火工烟火药剂燃烧火焰多光谱辐射测温技术研究

为了准确测量火工烟火药剂的燃烧火焰温度,根据多光谱辐射测温技术的工作原理研制了多光谱高温计;基于二次测量的数据处理方法,得到了燃烧火焰的真实温度.以黑火药为例,采用多光谱高温计对其燃烧火焰的辐射能量进行了测定,应用二次测量法对测得的数据进行迭代计算,从而得到黑火药燃烧温度.实验表明,该多光谱高温计能够很好地应用于火工烟火药剂燃烧温度的测定,且具有高稳定性.为火工烟火药剂燃烧特性的研究奠定了基础.     

几种含稀土元素烟火药剂的燃烧光谱分布

为探究稀土元素用于发光类烟火药剂的可能性,以稀土硝酸盐为氧化剂、镁粉为可燃剂、淀粉为粘合剂,设计、制备了含Ce、Pr、Sm、Eu、Tb、Dy、Yb 7种稀土元素的烟火药剂。用瞬态分光辐射仪测定了各药剂的燃烧光谱。分析了各药剂的光谱分布。结果表明：药剂的负氧氧平衡越高,特征光谱辐射强度越大。含不同稀土元素药剂的特征辐射光谱分布区间有相似性。含Eu元素药剂的光谱辐射分布在红光区。     

六种蓝光烟火药的热力学研究

为了比较不同蓝光烟火药的发光效果和探讨配方优化设计的新方法,利用REAL热力学计算程序对六种蓝光烟火药进行了热力学研究,建立了蓝光烟火药燃烧反应焓与火焰温度和辐射光子数之间的关系,根据计算得到的燃烧火焰温度和辐射蓝光的光子数,优选了蓝光烟火药配方及配比。结果表明,六种不同蓝光烟火药的燃烧温度为1651～2880 K,这与利用NASA-CEA程序的计算结果一致,在最大波长处辐射的光子数为0.02011～0.0435 mol·kg~(-1),且产生蓝色火焰的主要辐射体为CuCl。借助蓝光烟火药的燃烧反应焓、火焰温度和辐射光子数之间的函数关系式,计算得出含KClO_3、2CuCO_3·Cu(OH)_2和S的蓝光烟火药燃烧温度为1651 K,辐射光子数为0.0435 mol·kg~(-1),在六种配方中其蓝光辐射效果最好,该配方的最佳配比为KClO_3/2CuCO_3·Cu(OH)_2/S=63/19/18,为其它火焰烟火剂的设计和优化提供了一种新的方法.     

硝酸铷类红外烟火药剂的燃烧性能

研究了以硝酸铷为氧化剂,分别以金属镁粉、镁铝合金粉、钛粉、氢化钛粉、硼为可燃剂,以氟橡胶(FPM)为黏合剂组成的5组烟火药剂的燃烧性能,用DSC分析了药剂的分解过程,测定了燃烧热和燃烧火焰温度,并与REAL程序计算的绝热火焰温度值进行了比较,测试了烟火药剂的近红外(0.7～1.1μm)辐射强度和可见光(0.4～0.7μm)光强。结果表明:含B与Ti的热分解过程较类似;Mg/RbNO3/FPM烟火药剂的燃烧热值最高为4939 kJ.kg-1,5组药剂燃烧热顺序为Mg>Al3Mg4>TiH2>Ti>B。Ti/RbNO3/FPM烟火药剂的燃烧火焰温度最高,高于2700℃,实测的燃烧火焰温度比REAL程序计算的理论绝热火焰温度低;TiH2的近红外(0.7～1.1μm)辐射强度与可见光光强之比为1.654,隐身指数较高,有望成为良好的红外照明剂组分。     

烟火泵浦激光器泵浦材料发光光谱研究

为了提高烟火泵浦激光器的能量转换效率,根据泵浦光应与激光介质吸收光相匹配的原理,采用自主设计的烟火药燃烧辐射光谱测试和处理系统,研究了多种不同组分烟火剂配方的燃烧发射光谱.对实验结果进行分析,确定含NaNO3、RbNO3的烟火剂辐射光谱和铝热反应辐射光谱的谱带包含了掺杂钕离子激光介质的吸收谱线.将上述成分加入配方,燃烧辐射光能集中于激光介质吸收带内,可提高烟火泵浦激光器的光谱耦合效率,进而得到更高能效的泵浦源.     

激光毁伤中的多光谱测温技术研究

为研究激光毁伤中毁伤区域状态的变化,基于激光毁伤时目标区域所具有较为规则的毁伤区域、温度分布,提出一种改进的多光谱测温方法,对毁伤区域的辐射光谱进行反演分析。利用该方法对毁伤区域的辐射光谱进行温度反演,研究比色测温法与多光谱测温法在相同情况下的测温精度、影响因素;通过该方法对1 500 K温度下的目标辐射光谱进行光谱反演。结果表明：该方法最少可以将测温误差缩小24%,在实验中最大可以将误差缩小60%;根据不同温度区域的面积分布,可以反馈并优化目标区域温度分布反演的精度,为目标区域温度分布的测量提供了一种思路。     

一种烟火型反鱼雷用声纳诱饵剂技术

根据烟火药的脉动燃烧效应提出了采用烟火药作为反鱼雷声纳诱饵的设想，并详细论述了烟火型反鱼雷诱饵技术与现役反鱼雷软杀伤技术相比存在的优势，分析了烟火药的脉动燃烧及声纳诱饵的原理，提出了该诱饵剂研制需解决的关键技术。     

应用物理化学国家级重点实验室 火工系统先进药剂技术实验室简介

实验室包括火工系统钝感药剂技术研究实验室和火工系统集成化药剂技术研究实验室，实验室拥有完善的化学合成工作平台、柔性合成化学反应系统和三维重力混药机等高新设备。主要进行新型药剂设计方法研究、新型环保起爆炸药技术研究、新型钝感传爆药、纳米点火药、烟火药技术研究、微装药技术研究等。针对有关新技术火工系统进行爆炸逻辑网络用药剂研究、激光点火和起爆药剂技木研究、爆炸箔直列式安全点火与起爆系统中钝感点火药及起爆炸药研究、光电对抗中无源干扰烟火技术研究和火工烟火药剂的基础理论和共性技术研究等。     

乌洛托品对MTV诱饵剂光谱辐射性能的影响

为改善诱饵剂红外辐射性能,在一种MTV型诱饵剂配方中加入乌洛托品,对其燃烧后性能进行测试分析。结果表明:加入乌洛托品之后,药剂燃烧时间延长,温度降低,由于降温作用以及乌洛托品燃烧产物的选择性辐射使得诱饵剂光谱辐射亮度比L3~5μm/L2.5~3.0μm变大;当添加量为15%时,药剂燃烧时间从2.1s延长到3.56s,燃烧的最高温度从1 707.2℃降低到1 208.1℃,L3~5μm/L2.5~3.0μm从1.88提升至2.51,所以加入乌洛托品可以改善MTV诱饵剂红外辐射性能。     

Pb_3O_4添加量对Mg/PTFE红外诱饵剂特性的影响

为研究四氧化三铅加入传统的镁/聚四氟乙烯(Mg/PTFE)红外诱饵剂后对效能的影响,设计了11种配方并压制成药柱样品。用红外热像仪对样品燃烧过程进行观测及计算,得到样品燃烧时间、质量燃速、辐射面积、辐射亮度、辐射强度。结果表明:用四氧化三铅逐渐替换聚四氟乙烯会使样品的最高反应温度逐渐降低,四氧化三铅的质量分数越大,温度降低越多;随着四氧化三铅替换聚四氟乙烯的比例增大,辐射强度先减小后增大再减小,当四氧化三铅比例为35%时,烟火药辐射强度最大。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.