小型二冲程汽油机换气品质的改善

本文介绍了影响小型二冲程汽油机换气品质的基本参数及换气系统的设计要点，总结了改善换气品质的各种可能措施，最后以实例说明了改善换气品质的研究动向。     

小型二冲程汽油机的换气系统和换气过程

本文系统叙述了小型二冲程汽油机换气系统的组成和换气过程的特点,介绍了评价换气品质的主要参数及测定方法方面的最新研究成果和研究动向     

二冲程液压自由活塞发动机换气过程影响因素的仿真研究

利用CONVERGE软件建立了二冲程液压自由活塞发动机换气过程的三维计算流体动力学（computational fluid dynamics, CFD）仿真模型，并且基于液压自由活塞发动机的独特结构，研究了气口比时面值、扫气箱压缩比、活塞顶倾角和活塞杆直径对换气过程的影响。结果表明：在未发生废气倒流时，扫气效率主要与扫气比时面值有关，增大扫气比时面值有利于提高扫气效率；捕获率主要与排气比时面值有关，减小排气比时面值有利于增大捕获率；提高扫气箱压缩比有利于提高扫气效率，扫气箱压缩比从1.2增加到2.1，扫气效率提升9.8%；适当增大活塞顶倾角有利于扫气效率和捕获率的提高；减小活塞杆直径有利于提升扫气效率，但同时会导致捕获率下降。     

直流扫气柴油机扫气流场分析

利用三维流体动力学(CFD)仿真软件FIRE,建立了二冲程柴油机气缸直流扫气三维模型,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了扫气口设计参数对换气过程的影响,对不同的气口设计方案下的气缸内残余废气浓度随曲轴转角的变化过程作了细致的描述,并对扫气口径向倾斜角的变化对换气过程的影响做了更进一步的探讨.     

分层扫气二冲程汽油机换气过程的数值模拟

本文对分层扫气二冲程汽油机的换气过程，储气道内压力波及稳定工况下化油器主、怠速系的供油特性进行了数值模拟，阐明了分层扫气汽油机给气比、空燃比和纯空气百分比的变化规律，并通过试验验证了模拟计算的正确性。     

分层扫气二冲程汽油机换气过程的数值模拟

本文对分层扫气二冲程汽油机的换气过程，储气道内压力波及稳定工况下化油器主、怠速系的供油特性进行了数值模拟，阐明了分层扫气汽油机给气比、空燃比和纯空气百分比的变化规律，并通过试验验证了模拟计处计算的正确性。     

采用空气先导式分层扫气方法降低小型二冲程汽油机燃油消耗的试验研究

二冲程内燃机换气时新鲜充量的逃逸损失主要来自首先进入气缸的那部分扫气气体。因此，这里研究了一种新的扫气方法——向扫气道单独充入并在进气结束时尽可能存留纯空气的空气先导分层扫气方法。对一台批量生产的排量为２５０ｍＬ摩托车二冲程汽油机精心改装后进行的直接对比试验表明：采用空气先导式分层扫气方法其燃油消耗比采用普通扫气时明显降低，中等负荷时降低（１５～２８）％，且在宽广的转速－负荷范围内，油耗不超过３５０ｇ／（ｋＷ·ｈ）。最后讨论了分层扫气的发展前景。     

进排气结构参数对微型自由活塞发动机扫气过程影响的数值模拟研究

在微型自由活塞动力装置单缸压燃的研究下,结合单次冲击燃烧可视化试验,针对简化模型的进排气口间距L、进气道倾角α、排气道倾角β,进气道孔径D_(in)及排气道孔径D_(out)展开数值模拟计算以应用于双气缸研究中,使整个运行工况更加平稳且高效。当进、排气口间距不断增大,其换气过程的扫气效率逐渐下降;进气口与排气口的扫气角成一定夹角时,在燃烧室内形成气流涡旋,可以提高其扫气效率。当进气道、排气道孔径不断增大时,扫气效率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,也进一步说明孔径对其扫气过程有明显影响。分析表明进排气结构最佳设计尺寸为:进排气口间距1.0mm,进气道倾角30°,排气道倾角60°,进气道孔径0.5mm,排气道孔径0.6mm,该设计尺寸为研究微型自由活塞发动机双气缸换气过程做了理论铺垫。     

直流扫气二冲程内燃机的扫气流动数值模拟和性能预测

本文采用粘性流体动力学问题的ICE-ALE数值计算方法,对气门-气口式直流扫气二冲程内燃机的扫气过程作不定常多维流动数值模拟。按照设定的进出口流边界几何条件和物理条件,对内燃机缸内气体流动和残余废气浓度分布随时间的变化过程作细致的描述,并预测换气综合性能指标。文中给出流动的基本方程组,讨论初边条件。给出的计算结果及其与实验值的对比表明两者符合较好。计算提供了常规扫气模型试验往往难以测定的详尽资料,可以用来对不同气口几何设计方案作性能预测和结构选优,以及用来设定气门升程曲线和配气正时。     

OP2S柴油机气口参数的多目标优化研究

通过建立GT-Power仿真模型,分析了不同进、排气口高度及宽度对对置活塞二冲程(OP2S)柴油机动力性和换气性能的影响规律。采用多目标优化方法,在不同转速下优化了OP2S柴油机的平均指示压力、扫气效率和捕获率,并综合评价了OP2S柴油机的动力性和换气性能。研究表明,最优进、排气口高度随着转速的增加而增大,并且与固定气口高度相比,采用可变气口高度可使平均指示压力明显提高,说明在OP2S柴油机中采用可变气口高度技术实现可变配气相位对性能的提高具有重要意义。     

低温烟气凝结换热及对天然气热效率的影响实验研究

为研究烟气露点附近及以下的低温烟气对流凝结换热规律与烟气换热对天然气利用热效率的影响,建立了烟气在翅片管换热器内对流凝结换热实验系统,研究了不同烟气温度、水蒸气含量对烟气凝结换热的影响,得出了烟气凝结换热实验准则关联式,分析对比了天然气利用热效率实验值与理论值。实验结果表明:当被加热水温度为23℃,烟气出口温度为73℃,比烟气露点53℃高20℃时已开始冷凝;过量空气系数1.3,烟温由54.1~73.4℃降到28.7~57.8℃,被加热水进口温度21~25℃的条件下,烟气中水蒸气质量含量降低了27%~76%,潜热换热占总换热51%~63%;天然气利用低热值热效率实验值比理论值高1.04%~8.74%。为低温烟气对流凝结换热规律研究与烟气余热回收利用技术开发及应用提供理论依据和数据资料。     

低位烟气余热深度回收利用状况述评(Ⅱ)——传热过程与技术应用研究

以热力学为指导,通过利用高效的传热技术与吸收式热泵技术的耦合,对低位烟气余热“质”和“量”分控回收,可实现低位烟气余热的深度回收与梯级利用.应用于高水蒸气含量的燃油、燃气设备的烟气余热回收,不仅回收显热,还深度回收其潜热,综合效益最佳.高效的传热技术可减小余热与利用介质间的传热温差而减少传热过程的不可逆损失是最为核心的技术问题,对其进行分析探讨,有利于高效、节能、环保的低位烟气余热深度回收与利用技术的发展.     

Correlation for boiling heat transfer of R-134a in horizontal tubes including effect of tube diameter

A Chen-type correlation for flow boiling heat transfer of R-134a in horizontal tubes was modified taking into account the effect of tube diameter. The effect of tube diameter on flow boiling heat transfer coefficient was characterized by the Weber number in gas phase. Results showed that this correlation could be applied to a wide range of tube diameters (0.5–11-mm-ID). In addition, the dryout point and the heat transfer characteristics after the dryout point were also investigated based on the annular flow model. The proposed experimental expressions to predict both the dryout quality and the post-dryout heat transfer coefficient could also be applied to a wide range of tube diameter (0.5–11-mm-ID).     

流化床气固传热特性的实验研究

通过对汉化床气固传热特性的简单分析，依据稳态工况活动段区气体温度分布求取了有效传热系统。实验结果和传统经验式数值吻合，从而论证了气固传热特性分析的合理性及计算流化床气固有效传热系数的可行性，为研究流化床气固传热特性的提供参考。     

Understanding the CDM's contribution to technology transfer

Developing countries are increasingly contributing to global greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, climate change as a result of their rapid economic growth. In order to reduce their impact, the private sector needs to be engaged in the transfer of low-carbon technology to those countries. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is currently the only market mechanism aimed at triggering changes in the pattern of emissions-intensive activities in developing countries and is likely to play a role in future negotiations. In this paper, we analyse how the CDM contributes to technology transfer. We first develop a framework from the literature that delineates the main factors which characterise technology transfer. Second, we apply this framework to the CDM by assessing existing empirical studies and drawing on additional expert interviews. We find that the CDM does contribute to technology transfer by lowering several technology-transfer barriers and by raising the transfer quality. On the basis of this analysis, we give preliminary policy recommendations.     

循环流化床中的气固两相传热模型

循环流化床中存在着分散固体颗粒的连续上升气相和相对紧密的颗粒团两部分,颗粒团聚物对气固两相传热有着重要的影响。采用拟Boltzmann动力学方法描述循环流化床中颗粒团的动力学行为,建立了循环流化床中气固两相间传热过程的理论模型,对气体表观流速、固体颗粒循环率等对气固传热系数沿床高分布规律的影响进行了分析和讨论。模型计算结果与参考文献中的实验数据进行了比较,两者符合较好。     

An overview of the effect of lubricant on the heat transfer performance on conventional refrigerants and natural refrigerant R-744

This review provides an overview of the lubricant on the heat transfer performance, including nucleate boiling, convective boiling, shell side condensation, forced convective condensation, and gas cooling, for conventional refrigerants and natural refrigerant R-744. Various parameters affecting the heat transfer coefficient subject to lubricant, such as oil concentration, heat flux, mass flux, vapor quality, geometric configuration, saturation temperature, thermodynamic and transport properties are discussed in this overview. It appears that the effect of individual parameter on theProd. Type: FTP heat transfer coefficient may be different from studies to studies. This is associated with the complex nature of lubricant and some compound effect accompanying with the heat transport process. In this review, the authors try to summarize the general trend of the lubricant on the heat transfer coefficient, and to elaborate discrepancies of some inconsistent studies. The lubricant can, increase or impair the heat transfer performance depending on the oil concentration, surface tension, surface geometry, and the like. For the condensation, it is more well accepted that the presence of lubricant normally will impair the heat transfer performance due to deposited oil film. However, the deterioration is comparatively smaller than that in nucleate/convective boiling. For the effect of lubricant on R-744 with convective evaporation, the general behavior is in line with the convectional refrigerant. For gas cooling, the lubricant cast significant effect on heat transfer coefficient especially for a higher mass flux or at a smaller diameter tube.     

燃气锅炉烟气在滴型管外传热特性的数值分析

在回收燃气锅炉烟气余热时,采用特殊管型强化传热以吸收烟气中大量的水蒸气所携带的显热和潜热,可以降低锅炉的排烟温度,提高锅炉的热效率。对滴型管和圆管烟气侧传热特性进行数值计算,通过对计算结果的分析比较,探讨了影响传热的因素,得出滴型管的传热特性优于圆管的结论,为特殊管型在冷凝换热器中的应用提供参考。     

Local heat transfer measurements of steam/air mixtures in horizontal condenser tubes

Condensation of vapor/noncondensable gas mixtures in horizontal tubes is not well understood because condensate stratification and the multidimensional nature add to the complexity of the phenomena. The heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena in a horizontal condenser tube were experimentally studied, along with the heat transfer reduction effect of a noncondensable gas. The temperature gradient across the condenser tube wall was measured locally to investigate the asymmetrical heat transfer characteristics around the condenser tube periphery. The condensation heat transfer coefficients on the tube top were much greater than the values at the bottom and the noncondensable gas significantly reduced the heat transfer rate.