火花点燃发动机使用汽油-氢气燃料时燃烧规律的研究

在单缸汽油试验机上分别以汽油-氢气及汽油为燃料进行了一系列性能对比试验,对其燃烧规律作了深入的研究,并用CB-366燃烧分析仪测取了发动机的燃烧放热规律和气缸压力变化规律,对此进行了较详细的理论分析。研究结果表明汽油机中添加少量氢后,氢起到助燃剂的作用,加宽了着火界限;大大缩短了着火延迟期;提高了火焰传播速度。在稀混合气燃烧的条件下,对燃烧后期的改善尤为明显,缩短了燃烧持续期。性能试验结果证实了燃烧规律研究的结论,即汽油机加氢后在一般负荷下热效率提高率为10%～15%,小负荷下提高更为明显;发动机经济稀混合气区域加宽,能够燃烧过量空气系数为1.3的稀混合气;有害排放量降低;气缸内压力循环变动量减小,使发动机柔和。     

VVT和TCI技术提高发动机热效率的研究

本文针对一款汽油发动机,通过试验的方法,分别对VVT(可变气门正时)和TCI(涡轮增压中冷)技术提高其热效率进行了对比分析。试验结果表明,VVT和TCI都可以有效的提高发动机热效率,但在不同的运行工况下,其效果不同。同时,本文研究了VVT联合TCI技术提高汽油机热效率的效果及其影响因素。对于涡轮增压发动机在部分负荷下燃油耗率较高,通过一维模拟计算,分析了发动机使用涡轮增压后,热效率降低的影响因素,初步提出改善涡轮增压发动机部分负荷下热效率的思路。     

高压缩比汽油压燃低负荷燃烧优化控制策略试验研究

基于6缸柴油发动机的汽油压燃发动机试验台架,系统研究了喷油策略对采用高压缩比燃烧室的汽油压燃低负荷燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明：提高压缩比可有效改善汽油压燃低负荷燃烧稳定性、燃烧效率和指示热效率,同时降低CO和HC排放,但存在最大压力升高率过大的问题。采用两次喷射策略可有效控制最大压力升高率;预喷油量为3 mg、喷射间隔为10°时可将最大压力升高率从1.174 MPa/（°）降低为0.380 MPa/（°）,压力循环波动率为0.97%,同时获得较高的指示热效率和较低的排放。采用高压缩比耦合优化喷油策略,可在平均有效压力为0.2 MPa工况下实现高效稳定燃烧,有效改善汽油压燃在低负荷下燃烧稳定性差的问题。     

天然气-汽油双燃料发动机燃烧特性试验研究

为了探究天然气-汽油双燃料燃烧模式在现代发动机上的适用性及潜在优势,基于一台增压直喷发动机结合进气道喷射天然气和缸内喷射汽油,开展了不同负荷、过量空气系数和天然气替代率下天然气-汽油双燃料燃烧特性试验研究。结果表明,低负荷固定转矩工况下,随着天然气质量流量增加,发动机最高燃烧压力提高,燃烧相位提前,循环变动降低,且在稀燃条件下尤为明显。中等负荷固定转矩工况下的燃烧特性变化规律与低负荷工况相似,而在高天然气替代率、稀燃条件下有效热效率随天然气质量流量增加明显提高。高负荷节气门全开工况下,尽管发动机最大转矩有所下降,但爆震起点和强度得到有效抑制,燃烧相位也明显改善,因此可以通过增压来弥补发动机功率不足的问题。     

直喷式发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料放热规律与燃烧特征参数分析

研究了直喷发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料的放热规律与燃烧特征参数,研究结果表明:随着混合燃料中氢气体积分数的增加,中、低负荷发动机有效热效率增加,大负荷下有效热效率高且基本上不随氢气体积分数变化;随着氢气体积分数的增加,混合燃料放热率曲线相位提前,快速燃烧期缩短,放热率增加,此现象在低转速工况下更为明显,表明气流速度较低时掺氢对提高混合燃料燃烧速率作用明显;缸内最高燃气平均温度、最大压力升高率和最大放热速率随氢气体积分数增加而增加.     

氢气直喷对发动机燃烧及排放性能的影响

基于一台高压直喷汽油机,将汽油直喷喷射器替换为氢气直喷喷射器,试验研究了发动机燃用氢气与汽油时的燃烧和排放特性差异。采用空气稀释,进一步分析了氢气发动机稀薄燃烧模式下热效率提升潜力及氮氧化物排放特性,明确了氢气燃料对发动机燃烧及污染物排放的影响规律。结果表明,当量燃烧模式下,相比汽油发动机,氢气发动机的燃烧持续期明显缩短,有效热效率降低,NO_x排放升高,CO及总碳氢（total hydrocarbon, THC）排放显著降低。提高氢气发动机的过量空气系数有助于改善有效热效率。在中等负荷工况下,过量空气系数为2.7时有效热效率可达43.5%。增大过量空气系数,氢气发动机能够在保持较高燃烧稳定性的情况下显著降低NO_x排放。在低负荷工况下,当过量空气系数大于2.3时NO_x排放最低可降低至44×10^-6。     

醇类燃料对通用小型汽油机性能影响的研究

在不改变ST188小型汽油机结构的基础上,试验研究了E10乙醇汽油和M10甲醇汽油对发动机性能的影响.结果表明:与93#汽油相比,该小型发动机燃用E10乙醇汽油和M10甲醇汽油后,动力性有所降低,但下降幅度不大;在小负荷工况下,经济性较差,在大负荷工况下经济性与93#汽油持平;CO排放量较93#汽油低,大负荷下尤其明显,但HC和NOx总排放量有所增加,其中E10乙醇汽油增加更为明显.     

汽油—氢混合燃料燃烧的试验研究

在汽油-空气混合气中,添加部分氢气,可扩大混合气的着火界限,提高火焰传播速度,加快稀薄混合气的燃烧速度,从而提高发动机的经济性,改善排放特性。本文探讨了汽油机燃用汽油-氢混合燃料提高经济性和改善排放特性的可能性,介绍了在单缸试验机中,燃用混合燃料,提高热效率和经济性以及降低排放所获得的研究成果。     

加氢催化生物柴油对GCI发动机燃烧与排放影响

汽油压燃(GCI)发动机具有较高的热效率及较低的排放,但使用商用高辛烷值汽油存在低负荷工况下着火困难、燃烧稳定性差的难题.将高十六烷值的加氢催化生物柴油(HCB)按照不同体积比例添加到95号汽油中,通过一台共轨单缸柴油机,研究在小负荷工况下加氢催化生物柴油体积分数对发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响.结果表明:随着加氢催化生物柴油体积分数的增加,燃料的着火性能显著改善,有效降低燃烧爆压.同时,不同活性燃料的掺混比例应与运行工况匹配才能获得较为合适的燃烧相位,进而提高发动机性能.排放方面,掺混燃料在降低颗粒物排放方面有着巨大的潜力,随着生物柴油体积分数的增加,虽然颗粒物排放有所增加,但可以有效地降低CO及未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)排放.掺混燃料中生物柴油掺混比例对NO_x排放的影响在不同负荷下表现出不同的趋势.     

利用废气滞留改善缸内直喷汽油机部分负荷性能的研究

废气滞留比传统的废气再循环具有更好的稀释和加热混合气作用,有利于减小汽油机中小负荷泵气损失,降低油耗.在一台缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上对比研究了部分负荷下利用负阀重叠(NVO)产生废气滞留对于发动机性能的影响.结果表明,利用废气滞留方法可使发动机油耗降低5%～16%,并且随着负荷减小节油效果明显.分析表明,废气滞留可以提高进气歧管压力,明显降低泵气损失;混合气温度提高促进燃烧更完全,使燃烧效率得以提高;但燃烧速度会有一定程度降低,循环波动有所增大;综合作用下使得有效热效率提高.同时,废气滞留作用可降低缸内直喷汽油机HC、CO排放,尤其可显著降低NOx排放达70%以上.     

Combustion and emissions performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine at idle and lean conditions

Due to the narrow flammability of gasoline, pure gasoline-fueled spark-ignited (SI) engines always encounter partial burning or even misfire at lean conditions. Gasoline engines tend to suffer poor combustion and expel large emissions at idle conditions because of the high variation in the intake charge and low combustion temperature. Comparatively, hybrid hydrogen engines (HHE) fueled with the mixtures of hydrocarbon fuels and hydrogen seem to achieve lower emissions and gain higher thermal efficiencies than the original hydrocarbon-fueled engines due to the wide flammability and high flame speed of hydrogen. Since a HHE only requires a small amount of hydrogen, it also removes concerns about the high production and storage costs of hydrogen. This paper introduced an experiment conducted on a four-cylinder SI gasoline engine equipped with a hydrogen port-injection system to explore the performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine (HHGE) at idle and lean conditions. The injection timings and durations of hydrogen and gasoline were governed by a hybrid electronic control unit (HECU) developed by the authors, which can be adjusted freely according to the commands from a calibration computer. During the test, hydrogen flow rate was varied to ensure that hydrogen volume fraction in the intake was constantly kept at 3%. For the specified hydrogen addition level, gasoline flow rate was reduced to make the engine operate at idle and lean conditions with various excess air ratios. The test results demonstrated that cyclic variations in engine idle speed and indicated mean effective pressure were eased with hydrogen enrichment. The indicated thermal efficiency was obviously higher for the HHGE than that for the original gasoline engine at idle and lean conditions. The indicated thermal efficiency at an excess air ratio of 1.37 was increased from 13.81% for the original gasoline engine to 20.20% for the HHGE with a 3% hydrogen blending level. Flame development and propagation periods were also evidently shortened after hydrogen blending. Moreover, HC, CO and NOx emissions were all improved after hydrogen enrichment at idle and lean conditions. Therefore, the HHE methodology is an effective and promising way for improving engine idle performance at lean conditions.     

Realizing the part load control of a hydrogen-blended gasoline engine at the wide open throttle condition

This paper proposed a way for realizing the load control of a hydrogen-blended gasoline engine running at the wide open throttle (WOT) condition through lean combustion. The engine performance of the original gasoline engine and a 3% hydrogen-blended gasoline engine running at the WOT and lean conditions under various loads at a constant engine speed of 1400 rpm was compared. The experimental results showed that because of the reduced residual gas fraction and throttling loss, brake thermal efficiency of the 3% hydrogen-blended gasoline engine running at the WOT and lean conditions was obviously higher than that of the pure gasoline engine. The 3% hydrogen-blended gasoline engine running at the WOT and lean conditions produced much lower particulate and CO emissions than the original gasoline engine. Besides, NOx emissions at part load conditions were also reduced for the 3% hydrogen-blended gasoline engine running at the WOT and lean conditions.     

Combustion and emissions characteristics of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine under various loads and lean conditions

The addition of hydrogen is an effective way for improving the gasoline engine performance at lean conditions. In this paper, an experiment aiming at studying the effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emissions characteristics of a spark-ignited (SI) gasoline engine under various loads and lean conditions was carried out. An electronically controlled hydrogen port-injection system was added to the original engine while keeping the gasoline injection system unchanged. A hybrid electronic control unit was developed and applied to govern the spark timings, injection timings and durations of hydrogen and gasoline. The test was performed at a constant engine speed of 1400 rpm, which could represent the engine speed in the typical city-driving conditions with a heavy traffic. Two hydrogen volume fractions in the total intake of 0% and 3% were achieved through adjusting the hydrogen injection duration according to the air flow rate. At a specified hydrogen addition level, gasoline flow rate was decreased to ensure that the excess air ratios were kept at 1.2 and 1.4, respectively. For a given hydrogen blending fraction and excess air ratio, the engine load, which was represented by the intake manifolds absolute pressure (MAP), was increased by increasing the opening of the throttle valve. The spark timing for maximum brake torque (MBT) was adopted for all tests. The experimental results demonstrated that the engine brake mean effective pressure (Bmep) was increased after hydrogen addition only at low load conditions. However, at high engine loads, the hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine (HHGE) produced smaller Bmep than the original engine. The engine brake thermal efficiency was distinctly raised with the increase of MAP for both the original engine and the HHGE. The coefficient of variation in indicated mean effective pressure (COVimep) for the HHGE was reduced with the increase of engine load. The addition of hydrogen was effective on improving gasoline engine operating instability at low load and lean conditions. HC and CO emissions were decreased and NOx emissions were increased with the increase of engine load. The influence of engine load on CO₂ emission was insignificant. All in all, the effect of hydrogen addition on improving engine combustion and emissions performance was more pronounced at low loads than at high loads.     

Estimating the charge burning velocity within a hydrogen-enriched gasoline engine

This paper proposed a feasible method for estimating the turbulent burning velocity of gasoline/hydrogen blends in a spark-ignited (SI) engine based on the cumulative heat release fraction, engine speed and engine geometry. The experiment was conducted on a naturally-aspirated port-injection gasoline engine equipped with a hydrogen injection system. The engine was run at 1400 rpm with different loads and hydrogen volume fractions in the intake gas. The test results showed that the addition of hydrogen benefited increasing the burning velocity and advancing the relevant crank angle for the peak burning velocity, due to the high burning and diffusion velocities of hydrogen. At 1400 rpm, a manifolds absolute pressure of 61.5 kPa and stoichiometric conditions, the peak burning velocity was raised from 11.6 to 12.3 and 14.6 m/s, and the relevant crank angle for the peak burning velocity was advanced from 21.0 to 14.0 and 8.6 ^oCA when the hydrogen volume fraction in the intake increased from 0% to 3% and 6%, respectively. Moreover, the effect of hydrogen addition on enhancing the burning velocity of a gasoline engine was more pronounced at low loads than that at high loads.     

Experimental study on combustion and emissions performance of a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine at lean burn limits

Lean combustion is an effective way for improving the spark-ignited (SI) engine performance. Unfortunately, due to the narrow flammability of gasoline, the pure gasoline-fueled engines sometimes suffer partial burning or misfire at very lean conditions. Hydrogen has many excellent combustion properties that can be used to extend the gasoline engine lean burn limit and improve the gasoline engine performance at lean conditions. In this paper, a 1.6 L port fuel injection gasoline engine was modified to be a hybrid hydrogen–gasoline engine (HHGE) fueled with the hydrogen–gasoline mixture by mounting an electronically controlled hydrogen injection system on the intake manifolds while keeping the original gasoline injection system unchanged. A self-developed hybrid electronic control unit (HECU) was used to flexibly adjust injection timings and durations of gasoline and hydrogen. Engine tests were conducted at 1400 rpm and a manifolds absolute pressure (MAP) of 61.5 kPa to investigate the performance of an HHGE at lean burn limits. Three hydrogen volume fractions in the total intake gas of 1%, 3% and 4.5% were adopted. For a specified hydrogen volume fraction, the gasoline flow rate was gradually reduced until the engine reached the lean burn limit at which the coefficient of variation in indicated mean effective pressure (COVimep) was 10%. The test results showed that COVimep at the same excess air ratio was obviously reduced with the increase of hydrogen enrichment level. The excess air ratio at the lean burn limit was extended from 1.45 of the original engine to 2.55 of the 4.5% HHGE. The engine brake thermal efficiency, CO, HC and NO_x emissions at lean burn limits were also improved for the HHGE.     

The effects of hydrogen on the combustion,performance and emissions of a turbo gasoline direct-injection engine with exhaust gas recirculation

The effects of hydrogen on the combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency, and emissions of a turbo gasoline direct-injection engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) were investigated experimentally at brake mean effective pressures of 4, 6, and 8 bar at 2000 rpm. Four cases of hydrogen energy fraction (0%, 1%, 3% and 5%) of total fuel energy were studied. Hydrogen energy fraction of total fuel energy was hydrogen energy in the sum of energy of consumed gasoline and added hydrogen. The test results demonstrated that hydrogen addition improved the combustion speed and reduced cycle-to-cycle variation. In particular, cylinder-to-cylinder variation dramatically decreased with hydrogen addition at high EGR rates. This suggests that the operable EGR rate can be widened for a turbo gasoline direct-injection engine. The improved combustion and wider operable EGR rate resulted in enhanced thermal efficiency. However, the turbocharging effect acted in opposition to the thermal efficiency with respect to the EGR rate. Therefore, a different strategy to improve the thermal efficiency with EGR was required for the turbo gasoline direct-injection engine. HC and CO₂ emissions were reduced but NO_X emissions increased with hydrogen addition. The CO emissions as a function of engine load followed different trends that depended on the level of hydrogen addition.     

Conversion of a gasoline engine-generator set to a bi-fuel (hydrogen/gasoline) electronic fuel-injected power unit

The modifications performed to convert a gasoline carbureted engine-generator set to a bi-fuel (hydrogen/gasoline) electronic fuel-injected power unit are described. Main changes affected the gasoline and gas injectors, the injector seats on the existing inlet manifold, camshaft and crankshaft wheels with their corresponding Hall sensors, throttle position and oil temperature sensors as well as the electronic management unit. When working on gasoline, the engine-generator set was able to provide up to 8 kW of continuous electric power (10 kW peak power), whereas working on hydrogen it provided up to 5 kW of electric power at an engine speed of 3000 rpm. The air-to-fuel equivalence ratio (λ) was adjusted to stoichiometric (λ = 1) for gasoline. In contrast, when using hydrogen the engine worked ultra-lean (λ = 3) in the absence of connected electric load and richer as the load increased. Comparisons of the fuel consumptions and pollutant emissions running on gasoline and hydrogen were performed at the same engine speed and electric loads between 1 and 5 kW. The specific fuel consumption was much lower with the engine running on hydrogen than on gasoline. At 5 kW of load up to 26% of thermal efficiency was reached with hydrogen whereas only 20% was achieved with the engine running on gasoline. Regarding the NO_x emissions, they were low, of the order of 30 ppm for loads below 4 kW for the engine-generator set working on hydrogen. The bi-fuel engine is very reliable and the required modifications can be performed without excessive difficulties thus allowing taking advantage of the well-established existing fabrication processes of internal combustion engines looking to speed up the implementation of the energetic uses of hydrogen.     

Efficiency comparison between hydrogen and gasoline,on a bi-fuel hydrogen/gasoline engine

The combustion characteristics of hydrogen compared to gasoline offer the potential of an increased engine efficiency, especially at part load. Here, results are presented of the brake thermal efficiency of a bi-fuel hydrogen/gasoline engine, at several engine speeds and loads. Results on hydrogen are compared to results on gasoline. Hydrogen offers the possibility of a more flexible load control strategy. Where possible, results are compared between the wide open throttle, lean burn strategy and the throttled stoichiometric strategy.     

Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important and successful alternative fuels for vehicles. Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas have been reviewed by NG/gasoline bi-fuel engine, pure NG engine, NG/diesel dual fuel engine and HCNG engine. Compared to using gasoline, bi-fuel engine using NG exhibits higher thermal efficiency; produces lower HC, CO and PM emissions and higher NOx emission. The bi-fuel mode can not fully exert the advantages of NG. Optimization of structure design for engine chamber, injection parameters including injection timing, injection pressure and multi injection, and lean burn provides a technological route to achieve high efficiency, low emissions and balance between HC and NOx. Compared to diesel, NG/diesel dual fuel engine exhibits longer ignition delay; has lower thermal efficiency at low and partial loads and higher at medium and high loads; emits higher HC and CO emissions and lower PM and NOx emissions. The addition of hydrogen can further improve the thermal efficiency and decrease the HC, CO and PM emissions of NG engine, while significantly increase the NOx emission. In each mode, methane is the major composition of THC emission and it has great warming potential. Methane emission can be decreased by hydrogen addition and after-treatment technology.     

点燃式发动机掺烧甲醇裂解气的研究

摘要甲醇裂解气(D.M)是甲醇在一定温度下发生裂解反应的产物(2H_2+CO),而发动机排气余热提供甲醇蒸发和裂解所需热量.当发动机使用汽油和富氢的甲醇裂解气时,能在较稀混合气下运行;为了获得更稀的混合气,对发动机进行了补气实验.结果表明,燃用混合燃料时热效率有较大的改善,燃烧稳定性加强.通过对示功图和放热规律的分析,明确了发动机经济性提高的原因.