蠕变-疲劳交互作用的寿命计算方法

对蠕变疲劳交互作用下的寿命计算方法进行了介绍。这些方法包括单轴和多轴下蠕变疲劳交互作用下的寿命估算模型，交互作用下裂纹扩展计算模型，非零平均应变下的寿命计算模型，以及损伤力学方法等。     

国产P92钢低周疲劳性能与断裂特征研究

采用疲劳性能测试方法研究了应变控制下国产P92钢室温和600℃高温下的低周疲劳性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜对疲劳试样断口形貌进行了观察.结果表明:国产P92钢具有循环软化特征,应变幅和温度的提高是造成材料单轴疲劳寿命降低的主要原因;2种温度下疲劳裂纹均起源于表面,裂纹扩展为条纹机制;高温下具有较低的疲劳寿命是与氧化损伤、裂纹萌生扩展速率和材料的塑性变形密切相关的.     

基于多轴非线性连续损伤模型的汽轮机转子低周疲劳损伤分析

针对当前汽轮机转子低周疲劳损伤分析存在较大误差的问题,引入了非线性连续损伤力学理论,并结合多轴疲劳损伤的临界面原理,建立了多轴非线性连续损伤累积模型.基于该模型,结合某型船用汽轮机转子典型工况下的瞬态温度场和热应力场的弹塑性有限元分析结果,对复杂应力引起的转子低周疲劳损伤进行分析,并与等效应变法的寿命预测模型和线性损伤累积模型进行了比较.结果表明:基于临界面法的非线性连续损伤累积模型,不仅考虑了多轴复杂应力应变的大小、方向和加载的附加强化效应的影响,而且正确地反映了转子低周疲劳损伤的非线性累积过程,其分析结果更接近于工程实际.     

汽轮机叶轮开裂和对策

国内外在汽轮机大修中对叶轮检查时,经常发现在干湿蒸汽过渡区或湿蒸汽区工作的末几级叶轮有裂纹,且多发生于键槽处,这些汽轮机都是非再热冷凝式汽轮机。在研究的基础上,人们普遍认为裂纹是应力腐蚀引起的。针对我国现役的非再热式机组绝大多数采用轴向健套装叶轮的实际情况,鉴于叶轮键槽开裂的影响因素,文章提出如下预防和推迟叶轮开裂的措施:加大键顶倒角防止腐蚀介质浓缩;适当降低叶轮材料的屈服极限;提高键槽表面的加工质量;对健槽表面做喷丸处理,定期清理污垢。     

涡轮叶片多轴低周疲劳／蠕变寿命研究

本文针对电厂用燃气轮机涡轮叶片工作环境,对Manson—Coffin多轴疲劳预测方程和WWT公式进行修正,同时采用尚德广多轴疲劳损伤参量,给出涡轮叶片新的疲劳寿命预测方法,以适应涡轮叶片高温变幅非比例加载下疲劳损伤情况。通过算例计算了某涡轮叶片疲劳寿命及10000工作小时的总损伤,与叶片实际疲劳破坏相吻合,验证该高温多轴疲劳损伤计算模型的准确性。     

基于子模型的主轴承螺纹疲劳强度分析方法

针对气缸体主轴承螺纹疲劳强度分析与开裂失效问题,基于气缸体主轴承壁疲劳试验构建了虚拟仿真模型,计算获得主轴承壁的应力分布。在此基础上,结合气缸体主轴承壁疲劳试验结果,重新划分网格建立了精细化的主轴承螺纹联接子模型。综合考虑应力梯度、平均应力和表面粗糙度等因素,基于临界平面法和Haigh图建立了主轴承螺纹疲劳强度模型,进行了疲劳强度评估和失效机理分析。结果表明,主轴承螺纹与螺栓联接前几扣的安全系数在螺栓预紧力产生的平均应力影响下逐渐增大,最后一扣位置处安全系数最小为0.8,与试验中开裂位置基本吻合,其开裂原因为模拟气体力主导的应力幅超出材料和结构承载能力。     

基于高周疲劳评估技术的某气缸盖改进设计研究

我们针对机械疲劳考核中出现的气缸盖开裂问题,运用疲劳试验及仿真评估技术,对缸盖失效位置进行疲劳强度评价,研究结构改进设计和材料性能强化对疲劳安全系数的影响。最终提出满足设计要求的改进方案,并顺利通过机械疲劳试验考核。     

基于动力学的柴油机连杆疲劳仿真

为评估某大型柴油机连杆的疲劳特性,建立了模态缩减的动力学模型,获得连杆的循环载荷历程,结合以轴瓦高出度过盈的加载方法,模拟了整个工作循环的动态应力变化,随后基于多轴疲劳模型并采用两种等效方法,预测了连杆的疲劳危险位置。结果表明,该连杆的最小安全系数出现在杆身油孔处,满足疲劳要求。针对动态载荷历程,按历程的拐点和极值法真实高效的反映连杆动态疲劳,不仅能反映拉压为主的杆身及油孔的疲劳危险位置,还能体现纵向摆动对大小端孔的疲劳影响,安全系数误差在3%以内。     

某柴油机水泵轴疲劳断裂的分析及改进设计

轴类零件在机械行业设备中是一个重要的、核心的零部件。我们结合某柴油机用水泵轴出现的断裂问题,利用对断轴化学成分、显微组织和裂纹、断口特征的分析,初步判断泵轴在承受循环应力扭转载荷作用下,过渡圆角附近产生了疲劳源,并导致了疲劳断裂。采用有限元分析模拟分析水泵轴工作情况,得到水泵轴的应力分布状况,计算其疲劳强度,并以降低最大应力为目标,通过有限元软件开展参数化研究,掌握结构圆角几何尺寸、材料与其应力分布和疲劳强度之间的关系,通过加大圆角和改变水泵轴的材料提高水泵轴的疲劳可靠性,对增强高应力区域的抗疲劳性能有着重要的现实意义。     

基于有限元仿真的船用单缸柴油机排气管开裂分析及改进

针对某船用单缸柴油机排气管在试验过程中出现开裂的问题,采用有限元方法,考虑材料的非线性因素,对排气管部件进行约束模态计算及热机耦合和振动疲劳计算,分析引起排气管开裂的主要原因。结果表明:排气管开裂位置受温度梯度影响,处于应力集中的薄弱区域,当振动幅度较大时,安全系数过小,易发生疲劳破坏。通过在管接部件上增加支撑提高刚度,减小排气管振动,避免了排气管疲劳开裂。后续试验验证了改进措施有效。     

Effect of pre-deformation on the fatigue crack initiation life of X60 pipeline steel

It is impossible to keep petroleum and natural gas transmission pipelines free from defects in the manufacturing, installation and servicing processes. The damage might endanger the safety of pipelines and even shorten their service life; gas or petroleum release due to defects may jeopardise the surrounding ecological environments with associated economic and life costs.Pre-tensile deformation of X60 steel is employed to experimentally simulate the influence of dents on the fatigue crack initiation life. The investigation indicates that the fatigue crack initiation life of pre-deformed X60 pipeline steel can be assessed by a previously proposed energetic approach. The threshold for crack initiation increases with the pre-deformation due to a strain hardening effect, while the fatigue resistant factor exhibits a maximum with pre-deformation owing to its special dependence on fracture strain and fracture strength. The result is expected to be beneficial to the understanding of the effect of damage on the safety of pipelines and fatigue life prediction.     

Experimental investigation of fatigue behaviour for welded joint with mechanical heterogeneity

Because of material and mechanical heterogeneity in welded joints, experimental studies of low-cycle fatigue (LCF) life and fatigue crack initiation behaviour were performed on weld metal, heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal of 16 MnR pressure vessel steel. A fatigue damage test was carried out by introducing a new damage variable. The fatigue damage evolution laws in each zone of a welded joint were obtained. A circular-notched compact tension specimen was designed and the whole process of fatigue damage, crack initiation and crack growth in each zone was investigated. The effect of mechanical heterogeneity in welded joints on the fatigue damage behaviour and fatigue crack initiation life was also investigated. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that the fatigue behaviour is markedly different in three zones of welded joints; there is a trend toward reduction in the fatigue life of HAZ as compared with the base metal. The weld metal does not have the same fatigue behaviour as confirmed by LCF life and crack growth rate. This study leads to the conclusion that fairly accurate estimates of fatigue life for welded joints should include the whole process of fatigue damage evolution and fatigue crack initiation as well as crack growth. Furthermore, a local experimental method should be carried out for weld metal, HAZ and base metal, respectively. Finally, the local fatigue failure criterion based on the weakest chain model has been presented.     

电网短路故障下双馈风电机组传动链扭振疲劳可靠性分析

双馈风电机组电气故障扰动引起的电磁转矩波动易造成轴系传动链扭振疲劳,有必要研究电网短路故障对机组传动链扭振疲劳可靠性的影响。首先建立考虑关键部件柔性的传动链有限元模型,通过模态分析获取传动扭振模态。其次基于集中质量法,建立机电耦合模型,以电网短路故障为扰动因素,仿真分析电网短路故障下电磁转矩动态响应。最后将电网短路故障下发电机电磁转矩扰动作为激励,借助ANSYS Designlife平台构建传动链扭振疲劳可靠性模型,分析机组传动链在电网短路故障下电磁转矩波动对扭振疲劳可靠性的影响。结果表明：三相接地故障时电磁转矩波动最剧烈,对传动链的疲劳可靠性影响更大;电网发生短路故障时,电磁转矩中存在低频分量可与高速轴的扭振模态耦合,激发高速轴的扭振,加剧高速轴的疲劳损伤;电磁转矩激发的扭振具有传递效应,越靠近发电机的部件扭振越明显,可靠性越低。     

基于热机耦合的气缸盖强度分析

气缸盖在工作过程中受载复杂,包括装配载荷、热载荷和爆压载荷.因此,在有限元分析中需要采用热机耦合的方法才能得到可靠的计算结果.针对耐久性试验中出现的缸盖开裂问题,采用热机耦合方法计算分析了缸盖的温度场、应力场和高周疲劳安全系数.计算结果表明,缸盖确实因存在疲劳安全系数不足而导致开裂.     

A Methodology for Predicting Torsional Fatigue Crack Initiation in Large Turbine-Generator Shafts

This document presents results of a three-year program in which an analytical method was developed to estimate the cumulative fatigue damage sustained by a turbine-generator shaft system during a torsional transient. The work was conduted at the Steam Turbine-Generator Engineering and Manufacturing Department of the General Electric Company undr the sponsorship of the Electric power Research Institute (Proect RP1531-1). The product of this program was a methodology that used the results of analysis and torsional fatigue tests on 25.4 mm diameter laboratory specimens to predict the fatigue life of large-diameter shafts subjected to torsional transients. These predicted results were verified with 127 mm diameter specimens subected to simulated torsional transient load history tests. To account for complicated deformation cycles, range pair cycle counting and linear damage summation techniques were used. Notch root deformation response was characterized with a form of Neuber's rule. The results of tests of 25.4 mm and 127 mm diameter specimens showed that the proposed methodology characterized the torsional cumulative fatigue damage within a factor of two of the measured damage under laboratory conditions.     

裂纹转子振动振动研究的现状与展望

及早发现裂纹，对防止发生灾难性转子断裂事故，减少非计划停机，提高经济效益具有重大意义。对裂纹转子振动研究的现状作了全面的概述，并指出其有待进一步研究的几个方面。     

Atomistic simulation of hydrogen-induced plastic zone compression during cyclic loading

To investigate the effect of hydrogen atoms on the size of the plastic deformation zone, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on a single crack model. The model uses pre-charged hydrogen to quantify the compression effect of hydrogen atoms on the plastic zone during cyclic loading. The results show that stress release at the crack tip occurs mainly in the form of plastic deformation, and the degree of compression in the plastic zone increases with increasing hydrogen concentration. A compression factor, which considers hydrogen concentration, is found with the help of the simulation results. A modified fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) model, combined with the compression factor, was then used to predict the hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth rate. The proposed model shows excellent agreement with the experimental data for X100 steel, and it provides a new framework to describe hydrogen-assisted cracking.     

发电机组轴系扭振疲劳损伤评估方法研究

凹槽、套装联轴器等结构往往是汽轮发电机组轴系疲劳损伤的薄弱环节,对其进行应力分析至关重要,经验公式无法满足要求。以某600 MW汽轮发电机组轴系为例通过有限元建模方法对汽轮发电机组轴系进行扭应力分析,进一步得到薄弱环节的应力寿命曲线,优化疲劳极限取值,实现低幅值次同步振荡工况下的疲劳评估。采用多段集中质量模型分析扭振固有特性,结合轴系扭振固有特性和应力寿命曲线,评估机组轴系在次同步振荡工况下的疲劳损伤。此方法可用于评估汽轮发电机组轴系疲劳损伤情况。     

某300MW亚临界机组高中压转子裂纹的故障诊断

针对某300MW亚临界机组高中压转子在运行过程中出现振动值逐渐增大的问题,通过对高中压转子的历史振动数据进行分析,判断高中压转子存在扩展式弯曲故障。现场对高中压转子平衡后,短时间内振动状态恶化,诊断为高中压转子出现裂纹。及时停机揭缸检查,发现高中压转子高压第一压力级前的应力释放槽存在裂纹,避免了断轴毁机的安全事故,具有一定的借鉴意义。     

柴油机风扇轴强度及疲劳的分析与改进

针对某型柴油机匹配挖掘机后出现的风扇轴断裂问题,进行了强度计算及疲劳强度分析.采用Abaqus计算强度,并将应力结果作为疲劳分析软件Femfat的输入参数,进行风扇轴疲劳强度分析,通过修改风扇轴危险位置的倒角半径来优化风扇轴,满足了工程应用要求.