)、8352 m·s~(-1)和30.9 GPa,是一种能量水平较高的含能化合物。     

3,4-二（硝基呋咱基）氧化呋咱的晶体结构研究（英）

在丙酮中培养出了3,4-二(硝基呋咱基)氧化呋咱(BNFF)的单晶。用单晶X射线衍射、元素分析、红外、质谱和13C核磁共振谱对其结构进行了表征。测试结果表明:BNFF晶体属正交晶系,空间群P212121。主要晶体学参数为:a=0.6794(3)nm,b=1.0755(5)nm,c=1.5137(4)nm,V=1.1060(7)nm3,Mr=312.14,Z=4,Dx=1.874 g.cm-3,Dc=1.875 g.cm-3,F(000)=624,μ(MoKα)=0.176 mm-1,R1=0.0757,wR2=0.1206。BNFF分子中三个五员呋咱环分别处于3个不同的面中,在空间呈椅型结构,三环面扭曲,面间夹角为62.16(0.29)°和25.67(0.36)°     

3,4-二(氟二硝甲基)氧化呋咱:一种高密度氧化剂

以3,4-二(偕氯肟基)氧化呋咱为原料,经过重氮化、硝化、成盐及氟化合成了一种含氟二硝基甲基的高密度氧化剂3,4-二(氟二硝甲基)氧化呋咱,利用红外光谱、核磁共振(~(13)C NMR和~(19)F NMR)、元素分析对3,4-二(氟二硝甲基)氧化呋咱进行了结构表征。采用差示扫描量热技术(DSC)研究了3,4-二(氟二硝甲基)氧化呋咱的热分解过程。采用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p)水平上优化了3,4-二(氟二硝甲基)氧化呋咱分子构型,预估了理论密度(ρ)、标准生成焓(Δf H(s))、爆速(D)和爆压(P)。结果表明,3,4-二(氟二硝甲基)氧化呋咱的热稳定性良好,在高温下具有挥发特性;3,4-二(氟二硝甲基)氧化呋咱的ρ、Δf H(s)、D和P值分别为2.01 g/cm~3、-78.6 k J/mol、9 025 m/s和38.5GPa,是一种能量水平较高的氧化剂。     

5-酮-3-(5'-氨基-3'-偶氮异呋咱)-异呋咱和5,5'-二酮-3,3'-偶氮异呋咱的晶体结构和热稳定性

以二氰胺钠为原料,经环化、偶联、硝化三步反应分别合成了5?酮?3?(5′?氨基?3′?偶氮异呋咱)?异呋咱(BAKIF)和5,5′?二酮?3,3′?偶氮异呋咱(BDKIF)。采用溶剂挥发法从甲醇中得到了BAKIF·2H_2O和BDKIF的单晶。利用X?射线单晶衍射技术对它们的单晶结构进行了表征。用DSC?TG研究了它们的热稳定性。采用EXPLO5预测了它们的的爆轰性能。结果表明,BAKIF·2H_2O分子在173 K下晶体密度为1.645 g·cm~(-3),该晶体属于正交晶系,P2_12_12_1空间群,晶胞参数为a=4.6661(4)?,b=13.5836(10)?,c=14.8537(10)?,V=941.46(12)?~3,Z=4,μ=0.149 mm-1,F(000)=480。BDKIF分子在173 K下晶体密度为1.708 g·cm~(-3),该晶体属于三方晶系,R?3空间群,晶胞参数为a=20.4183(12)?,b=20.4183(12)?,c=4.8017(7)?,V=1733.7(3)?~3,Z=9,μ=0.153 mm~(-1),F(000)=900。5℃·min~(-1)时,BAKIF和BDKIF的放热峰温度分别为290.01℃和149.75℃。BAKIF的理论爆速和理论爆压分别为7292 m·s~(-1)和21.5 GPa,BDKIF的理论爆速和理论爆压分别为7363 m·s~(-1)和20.7 GPa,均优于TNT,认为它们是潜在的钝感含能材料。     

4,5-双（氯二硝基甲基）-2-重氮咪唑的合成与性能

以4,5-二氰基-2-氨基咪唑为原料,经过肟化,氯代,重氮化,硝化三步反应生成4,5-双(氯二硝基甲基)-2-重氮咪唑,采用X-射线单晶衍射分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振谱(1H NMR、13C NMR)高分辨质谱(HRMS)对其结构进行表征;通过差示扫描量热仪和热重分析仪研究其热性能;通过Gaussian09和EXPLO5 v6.01对其结构优化和性能预估.结果表明,4,5-双(氯二硝基甲基)-2-重氮咪唑的晶体属于三斜晶系,为P1空间群,晶胞参数为a=6.6196(10)?,b=8.1685(13)?,c=13.0272(19)?,V=666.96(18)?3,α=100.166(4)°,β=102.560(4)°,γ=97.153(5)°,Z=2,F(000)=368;Dc=1.848 g·cm-3.其热分解温度为122.14℃,预估爆速为8574 m·s-1,预估爆压为32.8 GPa,按BAM标准方法测试感度,其撞击感度为4 J,摩擦感度为100 N.     

5,10-双(偕二硝基甲基)-呋咱并[3,4-e]双([1,2,4]三唑并)[4,3-a:3′,4′-c]吡嗪及其含能离子化合物的合成与性能

以二氨基呋咱(DAF)为原料合成了含能化合物5,10-双(偕二硝基甲基)-呋咱并[3,4-e]双([1,2,4]三唑并)[4,3-a:3',4'-c]吡嗪(BOBTP,七步合成总收率10%),通过中和反应与一系列富氮阳离子搭配制备出了相应的含能离子化合物;采用X-射线单晶衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR)、元素分析等手段对其结构进行了表征;利用热重法(TG)-差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定了它的热分解温度;运用Explore5 v6.02软件计算了其爆轰性能。结果表明,BOBTP的二钾盐(BOBTPK)的晶体属于单斜晶系,C2/c空间群,晶胞参数为a=1.9913(3)?,b=0.93491(12)?,c=1.6807(2)?,β=90.160(3)°,V=3129.0(7)?~3,Z=8,D_c=2.103 g·cm~(-3),M=1.752 mm~(-1),F(000)=1976。对所得的基于BOBTP的含能离子化合物,25℃时的实测密度范围为1.62~1.75 g·cm~(-3);热分解反应的onset温度范围为186~232℃;计算爆速大于7500 m·s~(-1),爆压大于20 GPa;实测撞击及摩擦感度较低,其中BOBTP的二羟胺盐的撞击感度为18 J,摩擦感度为240 N。     

3, 3′-二（3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基）-4, 4′-偶氮呋咱的合成与表征

含呋咱(氧化呋咱)环的含能化合物具有许多优异的炸药性能: 标准生成焓高,富含氮氧,能量密度优异,分子稳定性好,熔点较低,是炸药界研究热点之一.3,4-二(氨基呋咱基)氧化呋咱(BAFF)爆速较高,热稳定性良好,机械感度低,是一种新型高能低感炸药.本课题组以其为基本结构单元通过偶氮、氧化偶氮等设计出了系列BAFF衍生物.本文首次报道了该类衍生物之一--3,3′-二(3-氨基呋咱基氧化呋咱-4-基)-4,4′-偶氮呋咱(BAFFaF)的合成与表征.     

4-氨基-1,2,3-三氮唑[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6-氧化物的合成及性能

以自制的5,6-二氯呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪(DCFP)为原料,经取代、硝化-环化、中和、N-氨化等反应设计合成了新型N-氨基化合物——4-氨基-1,2,3-三氮唑[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6-氧化物(ATFPO),采用红外光谱、核磁共振(~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR)及元素分析等手段确定了中间体及目标物的结构;获得了关键中间体——1,2,3-三氮唑[4,5-e]呋咱并[3,4-b]吡嗪-6-氧化物四乙基铵盐(TTFPO)的单晶并进行了结构解析,TTFPO晶体为单斜晶系,空间群为P2(1)/c,晶胞参数为:a=9.237(2) A,b=22.1 62(5)A,c=7.3506(1 7) A,α=90°,β=98.378(4)°,γ=90°,V=1 488.6(6) A~3,Z=4,μ=0.1 00 mm~(-1),F(000)=656;采用差示扫描量热(DSC)方法研究了ATFPO的热性能,结果表明,其熔点为208.77℃,3个热分解峰温度分别为247.1 3、293.68℃和378.29℃;采用Gaussian 09程序中CBS-4M方法和Kamlet-Jacobs爆轰方程预估了目标物的爆轰性能,其生成热为705.4 kK·mol~(-1),爆速为8743 m·s~(-1),爆压为34.6 GPa,爆热为5970 kJ·kg~(-1);采用BAM落锤法测试了ATFPO机械感度,其撞击感度为35 J。研究结果表明,ATFPO是一种热稳定性好、钝感、爆轰性能优良的高能量密度化合物。     

3,3′-二(氟偕二硝基)二呋咱基醚(FOF-13)新法合成（英）

自行设计了3,3'-二(氟偕二硝基)二呋咱基醚(FOF-13)新的合成路线,采用3,3'-二氰基二呋咱醚(FOF-2)为原料,经氰基加成、重氮化、硝化、还原、氟化5步反应合成了FOF-13,总收率为8.5%,并通过IR、13C NMR、1 9F NMR、元素分析等分析手段进行了结构表征。开展了FOF-13物化与爆轰性能研究,实验结果为:结晶密度1.92 g·cm-3,熔点43.5℃(DSC),撞击感度大于14 J,摩擦感度为64%,爆速为8497(ρ=1.69 g·cm-3),表明FOF-13为一种性能优异的增塑剂。     

3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱合成、晶体结构及热性能（英文）

以二氨基呋咱为原料,经氧化、水解、中和和取代反应合成了3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析,X射线单晶衍射等进行了结构表征。晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为P2_1/c,a=15.256(3)A,b=11.579(3)A,c=14.981(3)A,β=117.624(4)°,M_r=328.14,V=2344.7(9)A~3,Z=8,D_c,=1.859 g·cm~(-3),F(000)=1312,μ=0.177 mm(~-1),S=1.012,R_1=0.0433,wR_2=0.0987。晶体结构分析结果表明,在不对称单元中存在两种构象不同的分子,分子中含有大量的弱键,能够提高化合物的密度和热稳定性。采用差示扫描量热法和热重分析研究了3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱的热分解过程,在10℃·min~(-1)的升温条件下,其熔点为72.9℃,在245~346℃之间存在明显放热过程。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.