基于机器视觉的风力机叶片故障检测技术研究

针对运行中的风力机叶片，提出一种基于机器视觉特征分类的故障诊断方法。通过对叶片叶尖进行圆形标记，利用工业相机周期性获取叶片尖端的图像，并在Halcon软件上对图像进行预处理，对大雾天气下采集的图像利用暗通道除雾算法进行清晰化处理。利用叶尖标记检测算法提取标记、计算区域圆度和区域中心等区域特征。对相邻叶片上标记计算位移差，并与系统预警阈值比较，判断叶片在扭转或偏摆方向的变形程度和故障趋势，从而实现风力机叶片变工况运行状态在线检测和自适应预警。     

基于热红外图像的风力机叶片损伤识别方法研究

针对风力发电机叶片损伤人工检测效率低,受作业人员业务水平制约等因素影响大的问题,提出一种基于热红外图像的风力机叶片损伤识别以及损伤位置判定和损伤大小计算的方法,通过数字图像处理技术在Matlab 2019b平台开发实现。对附有人工损伤的风力机叶片热红外图像采用对比度拉伸、Gabor滤波、二值化阈值分割等方法提取损伤特征,叶片的磨损损伤利用质心确定其位置,裂纹损伤通过2个端点来表征损伤位置。最后根据磨损区域图像面积和裂纹长度,通过几何光学透镜成像法计算损伤大小。该方法实现了风力机叶片损伤的自动识别与测量,提高了风力机叶片损伤的检测效率。通过实验验证,该方法在风力机叶片损伤识别中具有较高的精确性。     

基于烟线法的直线翼垂直轴风力机静态流场可视化试验

为探明直线翼垂直轴风力机自起动性能与风力机叶片迎风角度的关系,设计制作了一台具有3枚NACA0018翼型叶片的直线翼垂直轴风力机模型.通过风洞试验测试了直线翼垂直轴风力机在不同风速下自起动性与叶片迎风角度的关系;利用烟线法对风力机的静态流场进行了可视化试验,获得了不同叶片迎风角度下风力机周围流场的流迹线图像;分析了风力机自起动性与叶片翼型、叶片个数、叶片受力情况和周围流场的关系.     

基于时域积分的水平轴风力机风轮噪声预测理论及应用

给出了考虑水平轴风力机风轮厚度噪声与负荷噪声的延迟时形式的时域积分解及其噪声预测理论。基于Ffowcs Willians-Hawkings声学方程，减少了偏导数项的求解，提高了计算速度，避免了声学计算中的奇异性问题。对小型水平轴风力机FD2-300在3个方向的辐射噪声进行了预测，得到了声场各种源成分的噪声的分布与指向性规律。计算结果表明：在风轮的旋转平面，具有最大的总噪声级的指向性，负荷噪声在旋转平面以及风力机下游起着主导作用。对于600kW大型水平轴风力机进行了局部区域的噪声现场测量，并且与预测值进行了对比。结果表明：模型的预测结果与测试数据比较符合，且变化趋势一致，在整个测量区域，预测值比测量值低，这是由于计算模型只考虑到风力机叶片的负荷噪声与厚度噪声，对于实际运行的风力机来说，其辐射的总噪声除了与叶片的负荷、厚度有关，还与非定常来流、叶片本身的非定常性和气流粘性有关。若以该文建立的模型进一步考虑风力机的非定常性和粘性效应，将提高其预测准确性，在风力机整体优化设计以及噪声控制方面提供理论指导。     

风力机叶片模态的实验分析研究

分析了风力机叶片模态实验的约束条件、边界条件、传感器质量及测试点分布等因素对叶片频率识别和测量值及其误差的影响,改进了对风力机叶片模态实验方案,提高了实验精度,有效降低了误差,得到了比较理想的模态参数识别结果,为相关实验的合理设计提供指导,同时为研究附加质量对小型风力机叶片振动性能的影响提供一种思路.     

风力机叶片气热除冰效率影响因素分析

为分析风力机叶片气热除水效率的影响因素，基于气热法对风力机叶片除冰效果进行试验分析，重点考虑铺层结构的导热效率和鼓风机速度(或频率)对除冰效率的影响。首先对叶片构造和铺层结构进行介绍，通过对铺层结构厚度测量估算导热系数，根据冬季叶片覆冰位置，验证气热除冰时叶片导热分布合理性。之后通过改变鼓风机速度(或频率)进行现场叶片除冰试验。试验结果揭示了气热除冰系统在对风力机叶片除冰过程中出现的除冰不均衡现象的根本原因，表明在保证通风管出风口温度稳定的前提下，鼓风机速度(或频率)越高，叶片表面除冰均衡性越好，除冰效果越显著。此外，在使用更大鼓风机频率的同时增强叶片内部环流，合理设置叶片内部环流结构可有效提高除冰效率并减小除冰耗时。研究结果可为工程实践提供指导。     

3 MW风力机叶片振动特性分析

为防止叶片发生共振、减少叶片挠度、提高风力机发电效率以及风能利用率,文章建立了3 MW风力机叶片模型,分析了风力机叶片的固有频率。当激励频率为1.26 Hz时,叶片发生共振。以年发电量和风能利用率为目标函数,采用多目标遗传算法对3 MW风力机叶片进行优化设计。优化后的叶片发电功率提高了12%左右,风能利用率提高了18%左右;叶片的固有频率明显提高,挠度减少,解决了风力机叶片共振的问题。     

叶片出气边开槽V结构对水平轴风力机翼型气动性能的影响

为探究具有鸮类特征的风力机叶片出气边开槽的V结构表面气动性能,采用SST k-ω湍流模型,对750 W的标准风力机叶片和仿生风力机叶片翼型的周围流场进行计算。结果表明:仿生V结构表面的风力机叶片阻力系数和吸力面的压力系数均小于标准叶片。分析发现V结构表面能够改变旋涡区位置,漩涡区偏离叶片表面,流动阻力减小。在测量攻角(α=0°～30°)范围内,标准叶片和仿生叶片的升阻比都呈现先递增后减小的规律。在攻角为20°时,标准叶片的升阻比达到最大值,其值为4.03。攻角为25°时仿生V结构风力机叶片的升阻比达到最大值,相比于标准叶片,升阻比增加了73.7%,压力面附着效应增强,升阻比得到提高。     

基于逆向工程的风力机叶片实体建模研究

基于逆向工程技术对风力机叶片实体进行建模。应用三维数字化激光扫描测量技术．采集叶片实体表面点云,在对数据点云进行预处理后,采用NURBS曲面拟合方法,实现叶片实体模型的重构。进而为风力机风轮气动性能及风洞试验方面的研究提供所必要的叶片实体模型。     

风力机叶片静力测试与分析

利用风力机叶片动力特性实验台测试了风力机叶片在载荷作用下的形变特性,通过改变加载力的大小和加载位置进行多组实验,计算各个截面的弯矩;通过实验和有限元静力分析找出了风力机叶片主要承力部件,对风力机叶片的设计和制造提供了参考依据,对提高风力机的总体性能和优化设计具有重要意义。     

Innovative design approaches for large wind turbine blades

A preliminary design study of an advanced 50 m blade for utility wind turbines is presented and discussed. The effort was part of the Department of Energy WindPACT Blade System Design Study with the goal to investigate and evaluate design and manufacturing issues for wind turbine blades in the 1–10 MW size range. Two different blade designs are considered and compared in this article. The first is a fibreglass design, while the second design selectively incorporates carbon fibre in the main structural elements. The addition of carbon results in modest cost increases and provides significant benefits, particularly with respect to blade deflection. The structural efficiency of both designs was maximized by tailoring the thickness of the blade cross‐sections to simplify the construction of the internal members. Inboard the blades incorporate thick blunt trailing edge aerofoils (flatback aerofoils), while outboard more conventional sharp trailing edge high‐lift aerofoils are used. The outboard section chord lengths were adjusted to yield the least complex and costly internal blade structure. A significant portion of blade weight is related to the root buildup and metal hardware for typical root attachment designs. The results show that increasing the number of studs has a positive effect on total weight, because it reduces the required root laminate thickness. The aerodynamic performance of the blade aerofoils was predicted using computational techniques that properly simulate blunt trailing edge flows. The performance of the rotor was predicted assuming both clean and soiled blade surface conditions. The rotor is shown to provide excellent performance at a weight significantly lower than that of current rotors of this size. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of a leading edge erosion shield on the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine blade

Armour EDGE is a novel shield developed to protect the leading edge of wind turbine blades from erosion. The aerodynamic impact on aerofoils of National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5MW wind turbine has been investigated using 2D fully turbulent computational fluid dynamics (CFD), with three profiles at critical locations along the blade simulated both with and without the shield to compare aerodynamic performance. Two wind speeds were investigated that reflect regular operating conditions: at rated speed of 11.4 m/s and a below rated speed of 7 m/s. The results showed that the presence of the shield during rated wind speed reduced the drag by as much as 4.5%, where the lift‐to‐drag ratio increased by a maximum of 4%. At the below rated wind speeds, the shield had negligible impact on the performance of all but one National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 64‐618 profile, which resulted in an increase in the drag coefficient of 7%. It was also found that the suction side of the aerofoil is much more sensitive to leading edge protection placement than the pressure side. It was concluded that the erosion shield as a method of leading edge protection, with a gradual transition from shield to blade, will not have a major impact on the aerodynamic performance of a multi‐megawatt wind turbine blade and could slightly increase aerofoil efficiency at high wind speeds.     

A review and design study of blade testing systems for utility-scale wind turbines

Since the blades are one of the most critical components of a wind turbine, representative samples must be experimentally tested in order to ensure that the actual performance of the blades is consistent with their specifications. In particular, it must be demonstrated that the blade can withstand both the ultimate loads and the fatigue loads to which the blade is expected to be subjected during its design service life. In general, there are basically two types of blade testing: static testing and fatigue (or dynamic) testing. This paper includes a summary review of different utility-scale wind turbine blade testing methods and the initial design study of a novel concept for tri-axial testing of large wind turbine blades. This new design is based on a blade testing method that excites the blade in flap-wise and edgewise direction simultaneously. The flap motion of the blade is caused by a dual-axis blade resonance excitation system (BREX). Edgewise motion is delivered by the use of two inclined hydraulic actuators and linear guide rail system is used to move the inclined actuators in the flap-wise direction along the blade motion. The hydraulic system and linear guide rail requirements are analyzed and an initial cost estimate of the proposed system is presented. Recommendations for future work on this proposed system are given in the final section of this work.     

基于WD-LSTM的风电机组叶片结冰状态评测

为有效识别叶片结冰状态,尽早采取除冰措施,提出基于小波去噪的长短期记忆神经网络（WD-LSTM）的评测方法。首先基于过采样与欠采样相结合的方法解决SCADA系统数据中的类别不平衡问题,通过对叶片结冰相关的26项指标进行分析,并从结冰机理和数据探索的角度筛选特征量,小波去噪处理后建立WD-LSTM模型,进一步完成模型的训练和测试。分别以15号和21号风电机组为例进行模型验证,通过与LSTM、概率神经网络（PNN）模型和BP神经网络模型进行对比。结果表明,WD-LSTM方法在风电机组叶片结冰评测中的准确率可达98%,优于其他方法。     

A cascade model of blade element interaction for wind turbines with unequal blades

Horizontal-axis wind turbines often operate with unequally performing blades. A simple extension of blade element analysis for unequal blades is developed using the two-dimensional cascade analogue of wind turbines. The vortex strengths of the blade elements can vary with blade number. For three-bladed rotors, the unequal strengths induce an extra velocity at each blade, but for two blades there is no additional velocity. For both blade numbers, there is a modification to the rotational inflow factor. To determine the significance of blade differences, test calculations are presented for two- and three-bladed turbines with different blade pitch angles. The modifications proposed here do not substantially alter the calculations of turbine power and thrust near the point of maximum performance. However, some substantial differences were found at higher thrust. Furthermore, the new method predicts much larger variations in the blade element torque between the blades in the hub region for most operating conditions.     

Design,analysis and test of a model turbine blade for a wave basin test of floating wind turbines

Froude scaling is a generally reliable way to design models of floating wind turbines for wave basin testing. However, the resulting rotor thrust of the model is far lower than the Froude-scaled value of a full-size turbine, because the reduction in Reynolds number decreases the lift coefficients and increases the drag coefficients (the Reynolds number scaling effect). A 1/50th scale model wind turbine based on a NREL-5MW reference turbine is examined here. To mitigate the Reynolds number scaling effect in the model, the original aerofoils of the reference turbine (DU series and NACA 64-618) were replaced by an aerofoil at a low Reynolds number (NACA 4412). Such a model with aerofoil-adjusted blades was used in the mathematical optimization of rotor thrust. The design objective was to guarantee that while the rotor thrust of the model equalled the Froude-scaled rotor thrust of the reference, the smallest chord lengths were achieved, considering the weight control in building the model blade. The distribution of chord lengths fitted a fourth-order polynomial curve, and the distribution of twist angles along the blade fitted a second-order polynomial curve. The eight coefficients of the two curves were chosen as optimization variables, and pattern search method was used to solve the optimization model. The model blade was designed at zero pitch angle and further tested in FAST, a fully coupled simulation tool. A model test was conducted using the optimized blade geometry in the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering in Shanghai, China, and the thrusts were compared with the predicted values.     

The inverse design of the wind turbine blade sections by the singularities method

The aerodynamic characteristics of wind turbines are closely related to the geometry of their blades. The innovation and the technological development of wind turbine blades can be centred on two tendencies. The first is to improve the shape of existing blades; the second is to design new shapes of blades. The aspiration in the two cases is to achieve an optimal circulation and hence enhancing some more ambitious aerodynamic characteristics. This paper presents an inverse design procedure, which can be adapted to both thin and thick wind turbine blade sections aiming to optimise the geometry for a prescribed distribution of bound vortices. A method for simulating the initial contour of the blade section is exposed, which simultaneously satisfy the aerodynamic and geometrical constraints under nominal conditions. A detailed definition of the function characterising the bound vortex distribution is presented. The inviscid velocity field and potential function distributions are obtained by the singularities method. In the design method implemented, these distributions and the circulation of bound vortices on the camber line of the blade profile, are used to rectify its camber in an iterative calculation leading to the final and optimal form of the blade section once convergence is attained. The scheme proposed has been used to design the entire blade of the wind turbine for a given span-wise distribution of bound circulation around the blade contour.     

切出风速下风力机变桨故障叶片气动特性及准静态结构响应分析

为探究大型水平轴风力机达到切出风速停机后变桨故障叶片的气动特性及准静态结构响应,基于计算流体力学方法对NREL 5 MW风力机变桨故障/成功叶片气动侧状态进行分析,并利用双向弱流固耦合及曲屈分析对典型方位角下变桨故障叶片展开研究。结果显示：切出风速下变桨故障叶片挥舞力矩平均值为变桨成功叶片的13.8倍,且前者的流场尾迹更为明显。此外,180°方位角变桨故障叶片较之0°方位角变桨故障叶片应力及叶尖位移分别减小29.8%和32.7%,一阶屈曲因子增加20.2%。     

风力机叶片外形设计及三维实体建模研究

基于贝茨理论,结合具体工程实际,对某中型风力机叶片进行外形设计.并在此基础上提出了风力机叶片的三维建模方法,即利用点的坐标变换理论来计算叶片各断面翼型的空间实际坐标,然后运用UG强大的三维曲面建模功能来建立叶片复杂曲面.该文提出的方法减少了风力机叶片等复杂曲面的建模工作量;叶片实体模型的建立也为叶片的气动性能计算和结构设计与分析奠定了基础.     

Power,structural and noise performance tests on different wind turbine rotor blade designs

Most blades available for commercial-grade wind turbines incorporate a straight, span-wise profile and airfoil-shaped cross-sections. These blades are found to be very efficient at low and medium wind speeds compared with the potential energy that can be extracted. This paper explores the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the blades by modifying the blade design to incorporate a swept edge. The design intends to maintain efficiency at low to medium wind speeds by selecting the appropriate orientation and size of the airfoil cross-sections based on an oncoming wind speed and given constant rotation rate. The torque generated from a blade with straight-edge geometry is compared with that generated from a blade with a swept edge as predicted by CFD simulations. To validate the simulations, the experimental curve of the NTK500/41 turbine using LM19.1 blades is reproduced using the same computational conditions. In addition, structural deformations, stress distributions and structural vibration modes are compared between these two different turbine blade surfaces.