偏转二次风对炉内结渣的影响

从四角切向燃烧炉内空气动力工况及运行参数方面分析炉膛结渣的原因,并具体结合125MW、660MW锅炉燃烧器的设计特点,利用数值模拟计算及现场试验方法,研究了偏转二次风对炉内结渣的影响。研究结果说明:偏转二次风的角度应控制在15°以内。图5参9     

600 MW偏转二次风系统锅炉炉内结渣特性的数值模拟

偏转二次风系统已广泛应用于大型四角切圆燃烧锅炉，用以报制炉内结渣，防止水冷壁高温腐蚀等。为降低炉膛出口扭转残余，通常采和下部二次风大角度正切、上部二次风和OFA风反切的布置方式。本文对某台采用偏转二次风系统的600MW燃煤四角切圆燃烧锅炉的炉内结渣过程进行模拟，对炉内气固相流动、温度场、气固相燃烧、固相向水冷的输运过程和灰粒在水冷壁上的附生长过程进行了数值模拟，结果表明，偏转二次风系统具有较强的防结渣性能，这一点也被锅炉的实际运行所证实。     

600MW锅炉偏转二次风系统降低NOx排放的试验研究

某600MW机组四角切圆燃烧锅炉,采用顶部燃尽风并配合使用偏转二次风系统,炉膛下部二次风大角度正切,上部二次风和OFA风反切肖旋,在炉膛截面水平方向和炉膛高度方向形成分级燃烧.实际运行结果表明,该燃烧器布置方式能抑制炉内结渣,减轻炉膛出口旋转残余并能降低NOx排放量.通过对该600MW机组锅炉进行多工况试验,摸索该炉的NOx排放特性,并在试验中采用燃烧调整方法降低NOx排放,获得了良好的效果,将锅炉的氮氧化物排放水平降低到国家标准限定值以下,为采用偏转二次风系统的大型电站锅炉降低NOx排放提供参考.     

200 MW富氧燃烧锅炉配风优化数值模拟研究

以200 MW四角切圆煤粉锅炉为研究对象,采用CFD软件结合改进的辐射特性模型以及化学反应机理,对煤粉空气燃烧工况及不同氧气体积分数下的富氧燃烧工况进行了数值模拟,通过研究炉内的燃烧及传热特性,对富氧燃烧工况进行了配风优化设计。结果表明:在富氧燃烧干循环工况下炉内出现高体积分数的CO;干、湿循环工况的入炉氧气体积分数分别为28.5%和27.1%时,炉膛的总辐射传热量与空气燃烧工况几乎相同;提高下二次风的动量能有效减小冷灰斗区域的CO体积分数,采用偏转二次风技术能有效减弱壁面附近的还原性气氛。     

空气分级与偏转二次风联用对炉膛燃烧特性的影响

运用CFD软件对某210 MW煤粉锅炉的燃烧过程进行三维数值模拟,采用空气分级燃烧技术,研究不同空气分级深度及偏转二次风对锅炉的燃烧情况及NOx排放的影响,同时引入"敏感性指数",分析了不同空气分级深度下联用偏转二次风前后对锅炉运行的影响程度。结果表明:单独采用空气分级和偏转二次风均能降低NOx排放,二者联用时空气分级起主导作用,NOx排放降低25%~28%;在不同空气分级深度下联用偏二次风措施对炉内燃烧前后影响程度不同,温度场与组分场出现较为相同的影响规律,在一定燃尽风率区间,存在对应(温度、组分)敏感性系数最大的燃尽风率,敏感性指数随燃尽风率的增加呈先增加后减小的变化趋势,即影响程度先增强后减弱;联用偏转二次风改善炉内结渣和高温腐蚀的效果随燃尽风率先增强后减弱,燃尽风率在18%~25%时效果较好,但导致飞灰含碳率显著增加。     

四角布置燃烧器喷嘴出口不同偏转角的试验研究

本文介绍了四角布置燃烧器不同偏转角度下对炉内空气动力特性的影响。对冲加两层二次风正向偏转某角度,顶二次风反向偏转同样角度的布置方式,在国内首次采用,它对提高炉膛充满度及改善炉膛出口水平烟道气流分布的均匀性有效果。     

塔式锅炉偏转二次风对NO_x排放影响的数值模拟

针对电站锅炉在运行过程中存在的NO_x排放浓度过高的现象,文中利用Fluent软件对某台1 000 MW塔式锅炉的燃烧过程进行数值模拟,并研究了不同偏转二次风角度对锅炉NO_x排放的影响。研究结果表明:以对角线45°为基准,偏转二次风偏转角度在30°以内时,炉膛内均能形成良好切圆;增大偏转二次风偏转角度,炉膛中心四周NO_x质量浓度明显下降;随着炉膛高度增加,NO_x质量浓度逐渐减少,偏置风偏转角度30°工况与偏转角度10°工况相比较,炉膛出口处的NO_x质量浓度下降了10.3%。     

二次风配风方式对锅炉经济性及排放特性的影响

锅炉二次风配风方式对炉内煤粉的燃烧有很大的影响。本文在机组负荷分别为400 MW左右、450MW左右和560 MW左右时,进行了二次风配风方式分别为均衡配风、正宝塔配风和束腰配风等三种配风方式的优化调整试验,在兼顾锅炉经济性和环保特性的前提下,确定了优化的二次风配风方式,对大容量、燃烧劣质煤锅炉的优化运行具有指导意义。     

基于风煤调平的煤粉锅炉低氮燃烧控制新技术

<正>1问题的提出1.1风煤分配不平衡对锅炉的影响电站煤粉锅炉燃烧器过量空气系数对炉内燃烧状态具有决定性的作用,如果一次风媒系统分配不平衡,炉内空气动力场出现明显偏离等问题,会导致炉内的燃烧状况恶化。目前在我国电站锅炉的运行中,由于难以精确、实时、全面地监测煤粉浓度、各风管风量风压等参数,并缺乏调平依据和手段,在已建成投产的300MW、600MW、1000MW级的各类机组锅炉中,均大量存在一次风媒系统不平衡、二次风分配不平衡等问题。虽然在锅炉建成调试时进行了基本风煤系统的调平,但其实际调节效果缺乏精确评估依据,其数据缺乏可靠性,     

300 MW单炉膛循环流化床锅炉二次风射程的数值模拟

针对大型循环流化床中二次风射流的特性,采用Fluent数值计算软件对300 MW单炉膛大型循环流化床锅炉炉膛进行了数值模拟,研究了二次风口高度、二次风射流角度、二次风风速、一次风风速和炉内颗粒浓度对二次风穿透性和气固两相混合的影响.结果表明:二次风射流深度随着一次风风速的增大和颗粒浓度的提高而减小;当二次风射流速度增大时,射流深度增加;二次风射流角度和二次风喷口位置也会影响二次风射流深度.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.