基于Cruise和Simulink软件对可充电式串联混动汽车经济性仿真

基于AVL Cruise和Simulink建立了联合仿真平台,引入了基于规则的功率跟随能量管理控制策略,结合蓄电池组SOC的变化情况,对Plug-in串联式混合动力进行了初步仿真,分析了采用串联式混动能量管理控制策略对整车经济性和排放性的影响。     

基于驾驶员驾驶习惯的增程式电动汽车参数匹配研究

纯电动汽车由于电池低能量密度导致续驶里程短,高价格导致用户购买力低,增程式电动汽车(EREV)通过增加增程器(发动机-发电机组)克服了这一缺陷,基于驾驶员的驾驶习惯分析了增程式电动汽车的性能,并对动力传动系统参数进行匹配,基于Cruise仿真软件对增程式电动汽车进行仿真分析,仿真表明,匹配的动力系统参数完全满足要求。     

并联混合动力汽车能量管理与转矩协调控制策略

研究并联混合动力汽车的控制策略。基于发动机输出转矩最优的能量管理策略,对并联混合动力汽车在工作模式切换中的相互配合问题,提出发动机动态转矩控制+动力电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)干预+电机转矩补偿控制的转矩协调控制方法;在Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow平台搭建整车能量管理控制策略模型,控制发动机工作在高效率区,保证发动机输出最优转矩;根据电池的SOC干预电机的运行状态,协同发动机提供整车需求转矩。在Cruise平台下建立整车模型,以新欧洲驾驶周期作为循环工况进行离线仿真。结果表明,能量管理与转矩协调控制策略能够有效分配电机和发动机的转矩输出,满足混合动力汽车多模式切换的要求。     

并联混合动力汽车动力系统参数快速匹配方法研究

针对单轴混合动力SUV动力系统发动机功率参数匹配由制造商确定的问题,提出了一种基于汽车理论的动态部件参数快速匹配方法。BSG电机、ISG电机和动力电池的主要参数是通过匹配方法获取。基于AVL-Cruise和MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件建立联合仿真模型,仿真结果表明,匹配的车辆动力学符合设计目标,燃油经济性提高了25%以上。     

基于重型并联混合动力车辆混合度的性能分析

动力系统的匹配直接关系到车辆的性能,在对混合动力车辆的研究中有着非常重要的地位,而混合度的研究是动力系统匹配中的关键.本文基于已选定的额定功率为220kw的柴油发动机,对混合动力车辆的电机进行匹配,对不同混合度下的车辆模型进行性能分析.通过Avl-Cruise软件对各混合度下的车辆模型进行仿真对比,选用等效油耗以及比排放量为评价指标,对不同混合度下混合动力车辆的性能进行了比较,研究了随着混合度的变化,车辆的经济性以及排放性能变化的规律,提出了适用于本混合动力系统的最佳混合度.     

油电混合动力无人机能量管理策略的对比仿真研究

针对固定飞行任务的油电混合动力无人机,降低混合动力系统瞬时燃油消耗率,增加续航里程的工作需求,设计了可以应用于固定飞行任务油电混合动力无人机的不同能量管理策略,主要包括固定规则、模糊逻辑和动态规划算法的能量管理策略。根据油电混合动力无人机动力源特性,通过理论和试验建模相结合的方法,在MATLAB中建立油电混合动力系统的数学模型、飞行任务相对应的仿真工况及不同能量管理策略的控制程序。重点对比了基于优化的动态规划算法能量管理策略相比固定规则和模糊逻辑策略在燃油经济性和运行稳定性方面的表现。仿真结果表明：动态规划算法策略的累积燃油消耗量相比固定规则、模糊逻辑策略分别下降了4.6%和6.5%,平均瞬时燃油消耗率分别下降了5.1%和5.9%;在应对外部突风扰动时,动态规划能量管理策略的航空发动机最大转速波动相比固定规则的能量管理策略下降了59.7%,应对随机紊流扰动时,动态规划策略航空发动机的最大转速波动相比固定规则和模糊逻辑分别下降了33.9%、25.6%。动态算法作为一种全局最优算法,应用在固定飞行任务的油电混合动力无人机能量管理策略中时,可在提高混合动力系统燃油经济性的同时保证系统运行的稳定性。     

串联混合动力摩托车动力系统设计及仿真

根据我国两轮机动车市场的未来发展需求和城市行驶工况特点,在对比分析了两种混合动力系统结构之后,选择了串联式驱动形式作为摩托车混合动力系统结构,介绍了串联式混合动力摩托车动力系统主要动力部件的选型和参数匹配,并对串联式混合动力摩托车和传统驱动结构摩托车在燃油经济性和排放上进行了基于AVL_CRUISE软件的仿真对比.     

复合翼垂直起降无人机直驱混合动力系统验证设计与试验建模方法

为了提升垂起固定翼无人机垂直机动时间,在简化油电混合动力系统研究与应用难度的同时提高油电混合动力垂起固定翼无人机能量利用率与动力冗余度,提出了一种油电混合动力垂起无人机动力系统拓扑结构方案。基于此拓扑结构选择与开发适配于起飞重量为15-20kg的垂起固定翼无人机动力系统软硬件,以此搭建了油电混合动力垂起无人机动力系统一体化验证平台,该验证平台能够在地面模拟油电混合动力垂起无人机不同工况与工作模式,同时具有较强的人机交互性,能够实现对动力系统不同工况下的典型输出参数采集。基于此验证平台,设计了动力系统稳态特性与动态特性试验方案,采用试验建模法建立了动力系统稳态与动态数学仿真模型,通过仿真与实物对比试验分析法,验证试验方案可行性与模型准确性。动力系统配装垂起无人机完成飞行试验,全系统工作正常,验证了实际工况下动力系统的可靠性。     

并联式混合动力汽车的基本控制策略和实时控制策略的比较分析

基于上海市道路行驶工况，采用对混合动力汽车性能仿真的方法，对混合动力汽车的基本控制策略和实时控制策略进行了比较分析。结果表明：基本控制策略主要针对混合动力系统的经济性能，是一种对发动机良好工作区域控制的方法，具有简单易行的特点；实时控制策略主要针对混合动力系统的经济性能和排放性能特别是NOx放性能，对发动机工作点进行了实时优化控制，更为全面和精确。     

基于中型柴油机的电动增压技术研究

基于发动机一维性能仿真模型,在某中型柴油机平台及其衍生的混动平台上开展了电动增压系统匹配方案对于整机性能影响的研究.基于柴油机平台研究了不同电动压气机布置形式对发动机性能的影响,并在基于同一柴油机升级的混合动力平台上研究了应用电动压气机的效果.结果表明:柴油机平台上,电动压气机串联布置形式优于并联式.串联前置时低速转矩...     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093