纳米透明隔热涂料的研制

将纳米ATO与水性聚氨酯通过一定的工艺制备出纳米隔热涂料,在常温下将之涂在玻璃表面制成低辐射玻璃。光学性能分析表明其具有较好的隔热效果,6mm厚白玻璃涂布后遮阳系数SC小于0.67,且可见光透过率较高,大于63%,并且玻璃表面光滑平整可视性好,具有良好的市场前景。     

纳米SiO_2冻干胶-ATO复合贴膜玻璃的制备及调光隔热性能研究

将纳米Si O2冻干胶和ATO复合分散液涂覆在PET薄膜上,干燥后贴在玻璃上制成贴膜玻璃,研究了其光学、隔热温差等性能。结果表明,当分散液为10%Si O2+10%ATO时,所得贴膜玻璃具有较好的光谱选择性,可见光透过率为77.2%、近红外屏蔽波长(透过率小于10%)为1 500 nm、遮蔽系数为0.69;同时贴膜玻璃还具有较好的隔热效果,自制贴膜玻璃试验箱内空气温度比空白玻璃箱内空气温度低8℃。     

透明隔热涂料的研究及应用进展

透明隔热涂料具有很高的红外波段隔热效果及良好的可见光波段透过率,用于建筑玻璃和汽车玻璃等透明隔热成为节能降耗的有效途径.本文介绍了ATO、ITO、FTO等纳米颗粒对太阳光谱的选择性及其透明隔热机理,概述了透明隔热涂料的国内外研究及应用进展,重点评述了基于热致相变材料的新型智能温控透明隔热涂料,并指出了目前透明隔热涂料在分散、抗老化、施工均匀性等方面存在及需要解决的问题,提出了透明隔热涂料智能化的发展方向.     

透明隔热膜对改善光伏组件温度和发电效率的研究

针对太阳光中的近红外光导致光伏组件温升,进而影响光伏组件发电效率的问题,开展了透明隔热膜在降低组件温度并提高发电效率方面的研究。首先,纳米氧化锡锑(ATO)透明隔热膜具有反射红外光,透射可见光的特点。基于此特点,在实验室将自制的纳米ATO隔热涂料涂布在光伏组件专用玻璃上,在分光光度计下检测样品的可见光、近红外光透过率;其次,分别在太阳能模拟器、室外日光下测试隔热性能以及光伏组件的功率特性。实验测试结果表明:实验室自制的纳米ATO透明隔热膜可有效降低光伏组件的工作温度,从而提高其发电效率和使用寿命。     

夏季广州地区隔热涂膜玻璃热工性能研究

选择两间相似教室进行热工性能测试,一间用玻璃隔热涂料进行节能改造后与另一间进行对比。通过测试两教室的空气温度、黑球温度、太阳辐射和净辐射等参数系统评价隔热涂膜玻璃的隔热性能。实验结果显示:涂有玻璃隔热涂料的教室(涂膜间),其室内空气温度较未进行涂膜改造的教室(对比间)低0.5~4.0℃,涂膜间室内黑球温度较对比间低1~9℃。     

聚偏氟乙烯/聚偏氟乙烯磺酸锂/锂盐复合固态电解质的制备及其性能

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、氯磺酸和氢氧化锂等为原料制备了聚偏氟乙烯磺酸锂(SPVDFLi),将SPVDFLi与PVDF复合制得单离子聚合物电解质(SIPE).为进一步提高SIPE的电导率,向其添加双三氟甲烷磺酰亚胺锂(LiTFSI)制备双盐型聚合物复合电解质(SPVDFLi/LiTFSI-y),通过调控LiTFSI与聚合物的比例探究了双盐型聚合物电解质的电化学性能.结果表明:LiTFSI的添加有效提高了聚合物复合电解质的电导率.含40％LiTFSI的SPVDFLi/LiTFSI-40聚合物复合电解质室温电导率可达到1.41×10-4 S/cm,锂离子迁移数为0.68,稳定电压可以达到4.84 V.组装的LiFePO4/SPE/Li电池,0.2 C倍率下循环50圈后容量保持率为99.1％.该聚合物复合电解质有望用于制备高性能锂离子电池.     

Al2O3/SiO2耐磨增透膜的制备和表征

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和异丙醇铝(Al(OC3H7)3)为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)提拉方法在玻璃基片上制得高透、耐磨的增透膜.使用XRD、UV-Vis、IR、和TEM测试和分析了溶胶和薄膜的结构及性能.研究表明:通过添加一定比例的Al2O3,使颗粒之间生成稳定致密的氧桥键Si-O-Al以及煅烧后γ-Al2O3的存在,调控了薄膜的微观结构,不仅明显提高了薄膜的力学性能,同时复合薄膜的光学透过率仍最高达99.2％.     

纳米TiO2-ZnO复合光催化剂对阳离子蓝X-GRL的光解脱色研究

将偏钛酸超声分散在Zn(Ac)2溶液中,以NaOH为沉淀剂,将Zn2 以Zn(OH)2形式沉淀出来,于300℃煅烧2h,制得了纳米TiO2-ZnO复合光催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面和孔径测定(BET)等方法对光催化剂进行表征.系统研究了TiO2-ZnO复合光催化剂在太阳光下对阳离子蓝染料X-GRL的脱色作用.结果表明,TiO2和ZnO进行纳米复合,既可以促进光生载流子的电荷分离,又增加了催化剂表面的缺陷和氧空位,加快了阳离子蓝X-GRL的脱色和降解速率.反应物的配比影响着TiO2-ZnO复合光催化剂的活性,其中配比为1:1(Ti/Zn摩尔比)的纳米TiO2-ZnO复合光催化剂的光催化性能最好,其比表面积124.85m2/g,平均孔径为3.42nm.在太阳光下照射1h后,对20nm/L阳离子蓝染料X-GRI.溶液的脱色率达到99.15%.动力学研究表明:在实验浓度范围内,TiO2-ZnO光催化氧化阳离子蓝染料X-GRL符合一级反应规律.     

纳米SiO2/TiO2-xNx复合粒子的制备与表征

采用在高温管式炉中通入氨氩混合气对SiO_2／TiO_2复合粉体进行掺氮的方法制得新型纳米级复合粒子SiO_2／TiO_(2-x)N_x,其中SiO_2,TiO_2复合粉体是通过钛酸四正丁酯水解法在预先分散于纯水中的纳米SiO_2粒子表面包覆TiO_2所制得。采用多种手段对样品的结构、形貌及光吸收特性进行了表征。结果表明,在450℃下掺氮反应3h后,样品中氮元素摩尔百分含量为1.43％,即复合粒子分子式为SiO_2／TiO_(1.901)N_(0.099),粒径小于20nm,粒子为包覆型结构,外层为锐钛矿相TiO_2,内层为无定型SiO_2,其光吸收阀值由387nm红移至500nm左右。     

紫外处理低温烧结柔性TiO2薄膜电极的性能研究

采用HNO3水溶液分散P25制得了TiO2/NO3-粉末,并将TiO2/NO3-.粉末和聚乙二醇(PEG)水溶液混合配制成室温涂膜浆体,紫外处理低温烧结涂敷的TiO2薄膜,以获得柔性染料敏化太阳电池的TiO2薄膜电极.用傅立叶变换红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)、紫外可见光仪(LNSP)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)对TiO2薄膜电极进行表征,同时,测试了电极组装电池的光电性能.结果表明:TiO2薄膜电极是一种多孔结构,其经过紫外处理后有机物完全去除,吸光度增大;TiO2薄膜电极经过紫外处理后组装的柔性染料敏化太阳电池,其短路电流和开路电压都有所提高,其光电转换效率提高到1.28%.     

CONJUGATE COMPUTATION OF TRANSIENT FLOW AND HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN HUMID AIR AND DESICCANT PLATES AND CHANNELS

This is a numerical study of dehumidification of humid air in laminar and turbulent flows (333 ≤ Re ≤ 6,000) over desiccant (silica gel)-lined finite flat plates and in channels. The problem is treated as conjugate flow, heat, and mass transfer, and solved by using a finite control-volume method. The effects of the plate thickness (3 ≤ b ≤ 7 mm), the Reynolds number (333 ≤ Re ≤ 3,333), and the turbulence intensity (1 ≤ TI ≤ 10%) on the dehumidification process are investigated. The results show that increasing the desiccant plate thickness decreases the heat and mass transfer coefficients by 25% and 22% at t = 10 s and x = 0.11 m, respectively, in comparison to a thin plate. Mass transport rates increase with Re, e.g., at t = 20 s, W_ave increases by 50% as Re is increased 10-fold from 333 to 3,333. Turbulent flow in channel desiccants increases the rate of dehumidification, e.g., an increase in Re from 600 (laminar) to 6,000 (turbulent) results in an increase in W_ave by 22% at t = 20 s. Also, increasing the turbulence intensity from 1% to 10% increase W_ave by 7%.     

太阳电池及方阵的模型与仿真

介绍了太阳电池及方阵的数学模型和电路模型,特别针对用于计算机解析计算的模型进行了详细地描述。介绍了利用模型对太阳电池及方阵的特性,并进行了初步仿真,结果表明该模型能够模拟太阳电池及方阵的特性。     

塑料和木屑的共液化以及催化液化实验研究

在温度为613～693K、压力为20～30MPa的条件下,以去离子水为溶剂在1L间歇式高压反应釜中对塑料和木屑进行共液化研究,实验考察了反应时间、溶剂填充率、温度、催化剂对液化行为的影响。结果表明:木屑的加入能降低塑料液化对高温的要求,共液化能获得较高的液化油收率。在未添加催化剂的情况下,共液化反应在653K的温度下油收率达最大值24.0%,转化率达83.5%,油的热值为44.6MJ/kg。催化剂的使用能降低反应所需要的温度并获得较高的液化油收率以及转化率。研究发现,HZSM-5分子筛的催化作用最为明显。     

中小型UPS电源的故障与对策

对中小型ＵＰＳ电源在使用中的各种常见故障进行了技术分析，并提出了切实有效的对策，减少了中小型ＵＰＳ电源的故障，保障其稳定运行。     

THERMOELASTICITY AND CONTACT

Thermoelastic deformations can have a significant effect on the contact between elastic bodies, particularly in cases where the thermal boundary conditions at the interface are influenced by the contact pressure. In the classical Hertzian problem, the size of the contact area depends on the magnitude and direction of heat flow between the bodies. Idealized thermal boundary conditions can lead to ill-posed steady-state problems, but this difficulty is resolved by assuming a pressure-dependent thermal contact resistance. Steady states of the system can be unstable even when they are unique, in which case the behavior is either oscillatory or involves the steady motion of a contact pressure wave along the interface. Analytical and numerical perturbation methods have been developed to investigate the stability problem. These results find applications in heat transfer processes involving solid-solid contact, including the solidification of castings. In brakes and clutches, the heat generated at the sliding interface causes thermal distortion leading to ''frictionally excited thermoelastic instability'' or ''TEI,'' in which contact becomes localized in ''hot spots'' at the interface. Recent results enable us to make good predictions of the conditions under which this occurs.     

SUPERCONDUCTION AND ELECTRONICS

Summary

Un modéle mathe'matique du systéme collecteur de l'énergie solaire et une méthode de dimensionnement sont présentés pour un systeme partiellement solaire produisant simultanément de l'eau et de l'air chauds destinés au traitement de la vanille. Des relations polynomiales et deux groupes d'abaques de dimensionnement du systéme sont donnéls, le premier s'adressant aux concepteurs et le second aux utilisateurs.

Vanilla processing requires hot water for mortification and hot air for drying. The present work is concerned with the establishment of simple design tools for solar process heat systems which produces simultaneously hot water and hot air for vanilla processing for Antalaha, Madagascar. The design tool established is presented in the form of charts or empirical relations. More precisely, two groups of design charts intended to the designers and the users respectively, are presented. Intended to designers, the design chart for hot water production relates two dimensionless parameters including the parameters of system, to solar fraction; while for hot air production, it relates to solar fraction as well as the heat saving fraction if the air leaving the dryer is recycled partially. For the users, three charts are proposed: the first includes the drying time and capacity, and the percentage of recycled air; the second is concerned with the drying capacity, the collector area, and the solar fraction relating to both hot water and hot air production; and the third is concerned with drying capacity, collector area, and the fraction of heat saving in case of hot air production subsystem where the air leaving the dryer is partially recycled.     

移民安置与区域经济发展系统多层模型与优化技术综述

讨论了移民系统与区域经济发展系统的构成、特征和功能，进而提出了研究这种复合系统的物理分解方式和结构．阐述了多层结构的特征与优化技术．最后讨论了借助于专业知识的广义优化技术和今后研究趋势．     

燃气热泵及其它供热空调系统的能源利用分析评价

分析燃气机热泵及其它供热空调系统的能源利用的情况，及社会经济效益，指出燃气热泵系统在提高一次能源利用率，减少环境污染方面的优势，结果显示燃气机热泵的一次能源利用率最高，年单位面积供热能耗量低，而年单位面积运行能耗费用与年单位面积总成本仅次于燃煤锅炉和冷水机组方案，该文进一步提出应该按照系统消耗能源需要的治理技术和工艺情况（包括生产该能源的污染治理情况）收取系统能源消耗污染治理费，并就该项费用指标对装置经济性的影响进行分析，得出当煤的能源消耗污染治理费大于0．344元／kg时，燃气热泵的年单位面积总成本会低于所有的其它方案。     

TRANSPARENT INSULATION MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SYSTEMS

Transparent or translucent insulation materials (TIM) represent a new class of materials with a high potential for increasing the efficiency of solar thermal systems. A large number of materials and material combinations has been subjected to theoretical and experimental investigation. An overview of generic types, characterisation methods, real existing materials available on the market, and the future potential of transparently insulated systems will be given as well as first results of applications in active and passive systems.