新型起爆药5-硝基四唑亚铜工艺优化及性能研究

以氯化亚铜、5-硝基四唑钠等为原料合成了一种新型绿色环保起爆药5-硝基四唑亚铜（CuNT）,对其合成工艺进行了研究,通过单因素实验分析得到合成的较佳工艺条件。对CuNT的物理性能、热性能和爆炸性能研究结果表明,CuNT具有较好的流散性,吸湿性和耐热性均较好,机械感度、火焰感度及静电感度较钝感,摩擦感度相对较高; CuNT的爆热与比容值均大于叠氮化铅和斯蒂芬酸铅等常规起爆药; CuNT对结晶RDX的极限起爆药量为20 mg。     

4,6-二硝基-7-羟基苯并氧化呋咱钠的合成和性能

以间溴苯甲醚等为原料,经硝化、取代、环化得到4,6-二硝基-7-羟基苯并氧化呋咱钠(NaDNP),总收率45.6%。采用高效液相色谱、Na元素分析、视频显微镜、核磁共振(1 H NMR、13 C NMR)、傅里叶红外(FT-IR)光谱对其纯度、形貌、结构进行了表征。用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、5s延滞期爆发点研究了其热行为。用撞击、火焰、热丝、静电火花火感度研究了其感度性能。结果表明:升温速率为20℃·min-1时NaDNP的放热峰温度为283.11℃,5s延滞期爆发点300.3℃,显示NaDNP耐热性较好。撞击感度H50为37.4cm,火焰感度H50为18.5cm,热丝感度E50为1.278 mJ,静电火花感度E50为4.3 mJ,比斯蒂芬酸铅(LTNR)钝感。NaDNP可用作起爆药中间体。     

碳纳米管及碳黑对BNCP感度性能的影响

采用DSC、GJB5891.22,24,25,27-2006方法研究了掺杂碳纳米管(CNTs)及碳黑(CB)对高氯酸.四氨.双(5-硝基四唑)合钴(Ⅲ)(BNCP)的热、撞击、摩擦、火焰、静电火花和激光感度的影响。结果表明:(1)碳纳米管和碳黑能够降低半导体激光起爆BNCP发火阈值;(2)掺杂5%CNTs和5%CB的BNCP的50%激光发火阈值分别为13.76和5.06 mJ;(3)在加热速率为10℃·min-1的条件下,BNCP、BNCP/CNTs、BNCP/CB主要放热分解峰温度分别为289.87,277.75,276.67℃;(4)撞击、火焰感度:BNCP>BNCP/CNTs>BNCP/CB;摩擦感度:BNCP/CB>BNCP/CNTs>BNCP;静电火花感度:BNCP/CB>BNCP>BNCP/CNTs。     

手枪弹用无铅无钡击发药组分设计研究

在分析原析锈蚀击发药毒性成分的基础上,淘汰了有毒起爆药斯蒂芬酸铅、氧化剂硝酸钡、还原剂三硫化二锑.根据综合性能的对比,优选了有机起爆药、还原剂和低毒氧化剂.经过敏化剂、摩擦剂的合理配制,设计并优化了无铅无钡击发药配方.工厂应用试验表明:设计的配方与原无锈蚀击发药相比,机械感度和点火能力相当,但排放物中不含铅、钡或锑等重金属和硫等有毒物,对环境无危害,可用于手枪弹等小口径武器弹药中底火.     

新型安全钝感起爆药高氯酸·[四氨·双(5-硝基四唑)]合钴(Ⅲ)(BNCP)

BNCP是 90年代的一种性能优异的新型起爆药。我们已完成了 BNCP的合成方法研究 ,突破了各步反应的关键技术 ,并制定了各步的较佳工艺条件。生产规模现已达到百克量级以上。对 BNCP的基本性能也进行了全面的测定和综合评估 ,完成了 BNCP的应用试验 ,现已通过部级鉴定。主要性能及优点是 :1、BNCP的安全性好。在合成、勤务处理、产品制造中危险性相对常规起爆药要小得多。散状 BNCP的撞击感度、摩擦感度、火焰感度、静电感度都较低 ,桥丝也无法起爆点火。一旦装入管壳中能较好地完成起爆药的作用。2、BNCP的耐热性很好。它在 2 66…     

超细苦味酸钾的制备及性能

为了研究苦味酸钾(KP)超细后粒度对性能的影响,分别采用连续喷加法、控速滴加法、快速混合法制备了超细苦味酸钾。研究了不同粒度苦味酸钾的颗粒形貌、粒度分布、热分解温度、撞击感度、摩擦感度、火焰感度、静电火花感度、5 s爆发点和热丝感度。结果表明:连续喷加法、控速滴加法、快速混合法得到的苦味酸钾的粒度D_(50)值分别为3.9,8μm和16μm;随着粒度增大,苦味酸钾热分解温度升高,撞击、摩擦、火焰感度降低,静电火花感度基本不变,5 s爆发点温度降低;超细的苦味酸钾(D_(50)=3.9μm)的热丝感度非常低,适合用作低感度电引火药。     

起爆药研究最新进展

叠氮化铅和斯蒂芬酸铅作为最常用的起爆药,在军事和民用方面具有广泛应用,但对环境和人体有严重危害.因此,开发新型绿色起爆药是重要的发展趋势.本研究围绕四唑、呋咱、稠环、配位化合物、叠氮化铜以及纳米铝热剂六类新型起爆药的合成和性能等进行了综述,分析了六类起爆药的优点以及存在的问题:四唑类爆轰性能优异但安全性能较低;呋咱类具有较高的密度,同时氧平衡较好;稠环类化合物的热稳定性高感度低,安全性好;配位化合物通过改变金属离子,配体以及阴离子能够实现感度与能量的调控;叠氮化铜起爆能力很强,但静电感度极高;纳米铝热剂能量密度高,合成简单,绿色环保,但难以实现快速燃烧转爆轰;除叠氮化铜和纳米铝热剂外,其余四类起爆药合成工艺复杂,产率较低.因此,在确保起爆能力强的前提下,降低感度和简化工艺是起爆药下一步工作的重点.     

5-硝基四唑亚铜的合成与表征

以氯化亚铜、5-硝基四唑钠等为原料合成了一种起爆药5-硝基四唑亚铜.利用能谱分析、红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱及元素分析和DSC测试等方法,对5-硝基四唑亚铜进行了结构表征.初步性能研究表明,5-硝基四唑亚铜的初始分解温度为291℃,峰温为324℃,其分解较剧烈,且热稳定性较好;感度测试结果显示,5-硝基四唑亚铜的撞击感度较BNCP钝感,火焰感度比BNCP敏感、比LA钝感.     

环保起爆药四(5-硝基四唑)·二水合铁(Ⅱ)化钠的合成和特性

以5-硝基四唑钠和氯化亚铁为原料,在98～100℃、回流3 h的条件下得到橘黄色四(5-硝基四唑).二水合铁化钠(NaFeNT)产物,利用元素分析、扫描电镜和能谱、红外分析等方法表征了其结构。研究了NaFeNT的热性能(DSC、爆发点)、安定性(吸湿性、真空安定性)、爆炸性能(爆热、比容、爆速、撞击、摩擦、火焰、静电感度)和废水处理方法。结果表明:NaFeNT放热峰温度为258℃,5 s延滞期爆发温度为278℃,30℃/120 h条件下吸湿增重3.58%,100℃/连续40 h/真空状态下放气量为0.17 mL.g-1,爆热、爆速和比容分别为3929 J.g-1、5550 m.s-1和506 mL.g-1。撞击感度低于高氯酸.四氨.双(5-硝基四唑)合钴(Ⅲ)(BNCP)、叠氮化铅(LA)和斯蒂酚酸铅(LTNR),摩擦感度高于BNCP、LA和LTNR,2 cm时火焰感度为76%,静电感度较钝感。     

固体推进剂安全性能影响因素的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析方法,从NEPE推进剂的配方组成、结构角度计算了固体推进剂撞击感度、摩擦感度及火焰感度等多项感度的灰色关联度。通过灰色关联度的对比分析,给出了各感度的主要影响因素及影响因素顺序。配方组成研究结果表明增塑比是影响高能固体推进剂摩擦感度、局部热感度的最主要因素,HMX含量是影响冲击波感度、5 s爆发点最主要的因素,固体含量是影响撞击感度、静电火花感度、火焰感度的最主要因素;结构研究结果表明铝粉粒度是影响高能固体推进剂摩擦感度、火焰感度、5 s爆发点的最主要因素;AP粒度是影响局部热感度、静电火花感度最主要的因素;HMX粒度是影响撞击感度的最主要因素。     

熔盐法合成FeCl_3-石墨层间化合物的稳定性研究(英文)

采用熔盐法合成出FeCl3-石墨层间化合物，将其在空气或某些液体媒介中放置一段时间，运用XRD、TG-DTG测试技术研究了FeCl3-GIC的结构稳定性与热稳定性。结果表明，FeCl-GICs在空气中很稳定，在水、酸溶液中具有较好的稳定性，但在碱性溶剂及某些有机溶剂中不稳定。FeCl3-GICs的热分解温度约为330℃。     

熔盐法合成FeCl3-石墨层间化合物的稳定性研究（英）

采用熔盐法合成出FeCl3-石墨层间化合物,将其在空气或某些液体媒介中放置一段时间,运用XRD、TG-DTG测试技术研究了FeCl3-GIC的结构稳定性与热稳定性.结果表明,FeCl3-GICs在空气中很稳定,在水、酸溶液中具有较好的稳定性,但在碱性溶剂及某些有机溶剂中不稳定.FeCl3-GICs的热分解温度约为330 ℃.     

2Al/Fe_2O_3铝热剂的点火温度

为确定2Al/Fe2O3铝热剂的点火温度,对铝粉重量、电阻和形貌随温度变化的特性进行了实验观测,用均匀体系热爆炸理论计算了铝热剂球的临界点火温度并通过实验检验。结果表明,对于粒径约30μm的铝热剂,温度超过铝的熔点(933K)时铝粉氧化膜胀裂,流出的铝液铺展到邻近的氧化铁粉表面;点火温度约1600K,低于氧化铁分解点(1730K),点火前化学反应为液-固相型;点火温度与铝热剂球的体积无明显关系,均匀体系热爆炸理论不适用。     

硝酸铁对高温高浓度硝酸铵水溶液热稳定性的影响

为研究水和硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3)对硝酸铵(NH4NO3)的危险性,利用C80微量热仪模拟密闭环境,对浓度为100%、95%、90%的NH4NO3溶液,以及含有1%、2%、3%、4%四种不同Fe(NO3)3杂质含量的95%NH4NO3溶液进行热分析。结果表明:随着NH4NO3浓度的增加,NH4NO3溶液的活化能下降,热分解的难度降低。水抑制了NH4NO3的热分解,提高了其自反应起始温度(Tonset)。95%NH4NO3Tonset为238.89℃,加入Fe(NO3)3之后Tonset下降,Fe(NO3)3含量2%时Tonset为201.13℃,下降了37.76℃,Fe(NO3)3对95%NH4NO3溶液中NH4NO3热分解有"催化作用"。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.