柴油机漏电流式颗粒物传感器可靠性分析与优化

针对柴油机漏电流式颗粒物传感器的基本原理和控制策略,利用发动机台架试验提供的环境边界进行大量有限元模拟,验证了传感器在响应阶段长期工作的可靠性。研究柴油机标定工况恶劣的尾气环境对传感器局部温度和热应力的影响时发现外界对流传热系数的增加利大于弊。发动机冷起动阶段传感器的热应力先增大后减小,加热功率约为60W时可以保证传感器安全快速地进入响应阶段。     

从6102BQ柴油机冷起动试验浅谈其影响因素及改善措施

为给寒冷地区冬季户外作业带来方便,该站通过试验研究了影响柴油机冷起性的因素(除燃烧系统的结构外,还有燃油、润滑油及电起动系统等),并提出了相应的改善措施。又对采用低温起动辅助措施的效果作了分析。现场试验结果表明:解决与改善柴油机冷起动性能的途径,就在于设法增加发动机的爆发力矩,减少发动机的摩擦阻力,增加发动机的起动力矩。     

从6102BQ柴油机冷起动试验浅谈其影响因素及改善措施

为给寒冷地区冬季户外作业带来方便,该站通过试验研究了影响柴油机冷起性的因素(除燃烧系统的结构外,还有燃油、润滑油及电起动系统等),并提出了相应的改善措施。又对采用低温起动辅助措施的效果作了分析。现场试验结果表明:解决与改善柴油机冷起动性能的途径,就在于设法增加发动机的爆发力矩,减少发动机的摩擦阻力,增加发动机的起动力矩。     

车载油罐热管式原油加温装置的研制与应用

为解决我国寒冷地区油田冬季原油拉运过程中所存在的不易卸油问题，利用发动机尾气余热作为热源，采用高效传热的热管作为传热元件制造原油加温装置，在车辆行驶过程中，间接加热罐内油品。节省了能源，提高了运输效率。通过建立此问题的数学模型、求解微分方程，得到罐内油品随时间变化的计算公式。     

发动机尾气余热蒸发换热器的设计研究

简要介绍了余热回收理论和热管原理及工作特性,并在此基础上进行了热管传热过程计算、热阻分析、热管设计和选型、材料选择和热管换热器结构计算等,设计了一台尾气余热回收甲醇蒸发器,并根据设计参数进行三维建模。最后对该设计进行校核计算,结果表明,本文设计的发动机尾气余热甲醇蒸发器不仅能满足换热需求,而且具有较小的压力损失,能满足实际需求,对指导生产具有一定意义。     

利用汽车废气取暖的热管换热器

<正> 引言利用小型的热管换热器,回收汽车发动机排出的废气中的余热,用于大型客车的乘员冬季取暖。汽车发动机的排气管内废气通入热管换热器的加热段,使8根1.2m 长的"碳钢一氨"     

模拟多种发动机尾气热源的吸附制冷试验台研究

研究建立了一个模拟多种发动机尾气热源的试验台。通过理论和经验数据相结合的方法确定了试验台的热流量、出口温度及压力等参数。试验台的热源由燃油燃烧提供，能够模拟出和实际发动机工作时尾气特性(温度、压力、流量)相似的热烟气。模拟的发动机尾气热源和吸附制冷系统相结合，可以降低试验成本，并使试验的可信度更高。为给定热源条件下设计吸附发生器提供一定的理论和实验依据。     

车用高压共轨柴油机冷起动性能研究

对匹配高压共轨燃油系统的柴油机,使用冷起动试验台架进行试验,研究其冷起动性能,主要是最低起动温度和起动时间,同时试验在冷起动情况下,主喷提前角对于冷起动性能的影响。试验证明,匹配高压共轨燃油系统的柴油机,可以有效的提高冷起动性能,同时得到了该款柴油机冷起动的最佳主喷提前角的标定数据量。     

某型涡扇发动机地面台架起动试验研究

为了分析大气环境温度对发动机起动过程的影响,采用三段积分法计算发动机起动特性,开展了不 同大气环境温度条件下某型涡扇发动机地面起动试验研究。结果表明：冷态条件下,发动机的起动特性与理 论计算结果一致,标准大气温度下发动机起动时间和脱开时间均为最短;热态条件下,发动机起动最快时的 大气温度比理论计算温度低2 K左右,起动时间和脱开时间均快于冷态时间（约快2.9 A#热态起动比冷态起 动的风扇、压气机转速出现时间早约0.5 a热态供油压力、排气温度的建立更早;分析认为,热态试验结果比 理论计算温度低的原因与大气温度变化引起的燃油粘度、滑油粘度、空气密度等变化及热态发动机焓值的变 化有关。该试验研究结果可为地面起动试验提供参考。     

三效催化器起燃特性影响因素的仿真研究

三效催化器在冷起动期间主要靠排气来加热升温,而发动机控制策略对排温影响很大。利用FIRE仿真软件建立了催化器模型,采用仿真和试验相结合的手段对催化器的起燃特性影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：所建模型能够比较准确地模拟冷起动过程中催化器内的温度场和浓度场变化;延迟发动机的点火提前角可以明显提高进入排气管的温度,从而使催化器快速起燃。     

余热回收用热管及热管式换热器的研究

简要介绍了热管及热管式换热器的工作原理,热管式换热器在工业余热回收中的应用,以及热管式换热器运行过程中防止积灰和低温腐蚀等问题的有效措施。     

On the steady‐state modelling of a two‐stage evaporator system

We develop and validate against experimental measurements a steady‐state two‐stage flooded refrigerant evaporator model for a heat pump drying system. A prototype two‐stage heat pump dryer test facility was designed, built and instrumented to provide the required measurements for the validation of the model. Repeatability and data quality tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of measurements. Experimental data could be reproduced to within ±6.5 per cent of replicated air and refrigerant side measurements for the same evaporator's air inlet conditions while the discrepancy of energy balance at the air‐side and refrigerant‐side was observed to be within ±8.9 per cent. The two‐stage evaporator model predicted the air‐side total heat and latent heat transfer of the two‐stage evaporator to within (?6.3 per cent, 7.6 per cent) and (?11.5 per cent, 9.5 per cent), respectively. On the refrigerant‐side, the model enabled the calculation of the degree of superheat to within (?10.6 per cent, 1.7 per cent). The model has shown that there is significant improvement in the heat recovered from a two‐stage evaporator system compared to a single evaporator system. In addition, the model demonstrated that the improvement in total heat recovery could be as high as 40 per cent over its base‐value when the latent to total load at the two‐stage evaporator is increased. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

显热储热材料的制备及性能研究

采用水泥作为材料的胶凝剂,添加热容、热导率大的物质作为骨料来制备混凝土储热材料。研究表明:当铝酸盐水泥含量为10%时,材料的抗压、抗折强度能满足工业需求;材料的比热容随温度的升高先增大,在500℃时达到最大,后随着温度的升高反而降低;材料的热导率随着石墨粉含量的增加几乎成直线上升,当石墨含量为5%时材料的热导率大于1.7W/(m·K)。     

间歇式热处理炉传热计算与分析

建立了台车式热处理炉炉膛传热数学模型和辐射换热器工作模型，分析了换热器的传热特性（空气预热温度、壁温、传热系数）随炉况的变化。结果表明，辐射换热器的传热特性随炉子的升温及保温过程变化而波动很大，因而对炉子的热工性能产生了影响。     

国内分离式热管概况与热环研究的小结及展望

本文对我国分离式热管技术的研究进行了简要概况,针对工程中热源在上,冷源在下及冷热源相距较远时的热量传递问题,在分析了一般分离式热管及“水回路”等技术的基础上,对一种新型分离式热管－泵或风机驱动的动力型分离式热管（简称热环）的研究进行了小结和展望。     

Quantification of the European industrial heat demand by branch and temperature level

We present the first comprehensive estimate of the final energy demand for heat in all EU28 member states for the reference year 2012, differentiated by temperature levels, comparing two different approaches. Two different calculation approaches based on different data sets yielded estimates of the total final energy demand for heat in the EU28 of 8150 PJ and 8518 PJ in 2012, respectively. Approach 1 distinguishes between three different process heat (PH) temperature levels and results in final energy demand for heat <100°C: 2077 PJ, 100–400°C: 2214 PJ and >400°C: 3859 PJ. The second approach distinguishes between low temperature space heat and hot water (<100°C: 1161 PJ) and four different PH temperature levels with a resulting energy demand of <100°C: 1027 PJ, 100–500°C: 1785 PJ, 500–1000°C: 1679 PJ and >1000°C: 2865 PJ. The high share of high‐temperature heat illustrates the limits to the potential decarbonisation of industrial thermal processes with renewable energy sources such as (non‐concentrating) solar thermal, geothermal or environmental heat. Therefore specific information on required temperature levels is of the essence. This, in turn, points out the relevance of renewable electricity and synthetic fuels based on renewable power for a significant reduction of CO₂ emissions from the industry sector in Europe. Considering current data quality, it is recommended to develop a consistent, comprehensive methodology to significantly improve the data basis on industrial heat demand. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Augmentation of heat transfer through passive techniques

The thermal performance of energy preservation systems is greatly improved by increasing miniaturization and boosting. These are imaginative (or Promethean) techniques to enhance heat transfer. Enhancement methods of heat transfer draw great attention in front of the industrial sector because of their ability to provide energy savings and raise the economic efficiency of thermal systems. Three techniques these methods are categorized; those are active, passive, and compound. Different types of components are used in passive methods because of the transfer/working fluid flow path to the enhancement of the heat transfer rate. In this article, the subject of the review was the passive heat transfer enhancement methods including inserts (conical strips, winglets, twisted tapes, baffles), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), extended surfaces (fins) and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). Recent passive heat transfer enhancement techniques are studied in this article as they are cost-effective and reliable, and also comparably passive methods do not need any extra power to promote the energy conversion systems' thermal efficiency than active methods. In the passive approaches, various components are applied to the heat transfer/working fluid flow path to improve the heat transfer rate. The passive heat transfer enhancement methods studied in this article include inserts (twisted tapes, conical strips, baffles, winglets), extended surfaces (fins), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). From the pioneers' research work, it is clear that a lower twist ratio and lower pitch, lesser winglet angles can provide more heat transfer rate and a little bit more friction factor. In the case of nanofluids, a little bit of pumping power is enhanced. Finally, heat transfer enhancement is compared with the thermal performance factor, which is more than unity.     

Heat-spreading analysis of a heat sink base embedded with a heat pipe

A simplified model predicting the heat transfer performance of a heat sink base with a high thermal conductivity was developed. Numerical analysis was performed using the commercial software FLUENT. The investigation indicates that for heat sink bases with a high effective thermal conductivity, such as the base embedded with a typical heat pipe, the entire heat sink can be modeled as a flat plate with a uniform temperature and an effective convection heat transfer coefficient. This simplified model can be used to determine the heat transfer performance of a heat sink embedded with a typical heat pipe or vapor chamber.     

城市住宅及企业集中供热浅析

随着住宅商品化进程的进一步加快 ,以及供热商品化意识的普及 ,人们对集中供热提出了更高的要求 ,在利用其它手段诸如空调、电暖气等设施取暖的同时对集中供热进行开发     

地源热泵竖直埋管的有限长线热源模型

对地热换热器竖直埋管的非稳态传热模型进行了分析讨论。采用虚拟热源和格林函数法给出了半无限大介质中有限长线热源产生的非稳态温度场的解析解表达式。与稳态温度场的解进行比较,讨论了温度场达到名义上的“稳态”所需的时间,同时对于达到稳态时的温度场也进行了分析,指出了现行教科书中关于该问题的错误,提出了稳态时两个地热换热器孔壁代表性温度的定义,并对两者进行了比较,进而给出了可供工程应用的简化计算公式,并对两者进行了比较,进而给出了可供工程应用的简化计算公式。基于以上分析,进一步讨论了全年冷热负荷不平衡对地热换热器长期性能的影响。