湍流燃烧模型在燃气轮机燃烧室模拟中的运用与对比

利用Fluent商业软件,对燃气轮机燃烧室C16H29非预混燃烧流场进行数值模拟。针对燃烧室的额定工况,分别采用简单概率密度函数模型、涡耗散模型、涡耗散概念模型的2步反应和5步反应过程,对湍流燃烧流场进行对比数值分析,同时,考察燃烧室Thermal和Prompt NOx排放性能。通过比较发现,有吸热反应过程的EDC-5步模型所得流域内燃烧区温度较低;出口温度均匀性最好,最大不均匀度28%;NOx排放量最少。结果表明,该模型能够更合理地预测燃烧室的流场分布。     

湍流燃烧模型对某燃气轮机燃烧室性能计算的影响

针对某型燃气轮机环形燃烧室,通过数值模拟,对比分析了Standardk—ε、RNGk-ε、Realizable k-ε、Standard k-ω、雷诺应力五种湍流模型以及简单概率密度模型（PDF）、有限速率模型、涡耗散模型（ED）、涡耗散概念模型（EDC）四种燃烧模型对环形燃烧室性能计算的影响。结果表明：Realizable k-ε模型模拟的冷态流场与PIV试验测量结果最符合;EDC模型最能合理的模拟燃烧效果,但在预测NOx排放时不如有限速率模型精确。以上结论为后续该型号燃气轮机环形燃烧室的数值计算和设计提供了参考。     

燃气轮机低热值合成气燃烧室内三维湍流流动的数值模拟研究

对GE-F101型工业燃气轮机环形燃烧室燃用甲烷和低热值合成气的燃烧性能进行了数值研究,采用标准κ-ε湍流模型和涡耗散湍流燃烧模型对燃烧室在不同燃料条件下的流场特性进行了数值模拟,并对燃烧室内的流场结构、温度分布、火焰结构及NOx分布进行了分析与比较;在此基础上对原燃烧室进行了一些改造.结果表明:随着燃料热值的降低,燃料射流速度增大,燃料和空气的混合程度减弱,燃烧稳定性降低,燃烧室内最高温度降低,NOx排放量减少;通过增大燃料喷嘴口径和增加旋流器的旋流数,可在一定程度上改善燃烧室内流动结构,增强燃料和空气的混合程度,因而提高了燃烧稳定性.     

某型涡扇发动机燃烧室三维数值模拟

使用FLUENT对某涡扇发动机环形回流燃烧室进行了冷热态流场的三维数值模拟.比较了Standardk-ε、RNGk-ε、Realizablek-ε三种湍流模型,涡团耗散、平衡PDF两种燃烧模型及两种不同燃油雾化直径的数值模拟结果;比较了考虑火焰筒壁换热、大弯管冷却孔前后的数值模拟结果;分析了燃烧室性能.得出如下结论:R...     

某重型燃气轮机环形燃烧室的数值模拟

完成了环形燃烧室从扩压器、旋流器到火焰简完整真实几何结构的建模,并进行三维数值模拟.数值计算采用有限速率/涡团耗散湍流燃烧模型、Realizable k-ε湍流模型、SIMPLE压力速度耦合算法以及二阶精度迎风差值格式.分析了不同负荷对流星分配、出口温度、燃烧效率、压力损失以及污染物排放的影响.在对比现场实测结果后发现...     

采用热-流耦合方法对火焰筒壁温三维数值模拟

考虑了流场变化对换热的影响,使用热-流耦合方法,对某型燃烧室整个流场、温度场进行完全的数值模拟。该方法对流场和固壁内换热进行耦合计算,得出了三维燃烧室壁温分布。计算中,对完全发展的湍流燃气采用了标准“k-ε”湍流模型,运用DO模型计算了燃气的热辐射,燃烧模型使用涡-耗散模型来计算化学反应速度,固壁材料使用了变比热和变导热系数。数值模拟结果表明流场与固壁相互作用得更充分,能更精确地反映流场和温度场的整个形态,可以模拟出较为合理的流场和温度场分布以及相应的流动换热特性。     

旋转流线涡技术对驻涡燃烧室性能的影响

基于凹腔驻涡燃烧室的基本结构,提出了一种新的燃烧流场组织技术———旋转流线涡技术,并通过数值模拟,对比分析了不同进气条件下该技术与传统驻涡燃烧技术对燃烧室涡及燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:与传统驻涡燃烧室相比,旋转流线涡技术燃烧室有更好的流场形式,其在凹腔内形成的涡更靠近凹腔顶端、范围更大,更不易脱落,空气与燃料的掺混更加充分。旋转流线涡燃烧室的燃烧效率高于传统驻涡燃烧室,且火焰长度更短,但总压损失比传统驻涡燃烧室大2%左右,损失了一定的经济效益。     

燃气轮机燃烧室预混燃烧不稳定性的数值研究

针对燃气轮机燃烧室内预混燃烧不稳定现象,应用湍流燃烧CFD的方法进行了数值研究,并着重对发生自激振荡时的火焰动态特性和燃烧室内的速度、压力和温度的振荡特性进行了分析.计算表明:非稳态雷诺平均Navier Stokes(URANS)方法和基于重整化群的RNG k-ε湍流模型以及有限速率/涡漩耗散(FR/EDM)燃烧模型对于燃烧不稳定性的研究是适用的.将预测结果与实验结果进行比较可以看出,数值计算精确地捕捉到了自激振荡燃烧过程中火焰的动态行为,还给出了燃烧室内速度、压力和温度值波动的幅值和频率.结果表明:燃烧室内低频压力振动主要是轴向的振动,热释放的波动与压力波动的频率是一致的,燃烧室内火焰的频率与燃烧室内压力和温度的波动频率也是一致的.     

耦合天然气详细反应机理的三维湍流预混火焰结构数值预测

以具有279机理的天然气燃烧为例,分别采用涡耗散概念EDC湍流燃烧模型、修正的涡旋破碎EBU湍流燃烧模型以及基于时均值的Arrhenius关系,对燃烧室内复杂的湍流反应流进行了三维数值模拟,并对预测结果进行了分析．结果表明,EDC模型可以较好地反映湍流化学作用,并且能够较好地描述各基元反应,从而为工程实际复杂燃烧情况下其有害排放、中间物质、自由基和痕迹物质生成机理的研究提供基础。     

等离子点火器三维燃烧流场的有限速率化学反应数值模拟

针对等离子点火器内三维湍流燃烧流场，采取有限速率化学反应模型，模拟其物理化学过程。湍流流动采用RNGκ-ε模型，燃烧模型采用EDC涡耗散概念模型来估算化学反应速度，热电弧用等效加热区代替。数值模拟结果得出了在富燃料情况的流场特性参数和产物分布。通过对数值模拟结果的分析，实现了EDC模型对活性物质的预测，并为等离子点火器燃烧流场的进一步研究提供了一种新思路。     

A review on plasma combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines

In recent years, new ways of improving the combustion efficiency of fuel during gas turbine operations have been developed. The most significant has been the application of plasma technology for the combustion of fuel in gas turbine operations. Plasma is formed when gas is exposed to either high temperature or high‐voltage electricity. This technology is very promising and has proven to enhance the performance of gas turbines and reduce toxic emissions. Recent studies have shown the use of different types of plasma applications in gas turbine operations such as plasma torch, filamentary discharge, and nanosecond pulse discharge, whose results show that plasma technology has great potential in improving flame stabilization, the fuel/air mixing ratio, and flash point values of these fuels. These findings and advances have further provided new opportunities in the development of efficient plasma discharges for practical uses in plasma combustion of fuel for gas turbine operations. This article is a comprehensive overview of the advances and blind spots in the knowledge of plasma combustion of fuel during internal combustion engine operations. This review also focuses on applications, methods, and experimental results in plasma combustion of fuel in gas turbines.     

The distinctive characteristics of combustion duration in hydrogen internal combustion engine

As a practical solution to reduce the emission pollution and energy crisis, the research and development of HICE has been processed in several decades. The focus of this paper is trying to explore the new features of the combustion duration in HICE not only by engine experiment, but also by analysis of the physical properties of hydrogen, especially the obvious difference from that of gasoline. Firstly, the laminar flame speed difference between hydrogen and gasoline was studied and discussed. Secondly, a distinctive rule of combustion duration in HICE was discovered by analyzing the experiment data. Finally, as a key reference point to the HICE operation, a new characteristic of the location of 50% mixture combust up was proposed and analyzed, this will be helpful for the calibration of optimum ignition timing.     

乙醇微型燃烧室燃烧特性的数值模拟研究

为了解决化石燃料储备不足与环境污染问题,生物质燃料作为石油替代能源得到大力提倡,如何合理地将化石燃料替换为生物质燃料且维持设备正常运行成为工程上亟待解决的问题。本文采用CFD软件研究了车载5 kW生物乙醇微型燃烧室的燃烧特性,对比分析了不同功率（0.5~5 kW）和出口温度（840~960 K）时的回流区长度与宽度、回流量、出口温度分布系数（OTDF）、出口NO体积分数等特征参数。结果表明：随着出口温度升高,回流区长度逐渐缩短,回流量减少,出口温度均匀性逐渐变差,出口NO体积分数明显增加;随着燃烧室功率增大,回流区长度变长,回流量增加,OTDF先增大后减小,NO体积分数随着功率的降低而显著升高,最大值出现在1 kW时,达到满负荷时的7倍。因此,为了实现稳定燃烧和减少污染物排放,该乙醇微型燃烧室应在较高的空燃比（即较低的出口温度）和功率下运行。     

Environmental impact of combustion

Large amounts of fuels, burned in various types of furnaces are one of the main sources of pollution in the environment. Flue gases pollute the atmosphere and the associated ashes pollute soil and water. To compare the influence of various fuels burned in different installations on the environment, one universal index would be helpful. Such a coefficient, which represents the harmfulness of combustion processes of a particular fuel in a particular installation, is defined in this paper. This coefficient takes into account the composition of the fuel, the thermal efficiency of the installation, the type and process efficiency of creation of harmful compounds in the combustion chamber, efficiency of cleaning devices, ability of emitter to propagate pollutants into the atmosphere, as well as the relative toxicity of various components. Finally methods of calculation of propagation of pollutants in the atmosphere are introduced. All these factors are essential for a reliable assessment and comparison of fuel and installations. An individual coefficient of harmfulness could be calculated for each compound present in the flue gases as well as a total coefficient for all compounds. Each compound created in the combustion processes is the source of many types of environmental impact. It could have significant influences on human health, plants and animals as well as for example on the corrosion process taking place in many different installations. We have to take into consideration that the result of a combustion process could appear in many different places, sometimes distant from the place of the process itself. All these results should be analyzed and introduced into the universal coefficient of “harmfulness” of specific compound. Economic parameters and methods are important and therefore are also introduced into the assessment method presented in the paper. In this way we are able to compare the values of extremely different phenomena such as a human health and corrosion.     

Detailed numerical simulation of syngas combustion under partially premixed combustion engine conditions

Two-dimensional detailed numerical simulation is performed to study syngas/air combustion under partially premixed combustion (PPC) engine conditions. Detailed chemical kinetics and transport properties are employed in the study. The fuel, a mixture of CO and H₂ with a 1:1 molar ratio, is introduced to the domain at two different instances of time, corresponding to the multiple injection strategy of fuel used in PPC engines. It is found that the ratio of the fuel mass between the second injection and the first injection affects the combustion and emission process greatly; there is a tradeoff between NO emission and CO emission when varying the fuel mass ratio. The ignition zone structures under various fuel mass ratios are examined. A premixed burn region and a diffusion burn region are identified. The premixed burn region ignites first, followed by the ignition of mixtures at the diffusion burn region, and finally a thin diffusion flame is formed to burn out the remaining fuel. NO is produced mainly in the premixed burn region, and later from the diffusion burn region in mixtures close to stoichiometry, whereas unburned CO emission is mainly from the diffusion burn region. An optimization of the fuel mass in the two regions can offer a better tradeoff between NO emission and CO emission. The effects of initial temperature and turbulence on the premixed burn and diffusion burn regions are investigated.     

Alcohol combustion chemistry

Alternative transportation fuels, preferably from renewable sources, include alcohols with up to five or even more carbon atoms. They are considered promising because they can be derived from biological matter via established and new processes. In addition, many of their physical-chemical properties are compatible with the requirements of modern engines, which make them attractive either as replacements for fossil fuels or as fuel additives. Indeed, alcohol fuels have been used since the early years of automobile production, particularly in Brazil, where ethanol has a long history of use as an automobile fuel. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the use of non-petroleum-based fuels made from biological sources, including alcohols (predominantly ethanol), as important liquid biofuels. Today, the ethanol fuel that is offered in the market is mainly made from sugar cane or corn. Its production as a first-generation biofuel, especially in North America, has been associated with publicly discussed drawbacks, such as reduction in the food supply, need for fertilization, extensive water usage, and other ecological concerns. More environmentally friendly processes are being considered to produce alcohols from inedible plants or plant parts on wasteland. While biofuel production and its use (especially ethanol and biodiesel) in internal combustion engines have been the focus of several recent reviews, a dedicated overview and summary of research on alcohol combustion chemistry is still lacking. Besides ethanol, many linear and branched members of the alcohol family, from methanol to hexanols, have been studied, with a particular emphasis on butanols. These fuels and their combustion properties, including their ignition, flame propagation, and extinction characteristics, their pyrolysis and oxidation reactions, and their potential to produce pollutant emissions have been intensively investigated in dedicated experiments on the laboratory and the engine scale, also emphasizing advanced engine concepts. Research results addressing combustion reaction mechanisms have been reported based on results from pyrolysis and oxidation reactors, shock tubes, rapid compression machines, and research engines. This work is complemented by the development of detailed combustion models with the support of chemical kinetics and quantum chemistry. This paper seeks to provide an introduction to and overview of recent results on alcohol combustion by highlighting pertinent aspects of this rich and rapidly increasing body of information. As such, this paper provides an initial source of references and guidance regarding the present status of combustion experiments on alcohols and models of alcohol combustion.