基于蚁群算法的Spar型浮式风机独立变桨控制方法

针对多自由度、非线性、强耦合的漂浮式风电机组,为了缓解其在额定风速以上出现的风轮载荷不平衡、漂浮式基础摇荡及功率输出不稳定等问题,提出了一种基于蚁群算法的独立变桨控制方法,用于动态优化PID控制器参数。针对传统蚁群算法搜索效率低、质量差等问题,文章采用最优-最劣蚂蚁系统对其改进,得到了更适用于漂浮式风电机组的蚁群PID独立变桨控制方法。FAST-Matlab/Simulink联合仿真结果表明,相比于PID独立变桨控制,基于蚁群算法的独立变桨控制方法能有效地减小桨叶根部所受力矩,缓解漂浮式基础的纵向运动,保证功率输出的稳定。     

基于风轮气动特性的风力机变桨优化控制策略研究

当风速大于额定风速时,风电机组通过控制变桨机构调整桨距角来减小风能捕获,从而使机组的输出功率保持在额定功率附近。变桨系统一般采用PI(比例积分)控制算法,但由于风轮气动转矩与风速、风轮转速、桨距角呈高次复杂非线性关系,单一控制参数的变桨控制器难以满足风电机组在额定风速以上的运行性能要求。为了解决单一变桨控制性能不足的问题,提出一种基于风轮气动特性的风力机变桨优化控制策略,该策略通过测量桨距角当前值来动态调整变桨控制器参数,可有效提升变桨系统随风动作连续性,减小由变桨控制引起的转速与功率波动,削减机组由变桨动作引起的动态载荷。     

张力腿漂浮式风电机组疲劳载荷智能控制研究

以张力腿式(tension leg platform,TLP)UpWind/NREL 5 MW风电机组为研究对象,采用FAST/AeroDyn开源代码,结合自主开发的基于柔性尾缘襟翼(deformable trailing edge flap,DTEF)的载荷智能控制系统,搭建气动-水动-伺服-弹性仿真平台,选取国际电工协会(IEC)标准正常湍流模型(NTM)和正常海况模型(NSS)工况,开展张力腿漂浮式风电机组载荷控制研究。通过与整体变桨控制比较发现,在DTEF控制下,叶片、传动链和塔架的疲劳载荷得到了有效控制,载荷降低20%～35%,增加了系统的可靠性和经济性。在额定风速以上,DTEF的辅助变桨作用可缓解变桨系统的磨损,并同时降低发电机转速、扭矩和功率的波动,提高了机组的性能。为探索控制有效性的原因,开展详细的基于DTEF的相关机理分析。     

计及疲劳损伤评价的大型风电机组降载控制优化

针对目前大型风电机组疲劳载荷日益严重的问题,进行了降载荷控制优化的研究:首先采用美国国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)的5 MW风电机组搭建FAST和Matlab的联合控制模型;在此基础上设计了一种在额定风速以下提前进行变桨控制的优化方案,并依据疲劳损伤与发电量综合评价选取最优提前变桨区间;然后在额定风速以上结合功率和载荷两方面控制目标,先分风速区间优化独立变桨控制器PI参数,再拟合得到独立变桨控制的变增益调度优化函数;最后加入载荷反馈回路,在变增益独立变桨策略的基础上进一步降低叶根挥舞弯矩峰值。结果表明:提前变桨策略能有效降低额定风速附近的载荷与功率波动,加入叶片载荷反馈回路的变增益独立变桨控制相比统一变桨控制能显著减小叶片疲劳损伤。     

参与电网调频的风电机组线性变参数变桨控制策略

风电机组参与调频时其输出功率的调整将改变风电机组变桨动作的风速范围,同时由于桨距角调节气动功率的灵敏度随风况变化,使得传统PI变桨控制难以适用于风电机组参与调频时的复杂工况,出现风电机组转速振荡问题。提出一种基于线性变参数(Linear Parameter Varying, LPV)系统的风电机组变桨控制方法,对风电机组模型进行线性化,根据风速和桨距角的变化范围进行凸分解,得到其具有四面体结构的LPV模型,通过求解不同平衡点处的线性矩阵不等式(Linear Matrix Inequality, LMI)设计出相应的变桨控制器。仿真结果表明:与传统PI变桨控制相比,LPV变桨控制能有效减小转速的波动,降低低速轴载荷以及减小桨距角的波动程度,验证了该控制策略的有效性和先进性。     

基于LMI的5MW海上风力发电机组载荷控制技术研究

当风速大于额定风速时,通过调节桨距角可以限制输入气动功率和风轮转速,使等效在低速轴上的发电机转速更好地跟踪风轮转速,从而减小低速轴扭矩,实现风机叶片、塔筒和传动链的动态载荷控制。文章基于线性矩阵不等式(Linear Matrix Inequality,LMI)设计多目标鲁棒H_∞/H_2状态反馈变桨距控制器。设计变桨距控制器时充分考虑了海上机组的运行环境,分析了海浪对机组产生的影响,控制目标选取机组的功率和机组的关键部位疲劳载荷,在保证功率稳定输出、减小功率波动同时,减小机组载荷。使用MATLAB和FAST软件进行联合仿真,仿真结果表明新型控制策略可以有效平稳风电机组输出功率并降低机组载荷,实现了优化H_∞/H_2鲁棒控制性能。     

基于改进最小方差法的风电机组变桨距控制

针对额定风速以上风电机组变桨距控制问题,提出了一种基于改进最小方差法的风电机组变桨距控制策略。该方法将延长预测步长思想,时变砺设计和柔化控制作用相结合,能够在突变过程初期,限制控制幅度,在控制后期能够加快收敛速度。同时与递推最小二乘辨识方法结合,用于额定风速以上风电机组变桨距控制系统。通过算例仿真表明,与传统的最小方差控制和PI控制方法相比,该方法能够使得系统响应迅速,在额定风速以上快速改变桨距角,保证了风电机组恒功率输出运行。     

额定风速附近变速变桨风力发电机组功率优化控制

详细分析导致功率波动和功率损失的原因,提出一种转矩优化控制策略。该转矩优化控制方法结合查表法和非线性PI控制器,在低风速区仅启用查表法以追踪最优功率;额定风速附近及以上时运用非线性PI控制器使转矩输出形成滞环,来抑制额定风速附近的功率波动;采用基于转矩误差及误差变化率的桨距角模糊调节器,实现转矩和变桨控制解耦;给出一种功率平均值限制算法,可抑制阵风时(包括额定风速以下和以上)引起的转速短时过速和功率损失,同时也可减少变桨机构的疲劳载荷。以风力机设计专业软件Bladed为工具,结合C语言编写外部控制器,对风力发电机组转矩及变桨控制策略进行仿真研究,仿真结果表明所提出的优化方案可行。     

基于5MW风机模型的变初值模糊PI变桨控制技术研究

针对传统PID变桨控制器参数自调整性能较差,适应性不强的问题,文章提出了风电机组变初值模糊PI变桨控制算法。通过模糊控制算法实现了PI参数的自动调节,根据风速大小设计了合理的变初值调整算法,实现了模糊控制器初值的在线调节。基于FAST风机软件中5 MW陆上风电机组非线性模型,分析了风电机组在额定风速以上运行时变桨系统的动态特性,从算法结构出发,设计了合适的模糊规则和量化、比例因子以及变初值调整算法,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了变初值模糊PI变桨控制策略。通过仿真验证了控制策略在抑制转速波动和风机叶片、塔基受力力矩波动方面具有较好的效果。     

漂浮式风电机组无模型自适应控制

针对漂浮式风电机组叶片载荷、功率及浮式基础振动耦合问题,以尾缘襟翼偏角为输入,以叶根挥舞弯矩,电功率,浮式基础纵摇、艏摇为输出,设计无模型自适应控制系统。同时,将无模型自适应控制与漂浮式风电机组的基准主控系统通过滤波进行频率解耦。在改进FAST的含尾缘襟翼的气弹-伺服仿真平台中进行验证,结果表明所设计的无模型自适应控制系统在不牺牲功率波动的条件下,能够降低叶片疲劳载荷和基础振动。此外,交叉小波分析结果表明,尾缘襟翼控制量的引入削弱了漂浮式风电系统固有的气弹同步相关性,减少了入流风作用在风轮上的能量。     

基于神经元PID的风力发电机组独立变桨控制

针对传统统一变桨距控制策略存在的不足,基于风力机空气动力学原理,提出了基于神经元PID的独立变桨距控制策略,将测量的桨叶根部My方向载荷通过神经元PID控制算出d、q轴的桨距角,经反Park变换得到3个桨叶的附加桨距角,将其与统一变桨距角相加作为独立桨距角的设定值。并借助Fast软件平台以2MW变速变桨风力发电机组为例,仿真比较了独立变桨距控制策略与统一变桨距控制策略。结果表明,独立变桨距控制策略能有效保证在额定转速下机组输出功率稳定,且能有效降低风力发电机组各零部件的疲劳载荷。     

An investigation of variable power collective pitch control for load mitigation of floating offshore wind turbines

This paper investigates the loads on offshore floating wind turbines and a new control method that can be used to reduce these loads. In this variable power collective pitch control method, the rated generator speed, which is the set point that the collective pitch control attempts to drive the actual generator speed towards, is no longer a constant value but instead is a variable that depends on the platform pitch velocity. At a basic physical level, this controller achieves the following: as the rotor of a floating turbine pitches upwind, the controller adjusts so as to extract more energy from the wind by increasing the rated generator speed and thus damps the motion; as the rotor pitches downwind, less energy is extracted because the controller reduces the rated generator speed and again damps the motion. This method is applied to the NREL 5 MW wind turbine model, in above rated conditions where the platform motion is most problematic. The results indicate significant load reductions on key structural components, at the expense of minor increases in power and speed variability. The loads on the blades and tower are investigated more generally, and simple dynamic models are used to gain insight into the behavior of floating wind turbine systems. It is clear that for this particular design, aerodynamic methods for reducing platform motion and tower loads are likely inadequate to allow for a viable design, so new designs or possibly new control degrees of freedom are needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力发电机组的自适应转矩控制及载荷优化

针对变速变桨风力发电机组(variable speed variable pitch,VSVP)如何在低风速时最大限度捕获风能以及在额定风速以上降低传动链载荷进行研究。低风速时在研究了传统风能追踪控制策略的基础上,文中提出通过改变最优增益系数来追踪最佳风能利用系数的自适应转矩控制策略。同时针对风力发电机组传动链的扭转振动,提出了基于发电机转速反馈滤波的转矩纹波控制方式。以2MW变速变桨风力发电机组为验证对象,基于Blade软件平台对所采用的控制策略进行仿真研究。结果表明：所提出的自适应转矩控制策略能够更好的追踪最大功率点,同时采用转矩纹波能够降低传动链载荷     

An investigation of variable power collective pitch control for load mitigation of floating offshore wind turbines

This paper investigates the loads on offshore floating wind turbines and a new control method that can be used to reduce these loads. In this variable power collective pitch control method, the rated generator speed, which is the set point that the collective pitch control attempts to drive the actual generator speed towards, is no longer a constant value but instead a variable that depends on the platform pitch velocity. At a basic physical level, this controller achieves the following: as the rotor of a floating turbine pitches upwind, the controller adjusts so as to extract more energy from the wind by increasing the rated generator speed and thus damps the motion; as the rotor pitches downwind, less energy is extracted because the controller reduces the rated generator speed and again damps the motion. This method is applied to the NREL 5 MW wind turbine model, in above‐rated conditions where the platform motion is most problematic. The results indicate significant load reductions on key structural components, at the expense of minor increases in power and speed variability. The loads on the blades and tower are investigated more generally, and simple dynamic models are used to gain insight into the behavior of floating wind turbine systems. It is clear that for this particular design, aerodynamic methods for reducing platform motion and tower loads are likely inadequate to allow for a viable design, and so new designs or possibly new control degrees of freedom are needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Autonomous BDFIG-wind generator with torque and pitch control for maximum efficiency in a water pumping system

This paper presents and analyzes the operation strategy for an autonomous wind energy conversion system oriented to water pumping. It consists of a wind turbine with a Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (BDFIG), electrically coupled with a squirrel cage induction machine moving a centrifugal type water pump. Because of no brushes and slip rings, the BDFIG is suitable for autonomous systems, which often work in hard conditions. Additionally, the power flow on the BDFIG principal stator could be driven from a fractional power converter connected on the auxiliary stator winding. This Turbine-BDFIG and Motor-Pump configuration provides a high robustness and reliability, reducing the operational and maintenance costs. The operation strategy proposes, for wind speeds smaller than the rated, to maximize the volume of water pumped based on the optimization of the wind energy capture. To do that, a sliding mode control tracks the optimal turbine torque by means of a torque control. Meanwhile, for wind speeds greater than the rated, a pitch control keeps the water pump within the safe operation area by adjusting the speed and power of the turbine in their rated values. To assess and corroborate the proposed strategy, simulations with different wind profiles are made.     

大型风力发电机组独立桨叶控制系统

设计出独立桨叶控制系统的机构方案，依据空气动力学分析，提出模糊控制结合以桨叶空间方位角作为主体因素的加权系数的控制策略，建立了系统模型，仿真结果表明，在风速高于额定风速时，作用在桨叶上的负载波动大为减小，输出功率维持在额定功率附近。     

基于扰动观测的漂浮式海上风力机主动滑模结构控制研究

针对漂浮式海上风力机主动结构控制问题,提出一种基于扰动观测的主动滑模控制方法,并应用风力机仿真工具FAST验证所提方法的有效性。在扰动二阶导数有界的前提下,理论证明观测器的稳定性和估计误差的有界性,从而有效估计匹配扰动和非匹配扰动。理论证明一类积分型滑模面的有限时间收敛性和闭环系统稳定性。基于FAST的仿真表明：所提出的主动调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）控制方法与最优被动TMD相比,主动TMD系统的漂浮平台俯仰角度和塔顶位移的均方根值可分别降低11.88%和13.56%,有效提升了风力机承受风浪载荷的能力。     

改进灰狼优化算法在变桨距自抗扰控制中的应用

风电机组模型的不确定性以及风等外部干扰严重影响风电机组输出功率的稳定性,因此,将自抗扰控制器(ADRC)引入到风电机组变桨距控制中。当风速高于额定风速时,通过自抗扰变桨距控制策略有效调节桨距角,保证风电机组输出功率的稳定性。但ADRC参数繁多,仅靠专家经验进行整定比较困难。因此,文章提出将改进灰狼优化算法应用到ADRC中,完成参数的自寻优整定过程。仿真结果证明,经改进灰狼优化算法进行参数整定后的变桨距自抗扰控制系统能够对桨距角进行精确调整,并将输出功率快速稳定到额定值附近,具有较快的响应速度以及较好的抗扰动能力。     

大型风电机组模型预测独立变桨控制器设计

针对恒转速运行时,大型风电机组承受的不平衡载荷问题,提出一种多输入多输出的风电机组模型预测(MPC)独立变桨控制策略.首先,建立风电机组旋转坐标系下的状态空间模型,经过坐标变换得到固定坐标系下的平均周期模型,分析表明模型在非对角存在无法忽视的耦合;然后,计算所需观测器和控制器的参数,进一步设计基于Kalman状态观测器...     

Analysis and synthesis of sliding mode control for large scale variable speed wind turbine for power optimization

The problem of designing a nonlinear feedback control scheme for variable speed wind turbines, without wind speed measurements, in below rated wind conditions was addressed. The objective is to operate the wind turbines in order to have maximum wind power extraction while also the mechanical loads are reduced. Two control strategies were proposed seeking a better performance. The first strategy uses a tracking controller that ensures the optimal angular velocity for the rotor. The second strategy uses a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm while a non-homogeneous quasi-continuous high-order sliding mode controller is applied to ensure the power tracking. Two algorithms were developed to solve the tracking control problem for the first strategy. The first one is a sliding mode output feedback torque controller combined with a wind speed estimator. The second algorithm is a quasi-continuous high-order sliding mode controller to ensure the speed tracking. The proposed controllers are compared with existing control strategies and their performance is validated using a FAST model based on the Controls Advanced Research Turbine (CART). The controllers show a good performance in terms of energy extraction and load reduction.