多次喷射策略对正戊醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧及有害排放影响的模拟研究

为了揭示含氧燃料与喷油策略耦合对发动机燃烧、性能和排放特性影响的机制,基于三维仿真软件CONVERGE,耦合化学反应动力学机理,研究了正戊醇—柴油混合燃料在不同喷射策略下燃烧与有害排放物的生成过程。结果表明,正戊醇促进了燃烧过程,燃用正戊醇—柴油混合燃料时,缸内最高燃烧压力和燃烧放热峰值增大,发动机平均指示压力（indicated mean effective pressure,IMEP）升高,CO、总碳氢化合物（total hydrocarbons,THC）和碳烟排放降低,但NOx排放升高。采用大比例预喷射策略可以促进主喷燃烧过程,提高缸内温度,增大IMEP,但导致CO及THC排放升高,而小预喷间隔会导致碳烟排放增加。后喷射策略导致发动机IMEP降低,但可以降低NOx排放。在小后喷间隔下碳烟排放显著降低,但在大后喷间隔下碳烟排放明显升高。研究表明,正戊醇柴油混合燃料采用大预喷间隔及小后喷间隔的3次喷油策略,能够获得最高的IMEP及最低的有害物排放。     

预喷射和掺混乙醇对柴油机性能及排放的影响

本文利用GT-Power软件建立了单缸柴油机的仿真模型,模拟研究了预主喷间隔、预喷油量和乙醇掺混比例对发动机性能和排放的影响。计算结果表明,预喷射能明显改善发动机的燃烧特性和排放性能,但扭矩和燃油消耗率变化不明显;预主喷间隔对发动机性能和排放的影响较小,预喷油量的增加会提高缸内压力和放热率峰值,造成NOx和碳烟排放增加;掺烧乙醇可以显著减少NOx和碳烟排放,提高缸内压力和放热率峰值,不过发动机的扭矩减小,油耗率增加;随着乙醇掺混比例增加,这些趋势进一步加强。柴油机采用预喷射和掺混乙醇相结合的策略,可以改善发动机的排放性能和燃烧特性,而且不会恶化动力性和经济性,是一种有效的技术方法。     

预喷对重载柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验

基于内窥镜测量技术,在一台6缸高压共轨重载柴油机上研究了预喷正时、预喷油量与EGR率等对燃烧放热、排放物生成的影响作用.对柴油机缸内燃烧过程中的火焰图像进行了采集,并且通过双色法计算得到了碳烟颗粒场分布图像.结果表明:随预喷正时延迟,缸内峰值压力升高,预喷燃烧的两阶段放热现象消失,预喷燃烧的火焰亮度加强,NOx和碳烟排放均降低;随预喷油量增加,预喷燃烧的放热率和火焰亮度升高,NOx和HC排放增大,而碳烟和CO排放降低;随EGR率提高,预混燃烧强度变弱并且开始呈现两阶段放热现象,主燃烧始点滞后,NOx排放显著降低,但碳烟、HC和CO排放升高.采用内窥镜测量可以更方便准确地了解发动机实际运行工况下缸内燃烧特性.     

天然气后喷对高压直喷天然气船机燃烧和排放的影响研究

对于高压直喷天然气发动机,尽管其碳烟排放低于传统柴油机,但由于引燃油和直喷天然气存在扩散燃烧过程,因此其碳烟排放较低压天然气更高,需要进一步降低碳烟排放以满足严格排放法规的要求。本文利用流体动力学软件Converge建立了高压直喷天然气船机的三维仿真模型,基于该模型研究了后喷策略对高压直喷天然气船机燃烧和排放的影响。结果表明：随着后喷比例增大,最高爆压略微升高,燃烧持续期增长；随着喷射间隔的增大,最高爆压不变,但后喷燃烧相位推迟,燃烧持续期增长。与无后喷算例相比,后喷比例增大到10%和20%时,碳烟排放分别降低了7.7-13.5%和1.5-11.5%,NOx排放分别升高了12-15%和5-7%,指示燃油消耗率分别增大了约0.1%和1%；而后喷比例为30%时,碳烟排放升高了2-8%,NOx排放降低了5-7.7%,指示燃油消耗率增大了约2.3%。研究为高压天然气喷射满足更加严格的排放法规提供理论基础。     

预喷正时对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的试验研究

通过台架试验,分析对比柴油机各参数随预喷正时的变化,研究多次喷射预喷正时对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。试验表明,预喷正时决定缸内燃烧的放热始点和放热率,影响缸内的燃烧温度、爆发压力、NOx排放和碳烟的生成,预喷正时为20°时,爆发压力最大;预喷正时为35°时,热效率最高,油耗率和烟度最低;预喷正时为45°时,NOx排放最小。综合分析选择预喷正时40°作为折中优化方案,降低发动机油耗和NOx、碳烟排放,同时提高发动机的热效率。     

DME预混比和柴油供油提前角对PCCI发动机性能影响

在一台2105柴油机上采用进气道预混DME一缸内直喷柴油的复合方式实现PCCI燃烧,研究了DME预混比和柴油供油提前角对预混合压燃(premixed charge compression ignition,PCCI)发动机燃烧、排放特性和燃油经济性影响。研究结果表明:随DME预混比增加,PCCI发动机燃烧始点逐渐前移,缸内压力峰值增大,放热过程由两阶段放热变成三阶段放热,且放热率曲线整体前移,NO_x、碳烟排放和当量燃油消耗率均降低,而CO和HC排放及有效热效率均逐渐升高;随柴油供油提前角增大,PCCI发动机燃烧始点相应提前,缸内压力峰值逐渐增大,放热过程由三阶段放热变成两阶段放热,NO_x排放大幅升高,碳烟排放明显下降,CO和HC排放及当量燃油消耗率先下降后增加,而有效热效率则先升高后降低,     

汽油/柴油双燃料不同HPCC燃烧模式的数值模拟

针对汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混燃烧(HPCC)模式,在总喷油量、主放热时刻(CA50)基本相当的条件下,对柴油早喷(E-HPCC)与柴油晚喷(L-HPCC)情况下的燃烧特性和排放特性进行了数值模拟研究.结果表明,HPCC着火和燃烧过程主要受缸内活性自由基控制,较晚喷射会导致缸内局部正庚烷浓度高、活性较大,造成高温放热提前;较早喷射正庚烷会抑制低温放热,从而增加着火时刻缸内活性自由基的数量,是放热率较高、最大压升率较大的主要原因.L-HPCC模式下,高温放热时刻缸内局部正庚烷浓度较大造成了缸内局部温度较高,促进了NOx生成,相对E-HPCC模式NOx排放较高;虽然L-HPCC局部浓度较高会促进碳烟的生成,但同时较高的燃烧温度加强了碳烟的氧化,因此L-HPCC模式的碳烟排放低于E-HPCC模式.     

喷油策略对汽油压燃燃烧及碳烟生成过程影响的数值模拟研究

基于三维计算流体动力学(CFD)软件CONVERGE,耦合甲苯掺比燃料(toluene reference fuel,TRF)简化动力学机理及多步现象学碳烟模型,建立汽油压燃(GCI)的数值模拟模型。通过改变气道喷射比例、主喷时刻和预主喷间隔研究了高负荷条件下气道喷射结合缸内直喷的喷油策略对GCI燃烧及碳烟生成过程的影响。研究结果表明,增加气道喷射比例、提前主喷时刻和增大预主喷间隔都能够缩短燃烧持续期,使放热更为集中,从而降低碳烟排放;改变气道喷射比例对碳烟成核及表面生长有较大的影响,主喷时刻提前能够提高氧化速率。当气道喷射比例为40%,主喷时刻为-8°,预主喷间隔为15°时,碳烟排放为0.015 1g/(kW·h),相比试验基准工况降低了33.8%,而最大压升率也控制在可接受的范围内。     

低温预混合燃烧模式的燃烧与排放特性试验研究

在一台电控高压共轨涡轮增压柴油机上研究了低温预混合燃烧模式对柴油机燃烧及排放的影响。采用早喷或晚喷预混方式,结合高废气再循环(EGR)率实现低温预混合燃烧,并研究了喷油正时、EGR、喷油压力和负荷率变化对预混燃烧模式的放热规律、排放特性和经济性的影响。研究结果表明:长的燃空预混合期是实现缸内预混燃烧的一个关键因素,中低负荷时,无论是早喷或晚喷预混模式,均具有长预混合期,短的扩散燃烧过程,兼具预混燃烧和低温燃烧的特征,高负荷下扩散燃烧比例增大;晚喷预混燃烧模式下,碳烟和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放同时获得降低,但低温燃烧和稀薄的混合气易导致燃烧不完全,喷油推迟较晚时引起HC和CO排放显著增加,并导致燃油消耗率增大;增加喷油压力可以同时改善碳烟、CO和HC排放,但是NOx排放增加,单纯提高喷射压力并不能获得性能的全面提高。     

两次喷射策略对汽油/聚甲氧基二甲醚高预混燃烧及排放的影响

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上进行了预主喷两次喷射策略对汽油/聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)高预混合燃烧(HPCC)影响的试验研究。研究结果表明:预主喷两次喷射策略能缩短主喷滞燃期,提前着火时刻;预主喷间隔较小或较大时,汽油/PODE HPCC燃烧放热率峰值较低;预主喷间隔为35°时燃烧放热率峰值最高,放热更加集中。预喷比例越大,预主喷间隔和主喷时刻对最大压升率和指示热效率的影响越大。通过预主喷两次喷射策略优化,可以显著提高汽油/PODE HPCC燃烧的指示热效率,减少碳氢和碳烟排放,但最大压升率有所增加。高负荷时,汽油/柴油HPCC因为碳烟排放的限制,适合采用两次喷射策略;汽油/PODE HPCC受限于最大压力升高率,更适合采用单次喷射策略。     

用快速压缩装置研究直喷式天然气发动机排放特性

使用快速压缩装置进行了直喷式天然气发动机排放特性的研究。测量了三种不同方式下的排放，并与均相混合气燃烧情况进行了对比。实验结果表明，在宽广的当量比范围内，天然气直喷方式的燃烧效率高于0.95。由于混合气的分层燃烧，天然气喷射方式在宽广的当量比范围内保持较低的HC排放量，同等功率下的低CO2排放量，低NOx排放量，其NOx排放在理论当量比处的降低更为明显。直喷天然气发动机既具备柴油机发动机效率高的特点，又具备预混燃烧发动机排放低的特点。     

Control of the combustion behaviour in a diesel engine using early injection and gas addition

Multiple injections and natural gas addition were investigated as ways to modify combustion behaviour, and therefore pollutant emissions and specific fuel consumptions, inside a direct injection Diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system. During the experimental tests, engine efficiency, in terms of fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions, in terms of nitric oxides, opacity, carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons, have been measured.The tested multiple injection strategy consisted of the simultaneous use of early and pilot injections. This strategy has been compared with the more traditional techniques based on the use of either pilot or early injections. During the tests, the effects of several injection parameters were analysed, like duration and timing of early, pilot and main injections. Results show that, mainly for medium values of engine torque and speed, the injection of a small fuel quantity during the early stage of the compression stroke, coupled with the pilot injection, may be effective in reducing specific fuel consumption if compared to the only pilot or only early injection strategies. Furthermore, this result is obtained whit a simultaneous reduction in nitric oxides and particulate. However, unburned hydrocarbons levels remain constant or usually increase. Early injection is in effect a way to obtain a very lean premixed charge, both globally and locally, inside the combustion chamber. Therefore, it has been shown that nitric oxides and soot, deriving respectively from an inhomogeneous distribution of temperatures and a locally rich mixture, both decrease performing the early and pilot before the main injection.Concerning the natural gas addition, it has been premixed with the engine intake air before the turbocharger and used in small percentages, in order to improve the engine combustion and to reduce pollutant emissions, in particular the soot produced during the mixing-controlled combustion phase. Experiments underlined that, using the natural gas as an additive fuel, while performing the Diesel fuel main injection, leads to keep practically unchanged engine efficiency with respect to the traditional Diesel fuel operation mode. Concerning the emission levels at the exhaust, the use of small quantities of gas (10–30% respect to the total fuel energy) improves the oxides – soot trade-off; however, at the same time, total hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions are characterized by higher values.     

正丁醇/柴油发动机燃烧排放特性及喷油、燃烧室形状影响

针对某型号直喷柴油机,建立了该柴油机中单缸完整燃烧室及气道三维模型,使用三维计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)分析软件CONVERGE对其进行模拟计算,研究了正丁醇掺混比例对柴油机燃烧排放的影响。结果表明:随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高,峰值缸压、滞燃期和燃烧速度均呈递增趋势,碳烟及CO排放量逐渐减少,NO_x排放量小幅增加。为了进一步改善缸内燃烧情况和降低污染物排放,对正丁醇掺混时喷油策略、燃烧室几何形状的综合影响进行了研究,结果表明:掺混时多次喷油及采用合适的燃烧室模型可以有效改善掺混后缸内油气混合情况,增加缸内湍动能强度,进一步降低碳烟排放量。与纯柴油工况对比,掺混并采用多次喷油策略后碳烟排放明显下降,且通过掺混能够有效简化喷油策略,但弱化了燃烧室形状对碳烟排放量的影响。     

不同喷油提前角对缸内碳烟生成影响的计算与分析

应用计算流体动力学对某小型高速增压直喷式柴油机缸内燃烧过程进行了数值计算,得出了不同喷油提前角下增压直喷式柴油机缸内混合气、温度和碳烟的分布情况,分析了不同喷油提前角下,上止点前后的喷油量的比例对碳烟排放的影响,并通过实际工况下的碳烟排放试验进行了验证。为增压柴油机性能与排放优化提供了参考。     

Effects of hydrogen injection strategy on the hydrogen mixture distribution and combustion of a gasoline/hydrogen SI engine under lean burn condition

Hydrogen is a carbon free energy carrier with high diffusivity and reactivity, it has been proved to be a kind of suitable blending fuel of spark ignition (SI) engine to achieve better efficiency and emissions. Hydrogen injection strategy affects the engine performance obviously. To optimize the combustion and emissions, a comparative study on the effects of the hydrogen injection strategy on the hydrogen mixture distribution, combustion and emission was investigated at a SI engine with gasoline intake port injection and four hydrogen injection strategies, hydrogen direct injection (HDI) with stratified hydrogen mixture distribution (SHMD), hydrogen intake port injection with premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PHMD), split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI) with partially premixed hydrogen mixture distribution (PPHMD) and no hydrogen addition. Results showed that different hydrogen injection strategy formed different kinds of hydrogen mixture distribution (HMD). The ignition and combustion rate played an important role on engine efficiency. Since the SHDI could use two hydrogen injection to organize the HMD, the ignition and combustion rate with the PPHMD was the fastest. With the PPHMD, the brake thermal efficiency of the engine was the highest and the emissions were slight more than that with the PHMD. PHMD achieve the optimum emission performance by its homogeneous hydrogen. The engine combustion and emission performance can be optimized by adjusting the hydrogen injection strategy.     

天然气发动机的研究现状

天然气能降低发动机的有害物排放,是一种比较理想的发动机代用燃料。稀燃天然气发动机具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放。均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧也是提高稀燃天然气发动机热效率的方法之一,并有很低的NOx排放。本文综述了稀燃天然气发动机和HCCI天然气发动机的研究进展,尤其是燃烧室形状、点火系统、充量分层、加氢等对天然气发动机性能的影响及天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧与排放特点。     

氢混天然气燃气轮机加湿低氮燃烧性能研究

为了解贫预混燃烧室天然气掺氢加湿燃烧时的性能变化和容许加湿范围,解决氢混燃气轮机NO_x排放超标问题,以某燃气轮机燃烧室为研究对象,数值研究了掺氢比和加湿比对燃烧性能及污染物排放特性的影响。结果表明：燃料无加湿条件下,燃烧室出口CO和CO₂排放值随着掺氢比的增加而减小,较高燃烧温度将导致热力型NO_x排放值增加,掺氢比达到0.2以上时,NO_x排放已超出环保限值;燃料加湿条件下,随着加湿程度增加,燃气出口平均流速及水蒸气组分含量均增加,燃烧筒内全局温度、CO₂和NO_x排放值均降低,CO排放值先降低后增加;掺氢天然气加湿可实现低氮燃烧,考虑到低掺氢工况燃气轮机功率输出效能和高掺氢工况燃烧性能恶化问题,水蒸气加湿量不宜过多,当掺氢比为0.3时,推荐燃料加湿比为0.463。     

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with Diesel Premixed Compression Ignition and exhaust gas recirculation

In the present work, diesel was used as a premixed fuel along with the conventional injection of diesel with a premixed ratio of 0.25. The premixed charge was burned in the cylinder along with the fuel directly injected into the cylinder by a conventional injection system. To control nitrogen oxide(s) (NO_x) emissions, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was adopted and the exhaust gas was varied from 10% to 30% in steps of 10%. The performance and emission characteristics were compared with conventional 100% diesel injection in the main chamber. Based on the experiments conducted on a Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) engine, it was found that unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and soot emissions increase. Soot emission decreases with up to 20% EGR and increases when EGR was increased beyond 20%. Hence 20% EGR was found to be the optimum use for DPMCI mode with a premixed ratio of 0.25. Due to the lean operation, significant reduction in NO_x was achieved with the DPMCI combustion mode. Brake thermal efficiency was marginally decreased compared to CIDI mode.     

燃烧参数对汽油/柴油双燃料HPCC性能和排放影响的试验

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上,转速为1,500,r/min、平均指标压力为0.9,MPa工况进行了不同参数对汽油/柴油双燃料高比例预混合低温燃烧(HPCC)方式燃烧和排放性能影响的试验研究.结果表明,调整EGR率和汽油比例可实现HPCC燃烧过程优化,在保持发动机高燃油经济性的前提下使NOx和碳烟(Soot)排放大幅降低;进气压力对Soot的影响不明显,但进气压力过低将限制汽油比例的提高,NOx排放偏高,进气压力过高使燃烧效率和热效率降低;提高柴油喷油压力,滞燃期延长,最大压升率及最大爆发压力降低;提高喷油压力可同时降低NOx和Soot排放,但喷油压力对燃烧效率、指示油耗、HC和CO排放影响不大.在HPCC燃烧中,通过优化EGR率、汽油比例、进气压力和柴油喷油压力,在不使用后处理器的前提下可使NOx和Soot排放分别低于0.4,g/(kW.h)和0.003,g/(kW.h),并保持较高的热效率,但HC和CO排放偏高,需要采用有较高转换效率的氧化后处理器加以解决.