中国农村生物能源利用的CO2排放量估算与空间分析

中国作为世界能源消费大国,同时也是农业大国,其生物质能源利用在农村能源消费构成中占据很大比重。文章采用排放因子法对2010年中国各省(市\区)农村生物质能源利用的CO2排放量进行了估算,利用ArcGIS对估算结果进行空间分析,运用空间统计方法,在Geoda平台上分析各地区碳排放量的空间自相关性。结果表明:秸秆和薪柴的利用对农村生物能源利用的CO2排放量有重要贡献,沼气所占比例较小。在空间分布特征上,生物质能源利用的CO2排放量呈现出中西高、东南偏低的分布特征。     

中国住宅中能源消耗的CO2排放量及减排对策

利用生命周期评价方法,根据中国煤电链和水电链的温室气体排放系数,计算了各种燃料的温室气体排放系数,并在此基础上,计算出了1999年我国住宅中由于家用电器的使用、冬季集中供暖及农村生活能源消费所造成的温室气体排放量.通过数据分析得出住宅中主要能源消耗所产生的CO2排放量约占全国总排放量的34.34%.分析计算了一栋被动式太阳能建筑的减排潜力,提出了住宅中CO2减排的对策.     

中国能源温室气体排放与可持续发展

全球气候变化对经济社会的可持续发展带来严重挑战。影响温室气体排放的因素主要有经济增长、人口、能源消费强度、能源结构等。预计中国2005～2020年GDP年均增长率为8.0%～8.6%。基准情景下,中国2050年能源需求总量达到66.19×108t标煤,人均能源消费量4.4t标煤,CO2排放量117.3×108t,能源消费弹性系数0.42,2020年CO2排放强度比2005年下降43%～48%;减排情景下,中国2050年能源消费量50.4×108t标煤,人均能源消费量3.5t标煤左右,CO2排放量70.7×108t,人均CO2排放量4.8t左右,能源消费弹性系数0.32,2020年CO2排放强度比2005年下降48%～52%,若能实现减排情景,则意味着中国已做到了低碳经济;而从可预见的技术条件以及清洁能源和可再生能源利用的规模来看,实现低碳情景难度很大。中国正处于工业化中期的发展阶段,能源需求增加是客观存在的,应力争转变经济增长方式,优化产业与产品结构,减少与控制高耗能产品出口,提高非化石能源比重和能源利用效率。发展中国家在应对全球气候变化行动中应制定中、短期目标与长期目标。中、短期目标即相对减排,中国政府制定的2020年CO2排放强度相对2005年降低40%～45%的约束性目标就属于相对减排;长期目标指的是当发展中国家实现工业化后,若全球技术发展迅猛,这时发展中国家温室气体的总量控制与减排才有可能做到。     

广东省低碳发展的能源消耗与CO2排放分析

作为中国经济大省、人口大省和能源消费大省,广东省先行启动国家低碳省试点工作,率先开展碳交易市场建设试点。能源消费特征和CO2排放情况是低碳发展的基础,从广东省经济发展入手,分析了广东省终端能源消费及构成、单位GDP能耗和单位工业增加值能耗等能源消费特征,估算了广东省2005年至2010年的CO2排放量,并预测了广东省“十二五”期间的能源消费和CO2排放量,为节能减碳和国家低碳试点工作提供基础数据和决策依据。     

国际

IEA:公布最新的全球CO2排放数据国际能源署(IEA)最新的报告,2009年全球2/3的排放数据来自10个国家,其中中国和美国的排放量总和占全球CO2排放的41%,远超其他所有国家。1999～2009年期间,煤炭燃烧释     

在燃煤电厂利用生物质再燃还原氮氧化物

生物质能是一种可再生的清洁能源,利用生物质能基本可以实现CO2的零排放。目前最有效的生物质能利用方式就是将生物质按照一定的比例在电站燃煤锅炉中与煤混燃。另外,电站燃煤锅炉排放的烟气中含有大量的氮氧化物(NOx),对环境危害极大。把生物质作为电站燃煤锅炉再燃燃料来还原氮氧化物(NOx),既可高效利用生物质能,又可以降低污染物(CO2、NOx等)的排放,具有显著的社会效益。     

赣东北某农村社区能源消费及CO2排放调查

社区作为社会的微型结构单元,是应对气候变化的重要载体。目前创建的低碳社区主要集中在城镇,农村低碳社区则较少。以赣东北某农村社区为对象,对社区能源利用及CO_2排放现状进行了调查。社区能源消费量为86.11 t ce/a,主要以电力和汽油、柴油为主。能源消费产生的CO_2排放为173.90 t/a,其中电力消费导致的CO_2间接排放为146.25 t/a,占总排放量的84.10%。本调查可为相关主管部门开展农村低碳社区创建工作提供参考。     

生物质能的利用及生物质型煤

生物质能是可再生能源。生物质型煤可以有效降低CO2排放量和提高脱硫率。利用生物质的代煤作用及其燃烧特性，可以有效提高型煤的技术经济性能。     

广东能源消费碳排放趋势与前景展望

能源消费是人类活动排放CO₂等温室气体的主要来源,碳减排已成为我国能源发展的一个重要约束因素。2012年全世界能源消费排放3.173 4×1010 t CO₂,中国能源消费排放的CO₂已占世界总排放量的26.0%。2012年全世界人均CO₂排放量4 510 kg,而中国人均CO₂排放量达到了6 093 kg。同年广东省人均CO₂排放量为5 224 kg,高于世界平均水平,低于全国平均水平。随着节能减排和应对气候变化工作的推进,广东的单位产值能耗水平逐年降低,能源结构不断改善,使得全省化石能源消费带来的CO₂排放量的增长势头得到抑制,2012年的排放量比2011年略有减少。按目前的发展趋势预测,到2020年,广东CO₂排放总量将达到1.606 2×108 t碳当量,比2012年增加9.69×106 t碳当量,人均CO₂排放量将达到5 287 kg,略高于2012年的5 224 kg。如果在“十三五”期间加快第三产业发展,则到2020年广东省化石能源消费总量将比2012年下降2.7%,CO₂排放总量将比2012年下降3.5%,人均CO₂排放量将由2012年的5 224 kg下降到2020年的4 795 kg,接近世界平均水平。     

基于环境容量的能源消费碳排放空间公平性研究

本文应用基于环境容量的基尼系数法定量评价我国主要化石能源消费的CO2排放空间公平性。结果表明以森林面积为参照标准,CO2排放基尼系数为0.7249,处于"高度不平均"区间内,空间不公平因子主要为中东部发达城市和经济大省;假设各省林业用地的80%转换为森林,CO2排放基尼系数则降低为0.7233,省际碳排放与环境容量高度不均衡格局及不公平因子没有太大变化。从节能减排、植树造林和建立碳交易市场等视角降低碳排放分配基尼系数,是提高我国省际之间碳排放空间相对公平的重要思路。     

中国农村生活用能及其碳排放分析(2001-2010)

分析了2001~2008年中国农村生活用能的变化以及2001~2010年中国农村生活用能对气候变化的影响。研究发现,农村生活用能呈现了从非商品能源向商品能源转变的趋势,其中,传统生物质能源的消费比例从81.5%下降至70.9%,而商品能源则从17.1%上升至25.1%。此外,除传统生物质能源外的其它可再生能源的消费增长迅速,年均增长率为19.8%。与此相应,农村生活用能消费所导致的碳排放呈现出显著的增加趋势,由152.2百万t上升至366.89百万t,且农村人均CO2排放的增长速度是同期城镇人口的1.87倍。分析认为,影响商品能源消费的主要因素是农村居民收入的增加,强有力的政策支持则促进了农村除传统生物质能源外其他可再生能源的发展。     

Spatial and temporal variation in domestic biofuel consumption rates and patterns in Zimbabwe: implications for atmospheric trace gas emission

An ecologically nationwide and all-year-round domestic biofuel consumption study was conducted in Zimbabwe from January 1996 to March 1997. The study aimed at (a) establishing the determinants and magnitudes of spatial and temporal variations in biofuel consumption rates, (b) estimating the overall mean national rural and urban consumption rates, and (c) estimating the contribution of domestic biomass burning in Zimbabwe to the emission of atmospheric trace gases. The main source of spatial variation in biofuel consumption rates was found to be settlement type (rural or urban). Within a settlement type, per capita consumption rates varied in time and space with household size, ambient temperature, and physical availability. In rural areas wood and agricultural residues were consumed at national average rates of 1.3±0.2 and 0.07±0.01 tonnes capita⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. In urban centres wood was consumed at an average rate of 0.4±0.26 tonnes capita⁻¹ year⁻¹. These consumption rates translate into emission outputs from Zimbabwe of 4.6 Tg CO₂–C year⁻¹, 0.4 Tg CO–C year⁻¹, 5.3 Gg NO–N year⁻¹, 14.5 Gg CH₄–C year⁻¹, 24.2 Gg NMHC–C year⁻¹, 2.9 Gg organic acid–C year⁻¹ (formic and acetic acids) and 48.4 Gg aerosol–C year⁻¹. For CO₂, CO, and NO, these domestic biofuel emissions represent 41±6%, 67±6%, and 8±1%, respectively, of the total output of all sources evaluated and documented in Zimbabwe to date. This means that of the studied sources, domestic biomass burning is the major source of CO₂ and CO emission in Zimbabwe.     

2020年我国水泥行业CO_2排放趋势与减排路径分析

我国水泥行业的CO2排放仅次于电力行业,约占全国排放总量的15%。分析水泥行业的CO2排放趋势和减排路径对实现我国温室气体排放控制目标有着重要的现实意义。本文从影响水泥行业排放的主要影响因素着手,分析了水泥产量和单耗的现状及未来发展趋势,计算了水泥行业的历史排放、发展趋势以及减排潜力,指出了实现减排潜力面临的挑战和障碍,以及相应的措施建议。     

Accounting greenhouse gas emissions of food consumption between urban and rural residents in China: a whole production perspective

Food consumption is necessary for human survival. On a global scale, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission related to food consumption accounts for 19%–29% of the total GHG emission. China has the largest population in the world, which is experiencing a rapid development. Under the background of urbanization and the adjustment of the diet structure of Chinese residents, it is critical to mitigate the overall GHG emission caused by food consumption. This study aims to employ a single-region input-output (SRIO) model and a multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to measure GHG emission generated from food consumption in China and compare the contributions of different industrial sectors, uncovering the differences between urban and rural residents and among different provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities), as well as identifying the driving forces of GHG emission from food consumption at a national level. The results indicate that the total GHG emission generated from food consumption in China tripled from 157 Mt CO₂e in 2002 to 452 Mt CO₂e in 2017. The fastest growing GHG emission is from the consumption of other processed food and meat products. Although GHG emissions from both urban and rural residents increased, the gap between them is increasing. Agriculture, processing and manufacture of food, manufacture of chemical and transportation, storage and post services sectors are key sectors inducing food consumption related GHG emissions. From a regional perspective, the top five emission provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) include Shandong, Hubei, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu. Based on such results, policy recommendations are proposed to mitigate the overall GHG emission from food consumption.     

京津冀地区农村煤改气现状及减排潜力分析

对京津冀农村地区煤改气现状进行研究,并对当前采用的经济环境效益评价方法加以归纳,以近年来颁布的国家及地方政策为辅助依据估算农村燃煤减排潜力。根据计算结果,对比SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5在三地区的减排效果得出,北京减排效果最明显,天津及河北省有明显改善;由减排分布得到,SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5在北京市、天津市、河北省减排潜力分布中各占3%、1%、85%、6%和5%。由此看出,通过减少农村散煤使用来控制污染物排放量的方法具有良好的发展前景。然后进一步剖析当前出现的问题,以努力推进农村减排工作。     

Carbon emissions by rural energy in China

Carbon emissions due to rural energy consumption in China have not yet been sufficiently addressed or quantified. In this work systematic accounting with a life cycle perspective was used to estimate both the direct CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion and the indirect emissions from the production and provision of rural energy carriers. The results indicate that the total direct CO₂ emissions resulting from rural energy consumption have nearly tripled, from 0.79 billion metric tons (hereafter ton) in 1979 to 1.98 billion tons in 2008, whilst indirect emissions have nearly quadrupled, from 0.27 billion tons to 0.85 billion tons for the same period. This finding quantitatively illustrates the importance of rural energy consumption as a contributor to China's overall carbon emission. In addition, the analysis of per capita emission from rural energy revealed significant regional disparities and similarities in emission and energy sources used. Both total and per capita CO₂ are significantly higher in the North China, which is largely due to the colder climate and the relatively high economic development levels for multi-demands of energy utilisation. The analysis and results presented here provide substantial information for policy makers in relation to energy and emission targets in China.     

Energy potential from residual biomass towards meeting the EU renewable energy and climate targets. The Italian case

The biomass sector has a strategic role in energy renewables policy, according to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs), elaborated in compliance with the Directive 2009/28/EC. Planning a suitable use of biomass for energy purposes call for the clear definition of the biomass potential, that has to be periodically updated by inventories for all EU countries.The aim of this paper has been the assessment of the available residual biomass, particularly lignocellulosic, in the Italian territory, to evaluate the potential for bioenergy, particularly for electricity and heat generation. The greenhouse gas savings according to the European target and indicators have been estimated on the national scale. Particularly, the total final energy which could be generated from 22,208,455 t/y of residual biomass assessed in Italy, is equal to 4.57 Mtoe, nearly 2.7% of the gross Italian energy consumption in 2013 and the total savings of GHG emissions coming from this bioenergy generation, are close to 52 Mt CO₂eq for the entire Italian territory per year. The conclusions underline that an appropriate bioenergy policy can help decarbonise the economy, enhance the reliability of the energy supply and additionally it can revitalise rural areas.     

中国城市二氧化碳排放研究

城市CO2排放占全球人为排放的绝对主体。我国由于城市建制和城市清单系统的不足,导致很难核算真正城市意义的CO2排放量。本文建立狭义城市边界和城市碳排放范围,并且基于GIS模型,初步核算了2005年中国地级市CO2直接排放(尺度1)和CO2总排放(尺度1+尺度2),分别为17.70亿t和27.34亿t,直接排放占总排放的64.73%。中国地级市CO2总排放占当年全国总排放量的48.90%。     

Forest treatment residues for thermal energy compared with disposal by onsite burning: Emissions and energy return

Mill residues from forest industries are the source for most of the current wood-based energy in the US, approximately 2.1% of the nation's energy use in 2007. Forest residues from silvicultural treatments, which include limbs, tops, and small non-commercial trees removed for various forest management objectives, represent an additional source of woody biomass for energy. We spatially analyzed collecting, grinding, and hauling forest residue biomass on a 515,900 ha area in western Montana, US, to compare the total emissions of burning forest residues in a boiler for thermal energy with the alternatives of onsite disposal by pile-burning and using either natural gas or #2 distillate oil to produce the equivalent amount of useable energy. When compared to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives, carbon dioxide emissions from the bioenergy alternative were approximately 60%, methane emissions were approximately 3%, and particulate emissions less than 10 μm were 11% and 41%, respectively, for emission control and no-control boilers. Emissions from diesel consumption for collecting, grinding, and hauling biomass represented less than 5% of the total bioenergy emissions at an average haul distance of 136 km. Across the study area, an average 21 units of bioenergy were produced for each unit of diesel energy used to collect, grind, and haul biomass. Fossil fuel energy saved by the bioenergy alternative relative to the pile-burn/fossil fuel alternatives averaged 14.7–15.2 GJ t^?1 of biomass.