预燃室射流点火技术对汽油机性能影响的研究

在一款增压直喷小型强化废气涡轮增压汽油机上,进行了加装预燃室与传统点火在低速外特性、中转速负荷特性的燃烧特性、经济性和排放特性对比试验,分析了预燃室火焰射流点火过程与传统点火对汽油机性能影响的规律。研究结果表明,在1500r/min、平均有效压力为2MPa工况,采用预燃室点火后缸内燃烧等容度提高,最高燃烧压力增大,燃烧相位提前7.1°,有效燃油消耗率下降约24g/（kW·h）;在2000r/min负荷特性的试验工况,相比于传统点火,预燃室点火燃烧循环变动均获得改善,燃烧持续期缩短,低负荷时燃烧相位不变而比油耗略微上升,高负荷时燃烧相位大幅提前,比油耗改善约7g/（kW·h）,且最高有效热效率由36.9%上升至37.5%。就气体排放物而言,预燃室点火加速燃烧使NOx排放最高上升约15%,HC排放最多下降约36%,而CO排放低负荷时基本维持不变,在高负荷时略有下降。     

我国中速机家族中又添新成员

<正> 由上海711研究所设计,山东淄博渔轮柴油机厂制造的L8250中速柴油机,1992年5月16日在生产厂圆满完成性能和100小时耐久试验。该机700r/min、1030kW,实测燃油耗率为207g/kW·h,滑油耗率低于1.36g/kW·h,均达到和优于设计指标。至此,我国中速机家族中又添新成员。 L8250中速柴油机可用作远洋渔轮、170箱集装     

柴油机EGR电控冷却系统试验研究

研究了 CA498 柴油机在不同工况下EGR冷却温度对NOx等排放的影响规律,确定了各个工况下EGR的最佳冷却温度,据此设计出一套EGR冷却温度控制装置,可以通过单片机控制伺服电动水泵的转速来调节冷却水的循环量,确保不同工况下的最佳EGR冷却温度.将该电控冷却系统在CA498柴油机上进行了试验.结果表明,与未冷却的EGR系统相比,该EGR电控冷却系统在c0和Hc的排放略有增加的情况下,可以有效地降低NOx的排放、烟度和油耗率.     

重型甲醇发动机增压器匹配仿真与试验

针对13 L M100甲醇发动机增压器匹配开展相关研究工作。基于发动机相关数据建立一维热力学模型并进行数值计算与仿真分析，针对发动机油耗率、废气再循环（exhaust gas recirculation，EGR）率、排温、喘振裕度等综合因素匹配出最优增压器并进行试验验证。试验结果显示，增压器方案1在转速为1 200 r/min时EGR率为20.5%，外特性最低油耗率可降至438 g/（kW·h），最大涡前排温为700 ℃，满足发动机性能开发指标。     

CA6110ZLA3柴油机达欧Ⅱ排放标准的试验研究

阐述了CA6110ZLA3型车用柴油机排放控制方法;提出了具体的技术措施;通过提高喷油压力,改善喷油速率及喷 雾质量,延迟喷油定时,优化匹配涡轮增压器及改进燃烧室形状等技术进行优化匹配试验,NOx和PM排放值分别由 7.8g/(kW·h)和0.36g/(kW·h)降到6.8g/(kW·h)和0.14g/(kW·h),使该型柴油机排放达到了欧Ⅱ标准。     

重型柴油机二级增压系统匹配仿真研究

为了降低重型柴油机的燃油消耗率,采用GT-POWER软件建立仿真模型,在一台单级可变截面涡轮增压器（variable geometry turbocharger, VGT）柴油机上开展了二级增压匹配与增压系统参数优化工作。仿真结果表明,所提出的二级增压系统在匹配点能够以最高效率运行,在全工况都能提供足够的进气流量;完全关闭低压级废气旁通阀,正交优化高压级废气旁通阀开度和米勒循环度,能够进一步降低二级增压发动机的燃油消耗率;降低级间中冷温度能够降低泵气损失,提高增压压力,温度由100 ℃降至50 ℃在标定点能够使燃油消耗率降低约3 g/（kW·h）。对二级增压及参数优化工作的燃油消耗率改善效果进行了试验验证,低速工况燃油消耗率整体有所下降,高效点燃油消耗率下降4.1%。     

深度冷热冲击条件下工程机械用柴油机的可靠性研究

以某型工程机械用柴油机为研究对象,采用深度冷热冲击方法进行了柴油机可靠性试验,测量了零部件磨损情况,考察了柴油机的燃油消耗量、功率、扭矩、活塞漏气量、润滑油消耗等参数的变化规律,分析可靠性试验过程中柴油机最低油耗区的迁移规律。研究结果表明,冷热冲击试验后,柴油机转速为1500r/min时的燃油消耗率上升约5g/k W·h,标定工况点燃油消耗率约上升3g/(k W·h);各工况下柴油机功率和扭矩均有所下降;随着试验时间的延长,各工况下柴油机的活塞漏气量均有所上升,柴油机的润滑油消耗呈先上升再下降,然后逐步缓慢下降的趋势;柴油机的最低油耗区分布在转速1600~2100r/min范围内的中等负荷区域,最低油耗区的覆盖面积缩小。     

DI175F型直喷式柴油机通过部级鉴定

根据机械部新产品开发计划（编号：92116218）和湘科（1993）151号文下达（编号：93－112）的新产品开发计划，由天津内燃机研究所主持设计并与湖南滨湖柴油机总厂联合开发的DI175F型直喷式柴油机于199年5月31日在湖南长沙通过了部级鉴定．该机主要技术指标型号：DI175F型式：单缸、气缸倾斜45°、四冲程燃烧室形式：直喷式燃烧室缸径×行程，mm：75×70活塞排量，L：0．309112小时标定功率，kW：3．3标定转速，r／min：2500标定工况燃油消耗率，g／kW·h：251．6起动方式：手摇起动温度，℃：12冷却方式：强制风冷净质量，kg：44该机是…     

船用柴油机今后开发的课题

<正> 船用柴油机随着船舶对其要求的改变而有很大变化。由于两次石油危机,迫使船用柴油机的发展重点放在降低燃油耗率上,从70年代初的204g/kW·b(150g/PS·h)降低到目前的157.8～164.6g/kW·h(116～121g/PS·h),它相当于柴油机热效率为53％左右。随着技术不断革新,不久将来热效率可望提高到55％左右,这相当于燃油耗率下降到152g/kW·h(112g/PS·h)。可以认为,这已接近到最高水平。因此,今后进一步降低燃油耗率的潜力已十分有限,而主要应从总能利用中寻找最大限度的回收。例如除从排气中回收热能外,还有三种热源可供回收:中冷器(150～170℃)、冷却水套的淡水(75～80℃)及润滑油与活塞冷却油(55℃)。这方面的工作已取得了一些成果。     

基于小型柴油机多喷油参数协同优化的试验研究

针对一款1.06 L非道路三阶段排放的卧式柴油机,以非道路四阶段稳态排放循环8个工况为基础,展开油轨压力、喷射正时、预喷—主喷间隔、预喷油量4个参数单因子变化和多因子协同变化对柴油机油耗和排放影响的试验研究。利用参数扫描法进行比油耗和NO_x等排放的多目标优化,使发动机排放达到非道路第四阶段法规的要求。通过分析各喷射参数对油耗和排放的敏感性,获得产品优化提升的指导方案。研究结果表明：喷射正时和轨压对柴油机有效燃油消耗率、NO_x排放及CO排放的影响较大,对碳氢化合物（HC）排放影响较小。预喷—主喷间隔和预喷量对燃烧热效率和CO排放影响较大,对其他排放影响微弱。合理设定轨压和喷射正时的标定组合,可获得最佳的NO_x排放与油耗的折中关系。此外,预喷可以有效降低HC排放。多参数协同优化后的8个工况排放加权结果为：颗粒物（particular matter, PM）排放为0.09 g/（kW·h）,HC+NO_x排放为4.17 g/（kW·h）,CO排放为1.46 g/（kW·h）,实现了产品优化升级并达到了“非四”排放法规的要求。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.