燃烧室结构对微型摆式发动机燃烧过程影响的数值模拟

基于Fluent-CFD软件建立了摆臂自由运动条件下的微型摆式发动机内燃烧过程三维动态网格数值模型，采用正丁烷氧化一步反应机理模拟了三种内径的燃烧室内流动与燃烧过程，考察了燃烧室内径对系统性能的影响。结果表明：增大内径可以减小燃烧室底部区域燃料残留，促进燃烧更快完成，提高燃烧室内的峰值压力和缩短峰值出现时间，有利于提高发动机的输出功、功率密度和效率。     

微型燃气轮机生物质气燃烧实验台设计

本研究以现有的微型燃气轮机为原型,设计了单喷嘴生物质气燃烧实验台并具体介绍了实验台的系统、重要组成模块、测量参数和方法以及实验台的主要作用。本实验台能够实现关键流动参数测量、PIV流场测量、燃烧温度场测量和尾气排放测量等。实验室条件下,对微型燃气轮机燃烧室进行研究,得出的结论可应用于燃烧室流场结构分析、喷嘴的改型、火焰稳定性、排放控制、燃料组分改变对燃烧性能的影响以及相关的燃烧技术研究。     

微型燃气轮机燃烧室性能影响因素的探讨

针对微型燃气轮机燃烧室性能的各种影响因素(进气条件、燃料热值、燃烧室结构等)对燃烧稳定性和燃烧效率的影响,介绍了国内外相关实验和数值模拟研究现状,分析了燃烧室主要污染物的生成机理和影响因素,以及降低氮氧化物排放浓度的技术措施。     

配风比对微型燃气轮机燃烧室燃烧性能影响的数值模拟

以采用燃料和空气预混燃烧方式的微型燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象,根据设计参数对燃烧室进行建模和模拟计算,模拟不同工况下预混燃料在燃烧室内经过湍流流动并发生燃烧化学反应的过程,进而得到燃烧室内的热态流场、温度分布以及出口烟气中污染物的排放量.结果 表明:在总过量空气系数为3.01的情况下,随着旋流器进口当量比的增大以及助燃风质量流量比例的升高,预混火焰的锋面温度有所升高,出口NOx质量浓度与出口温度分布因子呈正相关.     

生物质气微型燃气轮机燃烧室的数值模拟

将生物质气应用在为天然气设计的微型燃气轮机中时,由于其热值较低以及可燃成份的不同,会给燃烧室的温度场、速度场以及燃烧特性造成影响.对30 kW级微型燃气轮机的燃烧室进行了初步的设计,并在此基础上采用Fluent软件对燃烧室燃烧甲烷气和生物质气进行了数值模拟比较,探讨了燃烧生物质气对燃烧室内部流动、温度分布和NOx排放造成的影响及其原因,为今后生物质气微型燃气轮机燃烧室的设计应用提供了数据.     

乙醇微型燃烧室燃烧特性的数值模拟研究

为了解决化石燃料储备不足与环境污染问题，生物质燃料作为石油替代能源得到大力提倡，如何合理地将化石燃料替换为生物质燃料且维持设备正常运行成为工程上亟待解决的问题。本文采用CFD软件研究了车载5 kW生物乙醇微型燃烧室的燃烧特性，对比分析了不同功率（0.5~5 kW）和出口温度（840~960 K）时的回流区长度与宽度、回流量、出口温度分布系数（OTDF）、出口NO体积分数等特征参数。结果表明：随着出口温度升高，回流区长度逐渐缩短，回流量减少，出口温度均匀性逐渐变差，出口NO体积分数明显增加；随着燃烧室功率增大，回流区长度变长，回流量增加，OTDF先增大后减小，NO体积分数随着功率的降低而显著升高，最大值出现在1 kW时，达到满负荷时的7倍。因此，为了实现稳定燃烧和减少污染物排放，该乙醇微型燃烧室应在较高的空燃比（即较低的出口温度）和功率下运行。     

微型燃气轮机燃烧室性能的数值研究

针对Capstone公司的C30微型燃气轮机的燃烧室，采用κ—ε湍流模型、EBU—Ambenius湍流燃烧模型描述其燃烧流动，采用扩展Zeldivch机制描述HOx生成；应用分区结构化网格和SIMPLE算法求解控制方程，进行了三维燃烧流动的数值模拟研究，同时对燃烧室的整体性能进行了分析。通过数值计算及结果分析，着重研究了环型贫燃预混燃烧室的燃烧组织形式对燃烧室性能的影响，并探讨了流动控制板对燃烧室内燃烧流动和燃烧室出口HOx分布的影响。数值研究的主要目的是配合新型微型燃气轮机的研制，获得微型燃气轮机燃烧室的设计经验，为研制既有高燃烧效率和燃烧稳定性，又有低HOx排放特性的燃烧室奠定基础。     

微型燃气轮机改烧氨气/氢气混合燃料的数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟对某80 kW微型燃气轮机环形低氮燃烧室进行适当的改造并对其燃烧及NO_x生成特性进行研究。研究结果表明：将烧天然气燃料的燃烧室改烧氨/氢混合燃料,在输出功率相同时燃料体积流量增大,通过增加燃料进气喷嘴的直径来降低燃料的进气速度;当掺氢比为0.3时,该结构的燃烧室燃烧不充分,燃烧效率达不到要求;当掺氢比在0.35～0.5、燃料华白数在19.9～21.7范围内变化时,该燃烧室可以实现高效稳定的燃烧,性能接近燃烧天然气燃料;氨/氢混合燃料中掺氢比增大,则NO_x排放量也快速增大;由于燃料型NO_x排放量占主导地位,该微型燃气轮机燃烧室不能实现低NO_x燃烧,NO_x排放远超国家标准,需要加装脱硝装置才能实际应用。     

微型燃气轮机燃烧室预混结构性能研究及改进

针对微型燃气轮机燃烧室的设计,通过归纳工程中常见结构,对大阪大学的实验装置进行数值模拟及结构改进。结果表明结构中的燃料喷射流量与喷孔位置无关,与喷孔面积呈正相关,且喷孔的开孔位置和孔径大小对燃料与空气混合均匀性有显著影响。比较两种改进结构的反应区最高温度和污染物CO排放指标,表明预混非均匀性的降低对燃烧性能的提高和反应区最高温度的降低有显著的作用。通过改进结构,能够强化预混、减小预混非均匀度,降低最高燃烧温度,但CO的排放会上升。     

微型发动机

便携式电器和其配备电池使用非常方便，但审视电池时，可看出其效果却不是那么理想。在相同的体积下，燃料发动机提供的能量是电池的100倍。这就是众多工程师(以麻省工学院为中心，参与的还有一些其它的大学和公司)欲用一台燃油微型发动机取代电池而努力的原因。不难推测使用微型发动机设备的使用寿命，比如当便携电脑所用的燃料用完时，你就可以加满燃料后继续工作。 这种微型发动机，直径型如美国的一角硬币，只是稍稍厚一点，通过在燃烧室点燃氢气启动，产生的热气推动气轮机旋转。那些微小的零件(轴承、燃烧室和气轮机)被高精度地蚀刻在…     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.