丁酸型产氢-产酸发酵细菌pH生态位探讨

本试验结果认为,细菌在3 86,或4 5>PH>5 3生态位理论。分析原因在于,试验过程中的环境因素———C/N比的降低,氮源物质浓度的提高,相应提高了微生物的合成代谢水平,并且使得细菌发酵过程在pH值较低的环境中,向合成代谢水平较高的丁酸型发酵转变。细菌发生丁酸型发酵是在环境内多种环境因子协同作用下进行的。该试验结果拓宽了前期理论研究中得到的丁酸型发酵生态位范围,为今后相关的理论研究及实际生产提供了理论依据。     

Fe对产氢发酵细菌发酵途径及产氢能力影响

经过对20株产氢发酵细菌的静态发酵试验，结果发现加入Fe的培养液中细菌发酵由原来的丁酸型发酵过程向乙醇型发酵过程转化；在有机物发酵产氢的两个主要途径中，Fe为必要成分之一，其参与促进酶促反应的进行。在相似培养条件下，单质Fe与Fe^2 均可诱导细菌代谢向乙醇型发酵转化，其中单质Fe的作用能力优于Fe^2 ；在细菌代谢过程中，单质Fe具有提高细菌发酵产氢能力的作用。     

乙醇型发酵与丁酸型发酵产氢机理及能力分析

氢气是一种新型清洁能源，方便快捷的制氢方法正日益受到重视，产氢－产酸发酵过程中氢气产生的主要途径为乙醇型发酵过程和丁酸型发酵过程，在对这两种发酵类型产氢机理及能力的理论研究及对比试验中，发现乙醇型发酵途径发酵产氢能力要优于丁酸型发酵过程（平均为25％－40％），并且该文将pH值和氧化还原电位（ORP）作为综合环境因子考察，通过与发酵过程产氢量指标相配合分析，认为乙醇型发酵过程是一种较佳的有机物生物发酵制氢途径。     

丁酸型发酵产氢的运行稳定性

着重对发酵法生物制氢反应系统的丁酸型发酵的运行稳定性进行了研究分析。结果表明,在有机负荷大于21kgCOD/m3·d的条件下,丁酸型发酵具有不稳定性,在负荷冲击下容易转变为丙酸含量较高的发酵类型,从而导致系统产氢能力的下降。分析认为,NADH/NAD+的平衡调节能力是影响系统运行稳定性的一个关键因素。在高负荷条件下,由于丁酸型发酵的产丁酸过程不能氧化过剩的NADH+H+,导致产乙酸过程生成的剩余NADH+H+在系统内大量积累,使反应系统难以达到氧化还原的平衡状态,最终影响了系统的稳定运行。     

木糖厌氧发酵产氢特性研究

以木糖作为厌氧发酵产氢底物,热预处理(100℃,处理20 min)的厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物,研究了中温条件(37℃)下厌氧发酵产氢特性.结果表明,当反应进行至50 h时,累积产氢量最大,为81.11 mL;乙酸、丁酸和乙醇是液相末端产物中的主要物质,其中乙酸和丁酸的浓度分别为1290 mg/L和1225 mg/L,发酵类型是典型的丁酸型发酵;反应体系的pH值开始降低,最后稳定在4.40左右,形成一个稳定的缓冲体系.     

基于UASB反应器的厨余厌氧发酵产氢研究

针对目前厨余连续流发酵产氢处理负荷不高、产氢率较低的难题,采用UASB反应器进行厨余发酵产氢研究。在温度为30℃,进水COD浓度为2 000~10 000 mg/L,水力停留时间为2~6 h条件下,产氢速率最大达到17.04 L/(L.d)。反应器内有颗粒污泥的形成,平均生物量达到6.17 g/L,为氢气的产生提供了有利保障。当出水pH为4.2~4.4,碱度为260~340 mg/L的条件下,乙醇和乙酸占挥发酸总量的89.2%,形成稳定的乙醇型发酵类型,反应器最高处理负荷COD达到60 kg/(m3.d)。试验结果表明,UASB反应器具有更高的产氢效能和更加稳定的产氢效果,能够为厨余发酵产氢提供有利的保障。     

厌氧高效产氢细菌的筛选及其耐酸性研究

采用厌氧Hungate技术 ,从生物制氢反应器厌氧活性污泥中分离到 18株发酵产氢细菌 ,并从中优选出 1株高效产氢细菌B4 9。通过间歇试验 ,B4 9获得最大比产氢速率QH2 为 2 5 .0mmol/g·h ,单位体积产氢量YH2 为 1813.8mL/L ,氢气含量为 6 4 .15 %。B4 9菌株为乙醇型发酵产氢细菌 ,具有良好的耐酸性 ,在 pH3.3仍能生长。发酵产氢和细菌生长的最适 pH值约为 3.9～ 4 .2。     

生物制氢反应器产氢产乙酸菌群对挥发酸的转化

采用间歇培养的方式,利用取自生物制氢反应器的厌氧活性污泥考察了活性污泥中产氢产乙酸菌群对乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和乳酸的转化和产氢。结果表明,培养时间为44h时,厌氧活性污泥发酵葡萄糖的累计产气量为356mL,累计产氢量为209mL,氢气含量为58.7%。发酵产物的组成成分乙醇为427.1mg/L、乙酸为716.5mg/L、丙酸为172.5mg/L、丁酸为689.4mg/L、戊酸为123.6mg/L。发酵生物制氢反应器厌氧活性污泥中产氢产乙酸菌群能够对乙醇和乳酸进行产氢产乙酸转化,厌氧污泥转化乙醇形成的乙酸含量约为270mg/L,累计产氢量为15mL;转化乳酸形成的乙酸含量约为190mg/L,累计产氢量为7mL。厌氧污泥不能对乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸进行产氢产乙酸转化,培养过程中也没有气体生成,分析认为产氢产乙酸菌群对挥发酸的转化不是发酵生物制氢反应器产氢的主要途径。     

秸秆发酵产氢的碱性预处理方法研究

以麦秆、稻草和滤纸为发酵底料,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物,采用不同的预处理方法去除木质素并提高纤维素的降解率,从而提高其发酵产氢能力。试验表明对于相同的底料,经过NaOH预处理和纤维素酶解后的还原糖含量、总产气量、总产氢量和氢气浓度都要高于经过氨水预处理的底料,而未经过预处理的底料发酵产氢能力最差。利用10g经过NaOH预处理的麦秆和稻草,经纤维素酶解后在发酵产氢过程中的降解率分别为23.2%和12.5%,总产氢量分别为363.3mL和254.9mL,发酵产气中氢气浓度分别为23.8%和29.1%。发酵液相中主要产物为乙醇、乙酸和丁酸。     

连续流生物制氢反应器中有机负荷对产氢的影响

采用连续流搅拌槽式反应系统(CSTR)作为反应装置,以红糖水为发酵底物,污水处理厂剩余污泥为反应的启动污泥,在进水p H值为7.0±0.1、氧化还原电位(ORP)为-420 m V、温度(35±1)℃、水力停留时间(HRT)为6 h等影响因子调控下,达到稳定产氢(主要为乙醇型发酵)。在其他参数不变的条件下,通过改变有机负荷,着重研究其对产氢能力的影响,同时调节p H值使微生物保持较高活性。结果表明,当有机负荷从12 kg/(m3·d)上升为32 kg/(m3·d)时,产气和产氢速率均有持续增大的趋势。当有机负荷为32 kg/(m3·d)时,达最大产气速率(18.6 L/d),产氢速率为6.4 L/d,较初始有机负荷12 kg/(m3·d)时分别提高89%和87%。在系统运行过程中,进水p H值降低至5.85时,厌氧发酵微生物活性受到抑制,产氢速率有所下降,ORP上升至-328 m V。此时,向反应器内投加一定量的Na OH调节p H值,使反应器保持较高产氢速率的乙醇型发酵类型。     

Effect of hydraulic retention time on the hydrogen production in a horizontal and vertical continuous stirred-tank reactor

Hydraulic retention time (HRT) is the main process parameter for biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation. This paper investigated the effect of the different HRT on the hydrogen production of the ethanol-type fermentation process in two kinds of CSTR reactors (horizontal continuous stirred-tank reactor and vertical continuous stirred-tank reactor) with molasses as a substrate. Two kinds of CSTR reactors operated with the organic loading rates (OLR) of 12kgCOD/m3•d under the initial HRT of the 8 h condition, and then OLR was adjusted as 6kgCOD/m3•d when the pH drops rapidly. The VCSTR and HCSTR have reached the stable ethanol-type fermentation process within 21 days and 24 days respectively. Among the five HRTs settled in the range of 2–8 h, the maximum hydrogen production rate of 3.7LH₂/Ld and 5.1LH₂/Ld were investigated respectively in the VCSTR and HCSTR. At that time the COD concentration and HRT were 8000 mg/L and 5 h for VCSTR, while 10000 mg/L and 4 h for HCSTR respectively.Through the analysis on the composition of the liquid fermentation product and biomass under the different HRT condition in the two kinds of CSTR, it can found that the ethanol-type fermentation process in the HCSTR is more stable than VCSTR due to enhancing biomass retention of HCSTR at the short HTR.     

生物合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）的研究进展

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）是微生物细胞在碳氮失衡的情况下合成的一种聚酯,具有优异的生物降解性和相容性以及多种材料学性能,是一类可替代传统塑料的新型生物塑料。目前生物合成PHA主要以微生物发酵为主,其次还有转基因植物法和活性污泥法等。本文对PHA的生产现状及其生物合成路径和方法的研究进展进行了综述。     

水葫芦发酵产气潜力的实验研究

介绍了以水葫芦为实验原料，在25℃环境下，采用批量发酵的工艺，进行发酵产沼气实验。实验结果表明，水葫芦可以作为沼气发酵原料，其产沼气潜力为634mL／gTS或834mL／gVS。     

Glucose electro-fermentation with mixed cultures: A key role of the Clostridiaceae family

Electro-fermentation is a new type of bioprocess combining the concepts of fermentation and electro-microbiology to improve the conversion of organic substrates into valuable fermentation products. During electro-fermentation metabolic profiles could be redirected by the presence of polarized electrodes through changes in the microbial communities in the dark fermentation. This paper aims to investigate the influence of the bacterial community composition on glucose electro-fermentation in batch electro-systems. Our results showed that the initial microbial community significantly impacted the final microbial community and related metabolic patterns. During electro-fermentation, the H₂ yield was increased using anaerobic sludge but decreased using activated sludge as inocula. While using other inocula from similar origins, no differences between electro-fermentation and traditional fermentation were evidenced. The relative abundance of Clostridiaceae family members in the inoculum appeared to be a determining factor affecting the global performances. These findings provide new insights on electro-fermentation mecanisms occurring in mixed cultures.     

Anaerobic solid-state fermentation of bio-hydrogen from microalgal Chlorella sp. biomass

A considerable amount of volatile solids (VS) contained in the biomass of microalgae makes it promising for use as feedstock in fermentation processes. In this study, a biomass of microalga Chlorella sp. was used as a sole substrate for hydrogen production in an anaerobic solid-state fermentation (ASSF). Optimization of the process was investigated on the selected critical variables, i.e., total solid (TS) content, initial pH, and feed to inoculum (F/I) ratio (on a VS basis) using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). TS content and F/I ratio were found to have statistically significant effects on hydrogen production. Maximal hydrogen production of 165 ± 12 mL H₂, equivalent to 18.58 mL H₂/g VS and 0.28 L H₂/L reactor·d, was achieved under the optimal conditions of 38.83% TS, pH 6.03, and an F/I ratio of 4.33. Acetic and butyric acids were found to be main soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the fermented biomass. Based on the compositions of the biomass, an equation for theoretical bioconversion of Chlorella sp. biomass to hydrogen was proposed.     

Bio-hydrogen production by a new isolated strain Rhodopseudomonas sp. WR-17 using main metabolites of three typical dark fermentation type

In this work, a new strain WR-17 was isolated for photo-fermentative hydrogen production and its hydrogen production capacity was investigated by utilizing main liquid byproducts of three dark fermentation types in batch culture. Experimental results indicated that strain WR-17 was identified as genus Rhodopseudomonas and maximum hydrogen yield of 2.42 mol H₂/mol acetate was obtained when the acetate was used as sole carbon source. Strain WR-17 had an excellent ability of using mixed short chain acids of three typical fermentations such as acetate and ethanol, acetate and butyrate, acetate and propionate. Result demonstrated that the metabolites of butyric acid-type fermentation as substrate is fitting to produce hydrogen and maximum cumulative hydrogen volume of 2156 ml/L-medium was obtained when acetate of 30 mmol/L and butyrate of 15 mmol/L were used. Therefore, butyric acid-type fermentation has great potential for further obtaining high hydrogen yield by the combining photo-fermentation.