基于FPC工艺的集成冲击片换能元性能分析（英文）

为了提高爆炸箔起爆器的制造效率和产品一致性,设计和制造了一种基于柔性电路板(简称FPC或软板)制造工艺的集成冲击片换能元,并对该集成换能元的电爆炸性能、驱动飞片能力和起爆六硝基茋的能力等基础性能进行了研究。采用高压探头测量了爆炸箔两端的电压曲线,采用罗果夫斯基线圈测量了放电回路的电流曲线,通过光学多普勒测试手段(PDV)测量了电爆炸过程驱动飞片速度历程曲线。结果表明,放电回路峰值电流和桥箔的爆发电流随着电容两端电压的增加而线性增加,其中桥箔的爆发电流从2080 A增加到2680 A。桥箔的爆发时间随着电容两端电压的增加而线性地从232 ns减小至156 ns。随着充电电压的增加,飞片速度从4056 m·s~(-1)增加到4589 m·s~(-1),速度标准偏差为38~48。该冲击片换能元可在放电回路电流峰值约2.04 kA时可靠起爆HNS?Ⅳ,而基于传统制造方式冲击片换能元的起爆电流峰值为2.340 kA。     

基于FPC工艺的集成冲击片换能元性能分析（英）

为了提高爆炸箔起爆器的制造效率和产品一致性,设计和制造了一种基于柔性电路板（简称FPC或软板）制造工艺的集成冲击片换能元,并对该集成换能元的电爆炸性能、驱动飞片能力和起爆六硝基茋的能力等基础性能进行了研究。采用高压探头测量了爆炸箔两端的电压曲线,采用罗果夫斯基线圈测量了放电回路的电流曲线,通过光学多普勒测试手段（PDV）测量了电爆炸过程驱动飞片速度历程曲线。结果表明,放电回路峰值电流和桥箔的爆发电流随着电容两端电压的增加而线性增加,其中桥箔的爆发电流从2080 A增加到2680 A。桥箔的爆发时间随着电容两端电压的增加而线性地从232 ns减小至156 ns。随着充电电压的增加,飞片速度从4056 m·s^-1增加到4589 m·s^-1,速度标准偏差为38~48。该冲击片换能元可在放电回路电流峰值约2.04 kA时可靠起爆HNS-Ⅳ,而基于传统制造方式冲击片换能元的起爆电流峰值为2.340 kA。     

低温共烧陶瓷爆炸箔起爆芯片的设计、制备与发火性能

采用低温共烧陶瓷(Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics,LTCC)工艺实现了爆炸箔起爆芯片的一体化集成制备。采用丝网印刷的方式制备了厚度为5μm的Au桥箔(300μm×300μm);采用25μm和50μm两种厚度的生瓷片作为爆炸箔起爆芯片的飞片,设计了圆形(Ф=400μm)和方形(L×W=300μm×300μm)的两种加速膛形状的爆炸箔起爆芯片。在0.22μF电容放电条件下,研究了Au桥箔的电爆性能。通过光子多普勒测速技术分析了陶瓷飞片的速度特征及其运动过程中的形貌。结果表明,在发火电压1.8 kV下,Au桥箔的能量利用率最大;飞片的终态速度随着发火电压的增加而增大;在相同的发火条件下,飞片经方形加速膛加速后的出口速度比圆形加速膛高出106～313 m·s~(-1);另外,陶瓷飞片越厚,飞片在飞行过程中的运动形貌保持得越完整。该工艺制备的爆炸箔起爆芯片可成功点燃硼/硝酸钾(BPN)点火药,并起爆六硝基芪(HNS)炸药。LTCC爆炸箔起爆芯片(50μm厚陶瓷飞片,圆形加速膛)的最小点火电压为1.4 kV,最小起爆电压为2.5 kV。     

低能爆炸箔电爆参数及冲击片速度测试

针对低能爆炸箔起爆系统需求,分析了起爆系统放电回路效率影响规律,开展了3.5μm厚桥箔爆发电流、爆发电压测试研究。结果表明:回路最大能量利用率符合理论分析,在0.22μF、1 500V电压下电路能量利用效率达到72.33%,桥箔电爆炸驱动飞片速度达到3 680m/s,可以起爆冲击片雷管装药。     

九点爆炸箔电爆炸性能试验与仿真模拟

为探索多点爆炸箔施加电压与爆发电流之间的关系以及支路、单点电流的分布情况,对设计的三点串联后幵联的九点爆炸箔进行了仿真与试验研究。结果表明:随着充电电压的升高,桥箔爆发电压逐渐升高,支路电流逐渐升高,桥箔爆发时间减小。试验测得的一体化九点爆炸箔爆发电流值为单条支路上电流值,3条支路上电流值一致,总回路中的电流值符合欧姆定律。本研究为一体化多点爆炸箔与单点组合多点爆炸箔起爆阵列感度研究提供了理论支持。     

高压脉冲功率源等效参数对桥箔电爆性能影响规律

为了降低冲击片雷管起爆能量,优化高压脉冲功率源等效参数,研究了高压脉冲功率源等效参数如等效电感、等效电阻、电容量、电压等参数对金属桥箔电爆特性规律的影响,测试了金属桥箔在不同的等效参数条件下,其电爆性能的变化规律参数,计算了金属桥箔的能量利用率,实验结果表明:当高压脉冲功率源储能电容容量为0.2μF,放电回路等效电感为57 n H,等效电阻为68 mΩ时,在加载电压为2.0 k V放电条件下,桥区厚度为5.0μm,尺寸为0.5 mm×0.5 mm的铜箔其爆发性能最优,有效能量利用率达到最高,为54.8%,此时桥箔的爆发时间与峰值时间最为接近,时差最小。     

基于电压波形的脉冲放电回路参数识别

电爆炸箔起爆系统中,脉冲放电回路的电学参数LCR,对于放电电流参数以及爆炸桥箔设计参数都具有决定作用。随着电爆炸箔起爆系统向微型化发展,通过Rogowski线圈等方法测量电流,识别回路电学参数的方法已不再适用。根据脉冲放电回路等效电路及其微分方程,推算出电容电压波形与电路参数的关系,利用数值算法和Matlab工具,求得回路参数L、R的最小二乘解,并通过拟合电压波形与实测电压波形对比,证明所提出算法的有效性。     

PCB基密封并联平面触发火花隙开关的设计及性能

为了提高爆炸箔起爆系统(exploding foil initiator system,EFIs)的作用可靠性,减小系统体积、降低系统成本,采用印制电路板(printed circuit board,PCB)工艺设计了一种密封并联平面触发火花隙开关(planar triggered spark-gap switch,PTS).根据三电极的结构设计参数,采用PCB工艺批量制备了PTS,单只并联PCB-PTS的尺寸为13.5 mm(l)×7.5 mm(w)×2.5 mm(h).基于显微计算机断层扫描重建了开关的立体和断面图像,结果显示PCB工艺满足开关的加工精度需求.开展了电极间隙的静电场分布仿真以解释开关的导通过程,并且据此计算了开关的理论自击穿电压(self-breakdown voltage,USB).开关的电气性能测试表明:(1)并联PCB-PTS的USB略低于理论计算值,约为2000 V;(2)在大约50％～95％的USB范围内开关均能被可靠触发工作,并且电流上升时间稳定在约121.8 ns,峰值电流大于1500 A,满足EFIs的使用特性需求.最后,将该开关应用于爆炸箔起爆器(exploding foil initiator,EFI)进行发火实验,在0.22μF/1400 V的放电条件下,成功起爆了HNS-Ⅳ炸药.     

爆炸箔冲击片起爆设计参数研究

为了研究爆炸箔起爆器起爆系统典型参数的规律,设计了试验装置和试验方法,研究了爆炸箔冲击片起爆系统中爆发电流、爆发电压与输入起爆能量、爆炸箔截面积的关系,并且给出了相关规律.通过研究得出:爆发电压时间、峰值电流时间越接近,爆发电压峰值与爆发电流峰值越重合,能量利用率最高.研究结果对爆炸箔冲击片起爆系统的优化设计具有一定的指导意义.     

桥箔电爆炸过程数值计算分析

为了研究金属电爆炸特征,编制了计算金属导体电爆炸放电回路的程序,对桥箔爆炸物理过程进行了数值计算,得到了金、铜、金-铂合金及铝四种金属桥箔爆炸的爆发电流和动态电阻.分析了起爆回路电参数和金属桥箔几何参数变化对爆发电流的影响规律.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.