发动机缸盖冷却水套流场的分析及优化

利用CFD模拟计算软件fluent对汽油机缸盖冷却系统的流动和传热进行数值模拟,给出了汽油机气缸盖部分的冷却水腔内冷却液的流速分布、温度分布,为气缸体冷却水腔部分的优化改进设计提供了参考。根据计算结果对原机气缸体模型中不合理的地方作了相应的改进设计,在确保缸盖水腔内流动性能良好的前提下,改进设计后气缸盖内的流体流动和传热得到了较大的改善。     

发动机缸盖冷却水套流场的分析及优化

利用CFD模拟计算软件fluent对汽油机缸盖冷却系统的流动和传热进行数值模拟,给出了汽油机气缸盖部分的冷却水腔内冷却液的流速分布、温度分布,为气缸体冷却水腔部分的优化改进设计提供了参考。根据计算结果对原机气缸体模型中不合理的地方作了相应的改进设计,在确保缸盖水腔内流动性能良好的前提下,改进设计后气缸盖内的流体流动和传热得到了较大的改善。     

发动机缸盖模拟冷却通道内过冷沸腾传热特性

搭建一套试验台架用来模拟发动机鼻梁区冷却通道内的传热状况,采用与发动机缸盖相同的铸铁材料作为加热块,并且安装3块石英玻璃用来观察沸腾发生时气泡运动状态.对不同流速、不同入口温度和不同系统压力状况下的沸腾传热特性做了相应的研究,为真实发动机冷却水腔内沸腾传热预测提供较为全面的试验数据.结果表明:沸腾起始点位置与通道流动参数有着直接关系,表现为速度越高、入口温度越低,沸腾起始壁面过热度越高;提高通道速度和降低冷却入口温度可以强化壁面对流换热程度,但对充分发展沸腾下的传热特性影响很小;增加系统压力,沸腾起始壁面温度越高,其增加幅度与饱和温度增幅大致相同.此外,控制系统压力是抑制沸腾过度发展的重要手段.     

某汽油机冷却水套三维CFD分析

鉴于冷却水的流动与传热会直接影响发动机的冷却效率,高温零件的热负荷,整机的热量分配和能量利用,使用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对某汽油机冷却水套进行三维CFD分析,得到了冷却水套内冷却液的流场、换热系数分布、压力损失以及流量分布等信息,计算结果表明:该机冷却水套中流速和换热系数均能满足设计要求;气缸盖3缸冷却效果好于其它两缸。     

发动机冷却水腔内沸腾传热的模拟研究

从单相流观点出发研究了两种计算过冷流动沸腾传热的思路:分区描述法和叠加计算法.提出了两个基于分区描述法的沸腾模型A和沸腾模型B;修正了基于叠加计算法的Chen沸腾模型和BDL沸腾模型中对流传热项的计算方法.利用这些沸腾模型进行了缸盖鼻梁区冷却水腔沸腾传热的数值模拟,并与试验结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:采用分区描述法和叠加计算法进行发动机冷却水腔内过冷流动沸腾传热计算均是可行且有效的方法;采用沸腾模型A和修正的BDL模型的预测精度比另两个沸腾模型要高;提高流速和过冷度均能强化沸腾传热的能力,提高压力后则在更高的壁面温度下才出现沸腾传热.     

柴油机冷却水套空化两相流三维瞬态数值模拟研究

为了深入研究柴油机湿式气缸套振动引发穴蚀的机理和影响因素,在水套内部冷却液流动稳态数值模拟得到冷却液压力场与速度场的基础上,以完整单缸水套为研究对象,提取6缸稳态模拟结果作为边界条件。基于Mixture多相流模型与Singhal完全空化模型,采用动网格技术建立柴油机冷却液空化数值模拟的气液两相流仿真模型,进行冷却液空化瞬态数值模拟。计算结果表明:振动导致的冷却液对壁面的脉冲压力是缸套穴蚀的主因,冷却液脉冲压力幅值随壁面振动速度升高而增大,在6.75°即振动速度最大时刻出现最大脉冲压力。在柴油机一个工作循环内,缸套主、次推力侧均有可能发生穴蚀现象,其中主推力侧发生穴蚀现象的可能性更高,且存在4个易发生穴蚀的区域。按壁面所受脉冲压力幅值进行排序,发生穴蚀可能性由大到小依次为主推力侧的中上部、顶端、中下部及底端。最后从抑制振动、缸套表面改性处理和降低脉冲压力角度提出了降低穴蚀风险的措施。     

矩形通道内过冷流动沸腾传热特性试验研究

以高强化发动机缸盖材料蠕铁作为加热块材料,在矩形通道内开展了接近发动机冷却系统的不同流动工况下过冷沸腾传热特性的试验研究。流动工况取发动机常用范围:压力为0.10~0.25MPa,主流温度为60~95℃,流速为0.347~6m/s。研究结果表明:提高冷却液流速可以强化壁面对流换热强度,但是存在沸腾换热的低流速工况同样能够达到高流速工况下换热效果,系统压力和主流温度都会影响冷却液过冷度,进而影响沸腾传热效果。可视化结果表明:气泡直径增大、生长频率升高及气泡之间相互作用都会使气泡对边界层流体扰动增强,从而提高传热效率。在压力为0.2MPa、主流温度为95℃、流速为1m/s工况下,在壁温达到170℃以上时沸腾开始出现,在壁温达到210℃时,沸腾传热效率比单相对流换热提高了40%以上。     

某8缸中速柴油机冷却系统三相流固耦合传热分析

对某柴油机8缸整体冷却水套进行绝热流动模拟,得到冷却效果最差的一个缸及冷却液的流动边界条件;对该缸进行单缸气缸盖-冷却水套-气缸套流固耦合计算,得到了缸盖和缸套温度分布及水套流动及温度场情况;对该缸加入进、排气进行气-液-固三相流固耦合分析,得到缸盖温度场和水套温度场情况,与不考虑进、排气的情况以及与试验测得的工程数据的比较表明:考虑进、排气时的模拟结果更加接近试验值,说明该方法更符合实际情况。     

基于流动沸腾换热的PEM燃料电池散热系统设计

为了开发大功率燃料电池散热系统,利用燃料电池余热,设计一套基于流动沸腾换热的质子交换膜(PEM)燃料电池热管理系统,冷却液使用HFE-7100,对比HFE-7100的两相沸腾传热与水单相传热。结果显示：两相HFE-7100冷却方式控制燃料电池内部温度在65～75℃之间,电堆内部温差在5℃以内,散热系统体积更小,效率更高。两相HFE-7100冷却方式的温差受负载条件的影响较小,对于各种负载条件,两相冷却方式电池温度分布更均匀。在低蒸汽质量下,两相传热系数与质量流速无关。     

考虑沸腾和缸内局部传热的缸盖流固耦合传热分析

以某商用车直列6缸柴油机作为研究对象,基于缸内传热模型获得内燃机缸盖和缸套的燃气侧局部传热边界条件;基于均相流沸腾传热模型获得水侧传热边界;实现水侧、燃气侧边界与结构温度场计算的耦合,并判断水腔内沸腾传热的状态。结果表明:缸盖温度计算值与实测值吻合,缸盖最高温度位于缸盖底面两个排气门之间;排气门之间的燃气传热系数和燃气温度均处于较高值,缸内局部传热显著;在缸盖底面中心和排气门附近水腔内的冷却水处于部分发展泡核沸腾状态。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.