Al/Bi2O3-HNIW复合物的制备及其性能

为了探索纳米铝热剂-猛炸药复合物代替传统起爆药的可能性,以纳米Al粉、纳米Bi₂O₃、工业级六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（HNIW）以及纳米HNIW为原料,采用溶剂-非溶剂（Solvent-nonsolvent Method, SN）和物理混合（Physical Mixing Method,PM）两种方法分别制备了Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW复合物,采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、密闭爆发器试验、铅板试验等对制备的复合物性能进行表征和测试。结果表明,采用溶剂-非溶剂法制备的复合物中Al/Bi₂O₃均匀地包覆在HNIW表面,Al/Bi₂O₃与HNIW的质量比为3∶7时,结合压力-时间特性曲线,Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）复合物的增压速率为2.914 GPa·s^-1,约为Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW （PM） 的三倍,且升压时间短;其静电感度明显低于斯蒂芬酸铅（Lead Styphnate,LS）和叠氮化铅（Lead Azide,LA）,甚至低于猛炸药太安（PETN）; 采用太安（PETN）作为过渡药,Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW（SN）能够可靠起爆黑索今（RDX）装药。采用溶剂-非溶剂法制备的Al/Bi₂O₃-HNIW因其优异的安全性和起爆性能,有望作为雷管起爆药替代物使用。     

起爆药研究最新进展

叠氮化铅和斯蒂芬酸铅作为最常用的起爆药,在军事和民用方面具有广泛应用,但对环境和人体有严重危害.因此,开发新型绿色起爆药是重要的发展趋势.本研究围绕四唑、呋咱、稠环、配位化合物、叠氮化铜以及纳米铝热剂六类新型起爆药的合成和性能等进行了综述,分析了六类起爆药的优点以及存在的问题:四唑类爆轰性能优异但安全性能较低;呋咱类具有较高的密度,同时氧平衡较好;稠环类化合物的热稳定性高感度低,安全性好;配位化合物通过改变金属离子,配体以及阴离子能够实现感度与能量的调控;叠氮化铜起爆能力很强,但静电感度极高;纳米铝热剂能量密度高,合成简单,绿色环保,但难以实现快速燃烧转爆轰;除叠氮化铜和纳米铝热剂外,其余四类起爆药合成工艺复杂,产率较低.因此,在确保起爆能力强的前提下,降低感度和简化工艺是起爆药下一步工作的重点.     

雷管威力的氮化铅当量描述及其在引信设计中的应用

为了为引信隔爆和传爆设计提供雷管威力信息，根据铅Shou扩张试验所得到的铅Shou扩大值及其与太安药量的等效关系，得出了雷管常用起爆药和猛炸药的氮化铅当量，雷管的输出威力就可以用氮化铅当量来描述，可相对比较雷管威力的大小。雷管威力的氮化铅当量还可用于雷管系列化以及选择考核雷管威力上、下限的铅板穿孔试验的铅板厚度。     

高球形度核壳结构超级铝热剂的制备及点火性能

为得到含能材料3D打印用球形核壳结构超级铝热剂，采用固体颗粒间直接包覆喷雾造粒法制备了Al_2#@CuO与Al_2#@Bi₂O₃高球形度核壳结构超级铝热剂。利用NanoMeasure统计软件研究了构筑参数（粒径比、固含量）对其粒径尺寸的影响；通过电镜、X射线衍射仪表征了球形核壳结构；采用休止角法表征其流散性；利用高速摄影机观测其点火特性。结果表明，固含量为25%、2#铝粉与纳米金属氧化物（CuO、Bi₂O₃）粒径体系构筑参数所得2种球形核壳结构超级铝热剂结构为理想球形核壳结构，平均粒径约40 μm，壳层平均厚度分别为7.79 μm（Al_2#@CuO-25%）、10.47 μm（Al_2#@Bi₂O₃-25%）；与机械混合样相比，球形核壳结构超级铝热剂的流散性有较大提升，Al/CuO体系由48.8°减小至22.9°，Al/Bi₂O₃体系由37.3°减小至16.6°，Al_2#@CuO球形核壳结构超级铝热剂的燃烧时间由100 ms增加到了0.9 s左右，表明改变微观结构会影响其燃烧特性。     

装药条件对飞片雷管爆轰性能的影响

为了研究飞片式无起爆药电雷管的爆轰性能,分析了雷管起爆机理以及爆轰传递过程,通过铅板穿孔试验,研究了装药密度、装药药量对雷管轴向输出的影响。结果表明:输出装药密度越大,8#飞片式无起爆药雷管的输出威力越大,合适的输出装药药量为0.33g;第2中间装药压药密度的最佳范围为1.3~1.4g.cm-3。     

起爆药等离子体感度研究

半导体桥产生的等离子体起爆火工药剂时,存在起爆难易问题,即不同起爆药对等离子体的感度不同。通过研究示波器采集半导体桥引爆起爆药时的信号,获取了半导体桥释放能量、电压-时间曲线中二次峰持续时间、光信号出现时间以及电压断开时间等数据,并利用D最优化法程序对数据进行了处理。结果表明:斯蒂芬酸铅、叠氮肼镍、硼/铅丹由半导体桥产生的焦耳热引燃;苦味酸铅,叠氮化铅,硝酸肼镍,斯蒂芬酸钡由等离子体引燃,其感度顺序是:苦味酸铅叠氮化铅斯蒂芬酸钡硝酸肼镍。     

叠氮化银起爆药连续化合成芯片的设计与应用研究

针对叠氮化银（AgN_3,简写为SA）起爆药合成过程对于反应溶液快速混合的要求,设计制作了连续反向旋T形微混合芯片,并采用Ansys Fluent仿真模拟软件对芯片结构及反应物流速等因素对混合效率的影响规律进行了研究,优化获得了高效微混合芯片结构。使用该芯片进行了纳米SA起爆药的连续化合成,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、差示扫描量热（DSC）研究了SA起爆药的形貌、成分结构与热性能。结果表明：当微混合芯片的通道尺寸为1 mm,对撞角度180°,反应物流速4 mL·min^-1以上时,可获得接近100%的混合效率。通过调节反应物流速、浓度和添加表面活性剂,可有效调控产物粒径及其分布,且反应产物主要成分为正交晶系的AgN₃晶体。相较常规方法,使用微流控方法制备的SA起爆药放热峰温度由365.2 ℃提前到358.2 ℃（降低7 ℃）,且放热量由851.6 kJ·kg^-1升高到976.7 kJ·kg^-1（升高14.7%）,表明微流控方法制备的SA起爆药具有更高的反应活性和能量。     

D·E共沉淀起爆药的性能及应用

介绍了叠氮化铅与2，4-二硝基间苯二酚铅共沉淀起爆药的理化和爆炸性能以及在8号工业纸雷管上的应用情况。     

MEMS平面微起爆器的原位构筑及性能

设计了一种微机电系统（MEMS）平面微起爆器并对其性能进行了研究。该微起爆器由MEMS微结构换能元和直写起爆装药两部分组成。金属微结构换能元和装药构筑在同一平面上。首先在氮化硅硅片上构造Ni/Cr微结构换能元,然后在微结构换能元的一侧刻蚀微装药腔体,微结构换能元的桥区部分构造在微装药腔体的内部。采用微控直写法,在微装药腔体内部写入一种具有多孔性质的纳米铜墨水前驱体,经过气固原位叠氮化反应后,形成叠氮化铜（Cu（N₃）₂）MEMS起爆器件。该微起爆器平均电阻为4 Ω,作用时间为8.44 μs,50%发火电压为14.29 V,发火能量为0.33 mJ,装药量平均值5.18mg,质量相对标准偏差2.6%。该微起爆器能够起爆六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）炸药。     

MXene/Cd（N3）2复合薄膜起爆药的制备及性能研究

针对深空复杂应用环境对火工品耐高温起爆药的迫切需求,通过静电相互作用的表面自组装方式构建了一种MXene基叠氮化镉（MXene/Cd（N₃）₂）复合薄膜耐高温起爆药。采用扫描电镜、X射线能谱、X射线衍射以及红外光谱对MXene/Cd（N₃）₂复合薄膜起爆药的微观形貌及结构进行表征;通过差示扫描量热及热重等分析方法研究其热性能,并采用高速摄影记录其爆轰过程。结果表明：MXene纳米材料表面丰富的官能团可使Cd（N₃）₂在MXene片层上分布均匀,粒径约50 nm,且在较大空隙中无沉积堆叠现象;MXene纳米材料的高比表面积和优异的导热性能可有效促进Cd（N₃）₂的热分解,热分解温度为378.42 ℃;MXene纳米材料与Cd（N₃）₂复合不会影响Cd（N₃）₂的晶型及输出威力,制备所得的MXene/Cd（N₃）₂复合薄膜起爆药以较少的药量即可实现点火起爆。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.