临界喷嘴式分流器改善冷库用翅片蒸发器性能的实验研究

对采用临界喷嘴式分流器的冷库用翅片蒸发器性能进行实验研究,在0、-4、-8、-12、-16、-18及-20℃七种不同环境工况下进行传热性能测试,并将测试结果与采用气液分离式分流器、CAL分流器和文丘里式分流器进行对比分析。研究结果表明:库温为0℃时,对应的翅片式蒸发器的制冷量和传热系数分别为8.5 kW和37.9 W/(m~2·℃),相比气液分离式分流器、德国CAL分流器、文丘里分流器其对应冷风机的制冷量分别提高了8.1%、17.4%和21.7%,传热系数提高了4.5%、13.9%和18.6%。库温为-18℃时,对应的翅片式蒸发器的制冷量和传热系数分别为5.5 kW和30.9 W/(m~2·℃),其对应的蒸发器的制冷量分别提高了7.2%、14.3%和18.7%。库温为-18℃时,对应的传热系数分别提高了0.9%、10.1%和13.2%。实验结论为有效提高翅片蒸发器性能提供了一种解决方案。     

水平肋片管外自然凝结换热特性研究

基于Nusselt凝结传热理论,沿肋片管圆周方向划分有限个微元角,建立了每个微元角内肋侧壁、肋间基管及肋顶三个区域的凝结传热模型,通过求解非淹没区和淹没区总传热量,推导管外平均传热系数计算式。计算不同肋片高度、肋密度时,R134a饱和蒸汽的管外平均凝结传热系数。结果表明:随肋密度的增加,平均传热系数先增大后减小,肋密度为25fpi时传热最佳;高肋片管的平均凝结传热系数大于低肋片管的,肋片高度达到一定值时,平均传热系数几乎不随肋高增加而增加。当R134a饱和蒸汽为20℃时,两种不同翅片密度的管外平均凝结传热系数随温差的增大而减小,并通过所建模型得到的计算值与Beatty-Kate模型进行了比较,平均误差分别为约16.1%和8.3%,故所建模型基本反映肋片管外蒸汽凝结传热机理。     

H型鳍片管性能优化的数值研究

基于Fluent平台,利用Realizable k-ε湍流模型对H型鳍片管的传热特性、阻力特性和综合性能进行了数值研究.结果表明:当烟气流速越高、翅片高度越小、翅片节距越小、管束横向节距越大、管束纵向节距越大时,H型鳍片管的传热系数越大;当烟气流速越高、翅片高度越大、翅片节距越小、管束横向节距越小、管束纵向节距越大时,H型鳍片管的流动阻力越大;当相对翅片高度为h/d=2.105、翅片节距越小、管束横向相对节距为s1/d=2.237、管束纵向节距越小时,H型鳍片管的综合性能最好.     

空气横掠管束换热实验研究

扩展传热面是提高单位体积内传热面积最常用的方法。以空气为介质,对三种给定的肋片管束(H型、纵肋肋片、螺旋肋片)进行了顺列和错列的换热和流动阻力实验。实验结果表明:错列布置的管束换热效果优于顺列布置的管束,但流动阻力相应增加;错列布置时,综合考虑换热和阻力因素,螺旋肋片管有较好的换热经济性。通过对实验数据进行拟合回归,得出了实验条件下各肋片管束顺列、错列布置的换热关联式。为肋片管束的工程应用、优化选取及进一步的实验研究提供了理论依据。     

船用方形翅片管省煤器流动阻力与传热特性的试验研究

在传热风洞试验台上，采用恒壁温方法，对4排4列共16根方形翅片管组成的管束空气侧流动阻力与传热性进行了试验研究，根据试验结果，拟合得到了阻力系数与传热系数的关联式，并与前苏联1973 计算标准方法进行了比较，结果表明前苏联方法在低风速（＜25m/s）时是可靠的，在高风速时，计算公式的误差较大，此研究的高风速条件下的翅片管流动与传热牧场生提供了试验数据。图5参7     

水平管内R1234yf流动冷凝换热和压降的实验研究

在1根光管、2根微肋管内对R1234yf两相流动冷凝换热进行实验,实验工况设定为冷凝温度(40±0.5)、(43±0.5)和(45±0.5)℃,质量流速为400～900 kg/(m~2·s),实验段进口制冷剂干度为0.80～0.85、出口制冷剂干度为0.15～0.20,进而从关联式拟合机理上分析各关联式对管内换热系数、压降的预测效果。结果表明:管内换热系数、压降均随流速的增加、冷凝温度的降低而增大,且微肋管内换热系数、压降均大于光管内换热系数及压降,其中,1号微肋管内换热系数最高,2号微肋管内压降最大;对于光管换热系数、压降,Thome关联式和Fridel关联式预测效果最佳,其预测平均误差均在3%以内,而Wang et al关联式和Chisholm et al关联式预测误差最大,其预测平均误差在25%以上;对于微肋管内换热系数、压降,Cavallini et al关联式和Haraguchi et al关联式分别表现出较好的预测效果,其平均预测误差分别-15.43%和-15.68%。     

高温型循环流化床锅炉炉膛传热系数的试验研究

为了测定高温型循环流化床(CFB)锅炉炉膛的传热系数,在热功率1MW的CFB锅炉试验台上对试验受热面的传热系数进行了试验和测定,研究了床温和颗粒悬浮密度对传热特性的影响.通过对试验数据进行回归分析得到了炉膛传热系数与床温和颗粒悬浮密度的关联模型.结果表明:随着床温的升高及颗粒悬浮密度的增大,炉膛传热系数相应增大;该关联模型得到的炉膛传热系数计算值与试验值的误差小于7%,该关联模型可用于高温型CFB锅炉的设计计算.     

冷媒除霜系统应用于冻结库时除霜性能研究

基于优化冷风机结构为目的的冷媒除霜系统应用于冻结库中,通过采用6mm翅片间距的冷风机进行冻结过程中除霜与不除霜的对比实验。并且研究除霜过程对库温波动、冻结物温度波动、冻结时间等参数的影响,以及系统运行的特性。研究表明:应用冷媒除霜系统,每次除霜对库内造成的温度波动都在5℃以内、除霜过程对冻结物温度不产生波动、除霜情况的冻结时间较不除霜缩短了一小时,并且选择除霜对系统更节能。因此,在冷媒除霜系统中采用适时除霜的方式不仅可以避免翅片间隙被冰霜封堵,还可以缩小冷风机翅片间距。在相同换热面积下,缩小冷风机翅片间距还可以达到减小冷风机体积和占地面积的效果。     

管壳式太阳能相变储热器传热特性的数值研究

通过焓-孔隙法建立数值模型,研究石蜡RT50在管壳式太阳能储热器的传热特性,并分析储热器安装形式、不同管径和管外肋片结构对相变储热过程的影响规律。结果表明,立式储热器在管径较大时（相变材料区域厚度较薄时）熔化速度比卧式储热器快;而在管径较小时（相变材料区域较厚时）熔化速度比卧式储热器慢。卧式储热器相变材料熔化过程的初始时间段和末尾时间段热传导占主导地位,而中间时间段自然对流换热占主导地位,且熔化速度主要由自然对流换热决定。此外,管外侧安装肋片能够显著提高传热系数,缩短熔化时间。相较于无肋片管道,卧式储热器采用环肋管道可缩短熔化时长31.6%;采用直肋管道可缩短熔化时长42.1%。直肋比环肋具有更好的传热效果,主要原因为直肋能够强化熔化过程中的自然对流。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE DIFFERENT STRUCTURE HEAT EXCHANGE TUBES

用Fluent数值模拟的方法对光管、横向和纵向掠过的圆形肋片管、纵向流开槽伞形翅片管的换热和阻力特性进行比较,同时研究5种不同α角的开槽伞形翅片管的流动、换热、阻力特性.结果表明:当管型排布方式及雷诺数相同时,纵向流开槽伞形翅片管的传热系数为普通光管的1.4～1.8倍,横向和纵向掠过的圆形肋片管为光管的1.1 ～1.5倍,不同α角的纵向流开槽伞形翅片管中,α=105°时的换热系数最高;开槽伞形翅片管的阻力是横向掠过的圆形肋片管阻力的0.25 ～0.75倍,但高于纵向掠过的圆形肋片管阻力,不同α角的纵向流开槽伞形翅片管中,α=105°时的阻力最小.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.