SNCR技术及其发展

SNCR技术作为一种建设周期短、投资少、脱硝效率中等的烟气脱硝技术,其性能受多种因素影响,主要有温度窗口、停留时间、氨氮比NSR、反应剂与烟气的混合程度、温度梯度、添加剂、烟气氛围以及还原剂种类等。反应窗口的选择、混合均匀性、化学动力学模拟为SNCR技术最关键工艺,对于大型电站锅炉,脱硝效率一般低于40％,大型炉型的低脱硝率、混合的均匀性、高氨逃逸是限制SNCR技术发展的制约因素,针对这些制约因素,国内外采用了多种手段,如与OFA、SCR、再燃技术联合,以促进SNCR技术的发展。     

低NO_x燃烧与选择性非催化还原联合深度脱硝技术的应用

氮氧化物是大气的主要污染物,随着世界各地环保标准的不断提高,采用低NOx燃烧与其他脱硝技术结合的联合深度脱硝技术是既经济又环保的选择。首先介绍了低NOx燃烧器、再燃技术和与SNCR技术结合的联合深度脱硝技术的研究发展。然后介绍了浙江大学自主研发的低NOx燃烧与SNCR联合深度脱硝技术在410 t/h锅炉上的改造应用,实施改造后,锅炉运行正常,对主要运行参数影响小,达到了预期脱硝要求。锅炉飞灰含碳量大多情况在3%以下,NOx从原来的550 mg/m3左右降到了150~200 mg/m3,联合脱硝率在70%左右。     

循环流化床锅炉低氮燃烧的CPFD数值模拟

针对某75 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛出口NOx排放超标问题进行分析探讨,以合理的低氮燃烧控制技术为主,辅以SNCR烟气脱硝技术,争取达到NO x超净排放要求。采用CPFD计算方法对循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的气固流动和燃烧特性进行数值模拟,运用低过量空气燃烧法和空气分级技术对锅炉进行低氮燃烧控制,研究一、二次风配比、二次风射流、过量空气系数、循环倍率和颗粒粒径等因素对炉内燃烧及NO x排放的影响。结果表明:通过低氮燃烧控制后,炉内速度场和温度场分布均匀,炉膛出口处烟气流速增加,炉膛平均烟温和出口氧浓度降低,还原性气体CO浓度和优化前基本相同,炉膛出口NOx浓度降低,减排效果显著,为以后的锅炉运行提供实际指导经验。     

CFB调峰锅炉NO_x排放特性试验研究

目前燃煤锅炉深度调峰运行造成效率降低及污染物排放难以控制是普遍存在的问题,通常对锅炉进行燃烧优化试验,以解决调峰运行时负荷降低的稳燃问题,达到控制污染物排放目的。通过对唐山某电厂150MW CFB机组进行试验,分析在变工况运行时NO_x释放与相关影响因素的关系特性。结果表明:随机组负荷增加、水煤比降低、氨氮比提高,有利于控制NO_x的排放;烟气氧含量控制在5%以下,并且保持脱硝过程在最佳的SNCR反应温度区间,可有效提高脱硝效率,但不能单独改变炉膛的一、二次风比,还要综合床温、过量空气系数等其他因素。文中研究结果可为CFB电站深度调峰提供参考。     

煤粉锅炉中主燃区喷氨协同SNCR深度脱硝的实验研究

常规SNCR(非选择性催化还原)是在850~1 100℃的烟气中喷入氨基还原剂,实现降低NO_x的目的。另外,SNCR也可以拓展到低氧的条件下,实现较高温度下脱硝,即主燃区喷氨技术。本文将主燃区喷氨技术应用到75 t/h四角切圆煤粉锅炉中,与OFA(空气分级)、SNCR协同实现深度脱硝,实验结果表明:在OFA基础上采用主燃区喷氨技术时,随着氨氮比NSR_1的增加,NO_x排放浓度有明显降低,最佳氨氮比NSR1=1.73,比单一用OFA时还原效率提高了21.9%,无氨逃逸产生;仅采用SNCR技术时,最佳氨氮比NSR_2=1.84,在OFA的基础上NO_x还原效率提高了40.4%,当NSR_21.84时出现氨逃逸现象;在SNCR脱硝效果有限的条件下,在主燃区喷入氨还原剂可进一步降低NOx排放,还原效率可提高17%,并无氨逃逸存在;在SNCR还原效果受限时,主燃区喷氨技术与SNCR协同可实现炉内深度脱硝,并避免氨逃逸问题。     

循环流化床锅炉掺烧污泥的氮氧化物超低排放研究

对某240 t/h循环流化床锅炉开展了污泥协同掺烧研究、低氮燃烧调整试验和脱硝系统优化。结果显示:污泥掺烧比例6%以下,对锅炉燃烧氮氧化物生成量无明显影响。随着烟气氧量增加锅炉燃烧氮氧化物生成量显著增加,飞灰和底渣的含碳量随风室静压的增加而升高。锅炉低氮燃烧调整试验后,脱硝剂消耗量明显下降,锅炉高负荷节省脱硝剂17.1 L/h,低负荷节省脱硝剂46.9 L/h,NO_x能够高效稳定实现超低排放。高负荷锅炉效率提高了0.15个百分点,优于设计的锅炉效率值;低负荷锅炉效率为91.35%,提高了0.15个百分点。SNCR脱硝系统优化后,脱硝剂消耗量显著降低,节省脱硝剂消耗37.6%。     

再燃过程影响因素及燃尽特性研究

以包含两种低挥发分贫煤在内的5种煤作为主燃料,在一台36 kw-维炉上对气体燃料再燃过程及其燃料燃尽特性进行了详细实验研究.实验表明,相同条件下,挥发分含量越高的煤作为主燃料时气体燃料再燃过程的脱硝效率能够达到越大,当低挥发分煤种作为主燃料时,必须采用更大气体再燃燃料比例和更长再燃区停留时间才能获得高挥发分煤种作为主燃料时相同的再燃脱硝效率.实验结果表明,即使采用低挥发分煤作为主燃料,当气体再燃燃料比例达到10%～15%,再燃区停留时间达到0.7～0.9 s.再燃区过量空气系数在0.8～0.9时,气体燃料再燃过程就能在保证煤粉颗粒燃尽率不显著降低,同时气体再燃燃料充分燃尽的前提下,获得50%以上的再燃脱硝效率.     

锅炉SCR入口NO_X浓度的控制

某公司锅炉脱硝系统采用空气分级燃烧技术和锅炉尾部烟气脱硝技术。由于空气分级燃烧技术造成炉膛火焰中心上移,影响锅炉飞灰、排烟、CO和减温水量指标,造成锅炉效率下降、增加运行成本。SCR设备运行需消耗液氨,相同脱硝效率下液氨成本取决于烟气量及SCR入口NOx浓度。SCR入口NOx浓度越低消耗的液氨量越少、液氨成本越低,但一味降低SCR入口NOx浓度可能会造成炉效下降幅度过大。为了确定机组NOx的排放浓度,在300MW负荷下对机组进行了不同NOx排放浓度下炉效和液氨总成本的测试,并得出相应经济的配风方式。     

高级再燃脱硝特性的实验研究

在一台20kW的电加热多功能低NOx试验台上,对影响高级再燃NO还原效率的主要因素进行了试验研究。这些因素包括再燃区过量空气系数α,炉膛温度,燃尽风的喷入位置等。同一温度下,再燃区过量空气系数α（α=0．99）较大时,喷入氨剂后的脱硝效率较高;而α（α=0．75）较小时,氨剂的脱硝效果较差。在NSR（Nitrgen Stoichiometric Ratio,氮化学剂量比,NSR=[NH3]／[NOx],NOx浓度基准值采用相应的单纯再燃工况时NOx排放）=0．5～3的范围内,较高的温度能提高高级再燃脱硝效率。增大燃尽风喷入点与燃烧器之间的距离上能降低NOx的排放。     

75t/h煤粉锅炉低氮改造及燃烧试验调整

针对某化纤厂自备电厂75 t/h煤粉锅炉氮氧化物排放量高,低负荷燃烧不稳定,炉膛出口烟温偏差大等问题,采用低NO_x燃烧器和空气分级,切圆减小,风包粉等技术对煤粉锅炉进行改造。低氮改造后进行燃烧调整试验,试验结果表明:使锅炉NO_x排放从700 mg/m~3降低到400 mg/m~3,脱氮效率达到了43%;锅炉的飞灰含碳量和炉渣含碳量与改造前基本持平;改造后锅炉的排烟量相比改造前低、左右烟温偏差减小、低负荷稳燃效果好;锅炉效率与改造前持平。     

嵌入热管换热器的反烧锅炉节能-脱硫功效研究

嵌入热管换热器的反烧锅炉,以热管换热器、紊流炉排、火焰稳定器等部件和反烧结构实现燃煤低温燃烧,热释放的平均温度为700—800℃;同时燃煤燃后的灰渣和化合物充当吸附和固硫剂,为炉内脱硫提供了条件。经测试,其烟气排放二氧化硫浓度仅为600mg／m3（122℃）,脱硫效率约84．2％,在低成本运行条件下实现较高效率的脱硫,综合经济技术指标等于或高于集中供热锅炉。     

大型燃煤锅炉SNCR脱硝的数值模拟

为了给大型燃煤锅炉采用选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱硝技术提供参考和指导,本文借助计算流体力学软件平台Fluent,通过数值模拟的方法研究了一台600 MW燃煤锅炉上的SNCR脱硝过程。计算结果表明大型燃煤锅炉上温降梯度较大,温度适宜进行SNCR脱硝反应的炉内空间较小。根据温度分布,锅炉满负荷运行时,SNCR脱硝系统投用还原剂喷射3区、4区和5区的喷枪比较合适。在氨氮摩尔比为1.1的条件下,该燃煤锅炉上SNCR脱硝效率在27%左右。向炉内喷入少量的添加剂一氧化碳(CO)可以加快SNCR反应的速率,减少NH3漏失。     

采用选择性非催化还原脱硝技术的600 MW超超临界锅炉炉内过程的数值模拟

借助Fluent软件平台,对1台600 MW煤粉炉建立了数学模型,模拟了炉内流动、传热及燃烧过程.计算获得的炉膛出口平均烟温和烟气组分浓度与设计值符合良好,表明计算是合理的.采用三菱现代燃烧技术(MACT)燃烧技术和PM燃烧器使得NOx生成量较少,且一部分生成的NOx被还原,炉膛出口NOx浓度较低,为216 mg/kg,但可满足选择性非催化还原技术对初始NOx浓度的要求.根据选择性非催化还原反应的"温度窗"条件,适合进行选择性非催化还原脱硝反应的炉膛空间在标高为67m附近的区域,该区域内NOx总的分布规律是炉膛中心浓度低,壁面附近高,有利于采用还原剂从壁面喷射的方案.     

600MW超临界锅炉SNCR烟气脱硝系统的启动调试

介绍了600MW超临界锅炉SNCR烟气脱硝原理及脱硝工艺,分析了锅炉燃烧褐煤时尿素溶液流量、喷射枪的位置和机组负荷等参数对NOx排放浓度的影响,给出一般运行工况下的操作指导,初步得出不同负荷下的优化运行经验,总结了SNCR烟气脱硝工程的调试经验,并指出调试过程需要注意的问题。     

空气深度分级对低挥发分煤燃烧过程影响的研究

通过数值模拟研究了在一维燃烧炉上燃用低挥发分煤的条件下,空气深度分级和煤粉细度变化对煤粉燃尽过程和NO_x排放的影响,得到了沿炉膛轴线方向上的温度、氧浓度和NO_x的分布,表明空气深度分级后燃烧后期的氧量增加,炉膛温度水平提高,而煤粉细度的提高使得上述效果更加明显,因而燃烧效率提高和NO_x排放降低,并通过实际燃烧试验验证了数值模拟结果.研究结果表明,对燃用低挥发分煤,采用空气深度分级技术和提高煤粉细度的措施,可以同时取得高效低NO_x排放的效果.     

Combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a retrofitted down-fired 660 MWe utility boiler at different loads

Industrial experiments were performed for a retrofitted 660 MW_e full-scale down-fired boiler. Measurements of ignition of the primary air/fuel mixture flow, the gas temperature distribution of the furnace and the gas components in the furnace were conducted at loads of 660, 550 and 330 MW_e. With decreasing load, the gas temperature decreases and the ignition position of the primary coal/air flow becomes farther along the axis of the fuel-rich pipe in the burner region under the arches. The furnace temperature also decreases with decreasing load, as does the difference between the temperatures in the burning region and the lower position of the burnout region. With decreasing load, the exhaust gas temperature decreases from 129.8 °C to 114.3 °C, while NO_x emissions decrease from 2448 to 1610 mg/m³. All three loads result in low carbon content in fly ash and great boiler thermal efficiency higher than 92%. Compared with the case of 660 MW_e before retrofit, the exhaust gas temperature decreased from 136 to 129.8 °C, the carbon content in the fly ash decreased from 9.55% to 2.43% and the boiler efficiency increased from 84.54% to 93.66%.     

Assessment of natural gas/hydrogen blends as an alternative fuel for industrial heat treatment furnaces

The present study investigates the application of natural gas/hydrogen blends as an alternative fuel for industrial heat treatment furnaces and their economic potential for decreasing carbon dioxide emissions in this field of application. Doing so, a detailed technological analysis of several influencing parameters on the heating system was performed as well as a consideration of furnace heating technology challenges. Starting with an evaluation of the main thermophysical properties of the blends and their corresponding flue gases, requirements for the heating systems were identified. Potential ways of decreasing flue gas losses and increasing the heat transfer are shown. In the radiant tube application, an increased overall combustion efficiency of about 1.2% was measured at 40 vol% hydrogen in the fuel gas. Influences on the air to gas ratio control system of the furnace is a further important point, which was considered in this study. Two commonly used control systems were evaluated concerning their capabilities to regulate the gas flow rates of blends with varying hydrogen contents and combustion properties, such as Wobbe Index. This is important, since it shows the capability to retrofit existing furnaces. Two types of burners were tested with different natural gas/hydrogen blends. This includes an open jet burner with air-staged and flameless combustion operation modes. A recuperative burner for radiant tube application was considered as well in these tests. Doing so, the nitrogen oxide formation of both systems under different operating conditions and different fuel blends were evaluated. An increase by about 10% at air-staged combustion and about 100% at flameless combustion was measured by a hydrogen content of 40 vol% in comparison to pure natural gas firing. Finally, the additional fuel costs of natural gas hydrogen blends and different cases are presented in an economic analysis. The driving force for the use of hydrogen as a fuel is the price of the CO2 certificates, which are considered in the analysis at a current price of 25.2 €/t CO2.     

Asymmetric combustion characteristics and NOx emissions of a down-fired 300 MWe utility boiler at different boiler loads

To investigate the aerodynamic field, cold airflow experiments were conducted under different boiler loads in a cold small-scale model of a down-fired pulverized-coal 300 MW_e utility boiler. At 300 MW_e and 250 MW_e loads, a deflected flow field appeared in the lower furnace. In contrast, at a 150 MW_e load, a U-shaped flow field appeared in regions near the left- and right-side walls in the lower furnace. Concurrently, the regions near the two wing walls adjacent to the front arch had received deflected upward airflow emanating from the region near the rear wall. Moreover, a symmetric W-shaped flow field appeared in the central regions below the front and rear arches.Industrial-sized experiments on the full-scale furnace were also performed at different loads with measurements taken of gas temperatures in the burner region and near the right-side wall, as well as heat fluxes and gas components in the near-wall region. Asymmetric combustion appeared at 300 MW_e and 250 MW_e loads, with large differences arising in gas temperatures, gas components, and heat fluxes between zones near the front and rear walls. At 150 MW_e load, gas temperatures, gas components and heat fluxes are, in general, symmetrically distributed throughout the furnace. By decreasing the load, differences in gas temperatures, gas components, and heat fluxes near the front and rear walls decrease, as did NO_x emissions. Meanwhile, the carbon content in fly ash essentially decreased, yielding an increase in boiler efficiency assisted by a drop in exhaust gas temperature.     

基于正交设计的分级分区头部流动特性研究

针对某650 MW超超临界燃煤锅炉在深度调峰过程中燃用大同烟煤时无法稳定燃烧的情况开展研究,就如何提高锅炉在低负荷运行中稳燃性的问题,对原煤种进行掺混改良,改变不同富氧燃烧配风方式,利用计算流体力学模拟软件模拟了不同工况的炉内燃烧情况。模拟结果表明：由于锅炉降低负荷运行增加了原煤种的着火难度,固定碳含量低且挥发分高的煤种可以较好适应锅炉运行调整;富氧燃烧可以提高锅炉低负荷运行时的出口烟温,能满足后续脱硝处理的要求;随着富氧燃烧程度的增大,煤粉燃烧耗氧量增加,每秒燃烧的煤粉颗粒数增加,加剧了炉内的燃烧,使燃烧更稳定;当富氧浓度大于27%时,不能高效提高炉内温度,NOx排放量增多;当富氧浓度为27%时,炉膛出口NOx排放量按6%O2折算为负增长的最小值,是该锅炉低负荷投运较为理想的工况。     

DZL58-1.25/130/70型链条炉低负荷下的燃烧优化

链条炉低负荷运行时,存在热效率低、燃烧不完全等问题。燃烧优化可以达到节能减排的目的。本文认为链条炉的煤层厚度、炉排行进速度通过试验方法进行优化,是链条炉低负荷运行时实现燃烧优化的因素之一。结合在线仪表或采用烟气、煤质分析设备进行实际工况的热平衡测试,以烟气过量空气系数、炉渣含碳量、飞灰可燃物含量、热效率作为评判指标寻求优化值并在低负荷运行时执行。选用一台DZL58-1.25/130/70型链条炉在60%额定负荷运行时进行了煤层厚度、炉排行进速度的优化试验,得到优化数值并在运行中得到应用,使该链条炉低负荷运行时热效率有所提高,达到很好的燃烧优化效果。