大气温度对某型燃气轮机燃烧稳定性和 NOx排放影响的数值研究

为了对比扩散和预混两种不同燃烧模式下大气温度对燃气轮机燃烧稳定性和NO_x排放的影响规律,针对某重型燃气轮机燃烧室,对多旋流喷嘴燃烧室的燃烧稳定性和NO_x排放进行了数值研究。结果表明:对于扩散燃烧,大气温度升高,燃烧室内高频脉动增强,燃烧稳定性变差;对于预混燃烧,大气温度升高,有利于提高燃烧的稳定性;在扩散燃烧模式下燃烧室燃料喷嘴下游回流区的温度最高,NO_x生成量最大;预混燃烧下燃烧室头部温度分布较均匀,燃烧室NO_x生成主要集中在驻涡回流区和燃烧室中下游位置,燃料喷嘴下游回流区NO_x生成量很小;随着大气温度的升高,扩散燃烧和预混燃烧下燃烧室内NO_x的生成量均增加。研究结果可为指导燃气轮机运行提供参考。     

等离子助燃高炉煤气燃烧室模拟研究

利用数值模拟手段探究高炉煤气燃烧室热态场分布规律,并探究了等离子中活性粒子氧原子对高炉煤气燃烧室的热态场影响规律。结果表明:燃烧室内高炉煤气燃料浓度呈U字形分布。在燃烧室的头部燃料喷嘴附近形成高温区,在主燃孔后有少部分的高温区;随着活性粒子的加入,高炉煤气燃烧室头部高温区范围增大,火焰筒内的回流区速度更加均匀,燃烧效率提高,由97.38%增加到99.65%。活性粒子浓度越高,等离子助燃高炉煤气燃料燃烧强化效果会逐渐减弱。     

三级旋流杯燃烧室流场测量与数值模拟

为满足高温升高热负荷燃烧室头部设计要求,参照旋流器设计准则,设计4种不同三级旋流杯燃烧室,采用数值模拟和PIV试验相结合方法对其冷态流场进行初步研究。研究结果表明:第3级旋流器叶片安装角增加,火焰筒头部旋流特性更显著,回流区直径增大,有利于火焰稳定;同时主燃孔射流深度增加,有利于截断火焰。第3级旋流器叶片数增加,主流速度衰减加快,气动损失增大,使火焰筒头部进气量减少,同时削弱三级旋流杯出口气流旋转强度,火焰筒头部回流区直径减小,不利于燃烧。     

RQL燃烧室流场特性研究

针对环形富油燃烧-焠熄-贫油燃烧(Rich burnQuench-Lean burn)燃烧室内的焠熄掺混,利用激光PIV(粒子图像速度仪)对几种冷态工况下的流场进行激光可视化分析研究,考察了射流主流通量比和主流雷诺数变化对燃烧室头部流场及下游旋流的影响规律。实验中喷嘴出口主流和焠熄射流均使用25℃空气,同时维持燃烧室内压力恒定。研究表明:当维持主流雷诺数不变时,增加焠熄射流动量通量比,回流区尺寸发生变化,长度减小宽度增加,同时回流区形状逐渐从锥形向柱形发展;焠熄射流会影响下游流场的旋流,维持主流雷诺数不变的情况下,随着动量通量比的增加,焠熄射流孔下游的旋流逐渐被破坏;而维持动量通量比的情况下,主流雷诺数对回流区形状尺寸和焠熄孔下游旋流无明显影响。     

不同进口条件对微小尺度驻涡燃烧室性能的影响

为研究进气参数对含导流片及钝体的微小尺驻涡燃烧室性能的影响,对不同进口温度、进口速度以及当量比等参数影响下的燃烧流动进行了研究。结果表明:进气参数的变化对钝体回流区范围均有影响,当量比的增大使回流区范围减小,速度和温度的增大使回流区范围增大,但温度的影响较为明显。当量比对燃烧效率的影响较大,Φ≤1.0时,燃烧效率较高,Φ1.0时,燃烧效率迅速降低。进气速度对总压损失的影响较大,当v=50 m/s时,总压损失达到11.38%。     

不同长高比RQL燃烧室燃烧和排放特性研究

针对3种长高比富油/焠熄/贫油(RQL)燃烧室,保持头部旋流器入口空气和燃料体积流量不变,通过改变焠熄空气体积流量,研究了不同长高比燃烧室冷态流场、掺混不均匀度、轴向温度分布及排气温度分布均匀性和污染物排放变化。结果表明:相同工况下长高比越小,射流深度越大,上下射流相互干涉作用越强;长高比为3.75的燃烧室掺混不均匀度最小,掺混效果最好;随着长高比的增加,焠熄区最低温度降低;长高比为3.75时,排气温度不均匀度较好,长高比大于3.75时,排气温度不均匀度迅速增加;随着长高比增加,燃烧室NO_x排放质量浓度升高,随着焠熄空气体积流量减小,不同长高比燃烧室NO_x排放质量浓度均先升高后降低,且在高焠熄空气体积流量工况下,低长高比燃烧室的燃烧效率下降。     

进气畸变对回流燃烧室性能的影响研究

针对燃气轮机实际运行过程中不同火焰筒之间的空气流量畸变问题,以回流燃烧室为研究对象,开展三维数值模拟,分析进气流量改变对燃烧室多物理场分布特征和燃烧室性能的影响。结果表明：进气流量偏离理想设计对燃烧室回流区结构、温度场、总压恢复系数和燃烧效率等参数产生不利影响,而对燃烧室空气流量分配比例、主燃孔和掺混孔射流深度等参数的影响不明显;随着进气流量的减小,燃烧火焰拉长,燃烧室出口温度均匀性变差,燃烧效率急剧降低。     

高炉煤气燃烧器稳燃旋流流场的冷态优化实验研究

针对高炉煤气热值低,不易点燃、燃烧稳定性差等问题,设计了一种旋流燃烧器,通过冷态实验,研究该旋流燃烧器煤气侧旋流叶片角度分别在30°、45°、60°时出口气流对冷态流场的影响。结果表明:随着旋流叶片角度的增加,回流区明显增加,旋流强度逐渐增强,旋流叶片角度为60°时,得到最佳的回流区,回流区长1.98 d_(eq)、宽1.85 d_(eq)。     

壁面约束对旋流流场影响的实验研究

为深入认识旋涡流动的受限特征以及解决一些文献中出现的分歧,使用2D-3C粒子影像测速仪(PIV)研究了壁面约束对某典型非预混旋流杯的冷、热态流场的影响。实验结果表明:开放空间下流场存在中心回流区,旋流杯出口锥形渐扩段扩张角决定射流宽度,进而影响回流区宽度。流场受限时,回流区收缩变窄,轴向射流峰值速度增大且贴着壁面内侧运动;此外,脉动速度分布特征发生显著变化。入口雷诺数增大导致射流轴向速度、回流强度以及流动湍流度都变大,但回流区结构和脉动速度分布特征几乎没有改变。相对于冷态流场,燃烧工况的回流区明显变短,并且燃烧放热使射流速度和脉动速度都显著增大。较大的速度波动主要分布在旋流射流和回流区的边界附近,即速度剪切层中。     

重型燃气轮机燃烧室设计与试验研究

完成了用于110MW级重型燃气轮机的干低排放燃烧室的设计和第一阶段试验验证。燃烧室采用轴向分级的贫油预混燃烧技术降低NOx排放,将火焰筒头部分为环形区、预混区和扩散区三个燃烧区。单管燃烧室全尺寸中压试验结果表明：在第一种工作模式下,燃烧室的总压损失、起动点火、燃烧效率、出口温度分布、压力脉动和火焰简壁温均满足设计要求,但NOx排放超过设计要求。受周期和试验条件限制,第二种工作模式下的NOx排放试验尚未完成。     

初始条件对燃气轮机DLE燃烧室性能影响研究

以单头部中心分级旋流干式低排放(Dry Low Emission, DLE)燃烧室为研究对象,以天然气为燃料,针对不同的全局当量比、进口温度、进口压力条件开展试验测试和数值模拟,研究燃烧室的燃烧性能以及污染物排放的变化规律。研究发现：随全局当量比增大,中心回流区长度略有增大、宽度变窄、回流速度增大,燃料量的增加使得高温区面积明显扩大,燃烧室出口温升明显增大,出口温度分布系数变化不大,燃烧室出口CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数明显增大;随进口温度的增大,中心回流区长度先明显增大再减小、宽度变窄、回流速度先增大再减小,进口空气温度的升高使得反应速率加快从而导致燃烧室出口温度升高,但温升、出口温度分布系数变化不大,CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数增大;随进口压力的增大,中心回流区长度、宽度略有增大,回流速度增大,燃烧室内部和燃烧室出口温度无明显变化,出口温度分布系数减小,CO和NO_x排放摩尔分数受影响较小。     

火焰筒扩张角与旋流匹配对燃烧特性的影响

为研究旋流器流量分配对干式低排放(Dry Low Emission,DLE)燃烧室燃烧特性的影响规律,针对单头部中心分级旋流燃烧室,以天然气作为燃料,在保持旋流数不变的前提下开展两级旋流器不同空气分配比例下的试验测试和数值模拟,获得不同结构参数条件下燃烧室的综合燃烧性能以及污染物排放等变化规律。研究表明：随主燃级/预燃级旋流器流量比增大,燃烧室中心回流区变小、回流区长度变短;预燃级局部当量比的增大造成燃烧室出口CO排放增加,主燃区燃烧加剧,热力型NOx排放也增加;同时,燃烧室中心高温区域向燃烧室出口方向扩张,出口温度分布均匀性变差。     

可控烟气回流量型低NOx燃烧器流场特性的试验研究

设计了一种预混式可控烟气回流量型低NOx燃烧器,以适应双气头多联产系统中燃料组分、成分变化时燃气轮机发电系统稳定工作的需要.在常压条件下,利用TSI热线风速仪对燃烧室内的速度分布特性进行了直接测量,并利用温度场比拟浓度场的方法,对燃烧室内气流混合特性进行了间接测量.结果表明:燃烧室内的速度分布及回流等特性可满足设计要求,气流之间的混合效果则需作进一步增强.同时,对燃烧器二次风分配器的结构提出了改进方案.     

Experimental study on velocity characteristics of recirculation zone in humid air non-premixed flame

To examine the effect of the flow field within the recirculation zone on flame structure, the characteristic velocity fields of methane/humid air flame in non-premixed combustion behind a disc bluff-body burner were experimentally studied by particle image velocimeter (PIV).The results show that two stagnation points exist on the centerline in the recirculation zone flame. However, the distance of the two stagnation points in humid air combustion shortens, and the minimal dimensionless velocity increases compared with the conventional non-humid air combustion. In addition, the positional curves of the minimal velocities can be partitioned into three phases representing three different flame patterns. The analysis of axial minimal velocities on the centerline and their positions under different co-flow air velocity conditions reveals that fuel-to-air velocity ratio is the crucial parameter that governs humid air combustion flame characteristics.     

Mechanism analysis on the pulverized coal combustion flame stability and NOx emission in a swirl burner with deep air staging

Low NOx burner and air staged combustion are widely applied to control NOx emission in coal-fired power plants. The gas-solid two-phase flow, pulverized coal combustion and NOx emission characteristics of a single low NOx swirl burner in an existing coal-fired boiler was numerically simulated to analyze the mechanisms of flame stability and in-flame NOx reduction. And the detailed NOx formation and reduction model under fuel rich conditions was employed to optimize NOx emissions for the low NOx burner with air staged combustion of different burner stoichiometric ratios. The results show that the specially-designed swirl burner structures including the pulverized coal concentrator, flame stabilizing ring and baffle plate create an ignition region of high gas temperature, proper oxygen concentration and high pulverized coal concentration near the annular recirculation zone at the burner outlet for flame stability. At the same time, the annular recirculation zone is generated between the primary and secondary air jets to promote the rapid ignition and combustion of pulverized coal particles to consume oxygen, and then a reducing region is formed as fuel-rich environment to contribute to in-flame NO_X reduction. Moreover, the NOx concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber is greatly reduced when the deep air staged combustion with the burner stoichiometric ratio of 0.75 is adopted, and the CO concentration at the outlet of the combustion chamber can be maintained simultaneously at a low level through the over-fired air injection of high velocity to enhance the mixing of the fresh air with the flue gas, which can provide the optimal solution for lower NOx emission in the existing coal-fired boilers.     

Mixing and Recirculation Characteristics of A double COncentric Burner with Bluff—Body

The concentric bluff-body jet burner is widely used in industrial combustion systems. This kind of burner often generates a considerably complex recirculation zone behind the bluff body. As a result, the fuel often remains in the recirculation zone, achieving stability of flame. This study investigates, by means of experiments, the variations of the aerodynamics as the fluid is injected into a combustion chamber through a double concentric burner with a bluff-body. The observation and measurement of the aerodynamics in our experiment are conducted under a cold flow. The controlled parameters in our experiment are: variations in the blockage ratio of the center bluff body, the cone angle of the bluff body, and the velocity ratio (U _s/U_p) of the secondary jet and primary jet; the injection of helium bubbles into the primary and secondary jets to observe the recirculation zone behind the bluff body; using Tufts for observing the characteristics of corner recirculation zone in a combustion chamber, measuring the average velocity of each point within the aerodynamics by the 5-hole pitot tube; measuring the distribution of static pressure of the combustion chamber walls with a static pressure tap.     

加湿湍流燃烧火焰稳定的速度场特性分析

1引言目前,湿空气透平循环(HAT循环)等先进热力循环成为人们研究的重点。此类循环在提高效率和减少NOX排放量的同时,燃烧火焰的温度降低了,火焰将愈加不稳定,所以对加湿湍流燃烧火焰稳定的速度场等特性进行研究是非常有必要的。目前燃烧实验研究大多是基于激光诊断测量技术基础     

空气分级比对同轴分级燃烧室性能参数的影响

为掌握同轴分级燃烧室性能参数随空气分级比(主燃级空气流量的比值)的变化规律,以某同轴分级燃烧室为研究对象,数值分析了空气分级比对燃烧室的燃烧效率、总压损失、出口温度分布、污染物排放和绝热壁面最高温度的影响。结果表明：空气分级比主要会改变角涡位置的燃烧温度和高温烟气的停留时间;随着空气分级比的升高,燃烧室总压损失、出口温度分布系数、NO_x排放、绝热壁面最高温度逐渐升高,但燃烧效率、CO污染物排放、径向温度分布系数对空气分级比不敏感;在同轴分级燃烧室设计中,在保证燃烧稳定的前提下可采用较小的空气分级比以实现燃烧室高效、低阻、低污染燃烧。     

Influence of mass air flow ratio on gas-particle flow characteristics of a swirl burner in a 29 MW pulverized coal boiler

In a gas/particle two-phase test facility, a three-component particle-dynamics anemometer was used to measure the characteristics of gas/particle two-phase flows in a 29 megawatt (MW) pulverized coal industrial boiler equipped with a new type of swirling pulverized coal burner. The distributions of three-dimensional gas/particle velocity, particle volume flux, and particle size distribution were measured under different working conditions. The mean axial velocity and the particle volume flux in the central region of the burner outlet were found to be negative. This indicated that a central recirculation zone was formed in the center of the burner. In the central recirculation zone, the absolute value of the mean axial velocity and the particle volume flux increased when the external secondary air volume increased. The size of the central reflux zone remained stable when the air volume ratio changed. Along the direction of the jet, the peak value formed by the tertiary air gradually moved toward the center of the burner. This tertiary air was mixed with the peak value formed by the air in the adiabatic combustion chamber after the cross-section of x/d = 0.7. Large particles were concentrated near the wall area, and the particle size in the recirculation zone was small.     

Design and study on performance of axial swirler for annular combustor by changing different design parameters

Recent technologies have been introduced for gas turbine engine to meet with stringent emission regulations. One of the technologies is to introduce recirculation in the combustion zone to control the residence time and mixing by help of swirling flow. Effect of variation in geometric parameters and inlet mass flow of swirler have been examined in this study by help of CFD. Detailed design methodologies have been proposed in this study to design a series of axial swirler with different vane angles and vane numbers. Substantial variation in swirler performance has been observed by changing vane angle, vane number and mass flow. Four different types of axial and radial velocity profiles have been observed. Turbulence distribution pattern shows double peaks at all positions and reduces with increasing axial distance.