超临界循环流化床锅炉垂直并联内螺纹管内两相流不稳定性的研究

针对600 MW超临界循环流化床(CFB)锅炉水冷壁管在低质量流速条件下的水动力特性,进行了垂直并联内螺纹管内两相流不稳定性的试验研究,得到了不同条件下的水动力特性曲线和压力降、密度波2种脉动的典型脉动曲线.在试验参数范围内,分析了系统压力、质量流速、进1:2过冷度和上游可压缩容积对两相流不稳定性的影响.根据试验结果,采用均相流模型得到了不稳定发生的界限关系式,为超临界CFB锅炉垂直并联内螺纹管水冷壁的设计与安全运行提供了依据.     

600MW超临界压力直流锅炉水冷壁水动力不稳定性的研究

本文阐述了在西安交通大学高压汽水试验回路上进行的螺旋管圈水冷壁倾斜管中水动力不稳定性的试验研究。试验参数为P=2～14MPa,质量流速G=600～1200kg/m~2·s,入口过冷度△t_(sub)=20～120℃,热负荷0～650kW/m~2,管径φ20×2mm,螺旋升角α=14°。在上述参数范围内,研究了压力、质量流速、入口过冷度、热负荷及热负荷分布、进口和出口节流、可压缩容积对螺旋管圈水动力不稳定性的影响。试验表明在螺旋管圈中存在压力降型、密度波型和热力型脉动。根据试验和理论分析得到了计算压力降型和密度波型脉动起始边界的无因次方程组。对实际的原型锅炉水冷壁水动力稳定性进行了分析计算,得到了稳定的边界值,为600MW超临界变压运行直流锅炉水冷壁的设计与运行提供了可靠的依据。     

600MW超临界压力直流锅炉启动工况水动力稳定性分析

文中介绍正在研制的国产600MW超临界变压运行直流锅炉水冷壁结构特点和启动过程。通过理论分析，得到了分析水冷壁水动力稳定性的准则方程式。根据锅炉的实际运行工祝，在高压汽水两相试验台上，进行了螺旋管圈水冷壁倾斜管中水动力不稳定性的试验研究。其参数为P＝2～4MPa，质量流速G＝600～1200kg/m2s，入口过冷度△tsub=10～120°C，热负荷0～650kw／m2，管径20×2mm，螺旋升角α＝14°。在上述参数范围内，研究了压力、质量流速、入口过冷度、热负荷及热负荷分布、进口和出口节流、可压缩容积对螺旋管圈水动力不稳定性的影响。由试验得出的计算公式，分析计算了锅炉水动力稳定性边界，在最小直流工祝时可能会出现压力降型脉动。     

直流锅炉垂直管圈水冷壁低流速自补偿特性的试验研究

针对试验条件下结构为Φ28.6×5.8mm的四头优化内螺纹管,进行了垂直并联双管低质量流速下自补偿特性的试验研究,结果表明:垂直并联管组在试验参数范围内具有明显的自补偿特性;在管内工质的汽化过程中热负荷较小的支管内工质的质量流速随着吸热量的增加先减小再增大,当管内工质的干度随吸热量增加而达到较高时,管内工质的质量流速逐渐接近或超过平均质量流速,系统的自补偿特性渐渐消失。结果还表明:工质干度较低时,较大的热负荷偏差会强化系统的自补偿特性,而工质干度较高时,较大的热负荷偏差会减弱系统的自补偿特性;另一方面,工质干度较低时,系统压力的增大会减弱垂直管屏的自补偿能力;当工质干度较高时,系统压力的增大会导致两相摩擦压降减小,导致系统的自补偿特性增强。     

亚临界及近临界压力区内螺纹管汽水两相流的传热

本文阐述了在西安交通大学高压汽水两相流实验回路上进行的垂直上升内螺纹管内汽水两相流传热特性的试验研究。试验管采用φ28×6mm的螺纹管,试验管材料为:12Cr1MoV。试验参数为压力P=13.0～22.0MPa,内壁热负荷q=200～800kW/m~2质量流速G=400～1800kg/m~2·s。试验确定了在上述参数范围内的壁温变化特性,得出了发生传热恶化的临界热负荷和界限质量流速。文中结论对采用内螺纹管的电站锅炉水冷壁的设计具有较高的价值。     

垂直并联多通道内高温高压汽-水两相流密度波型不稳定性的实验研究

在高压汽水两相流实验台上对垂直上升并联多通道中的汽 水两相流密度波型不稳定性进行了系统的试验研究,发现了并联多通道中汽液两相流密度波型不稳定性的主要特征,确定了系统压力、质量流速、入口过冷度、热负荷、进口及出口节流、可压缩容积等对该类不稳定性的影响;并将垂直并联多通道内高压汽液两相流的密度波型不稳定性与垂直并联双通道和单通道内的密度波不稳定进行了对比分析。所得结果可为大型直流锅炉和蒸汽发生器的设计提供依据。图13参10     

内螺纹水冷壁管内两相流动的摩擦压降特性

在压力为9～35 MPa,质量流速为600～1800 kg/(m2·s),干度为0～1的工况范围内,对φ28.6 × 5.8(mm)的四头内螺纹水冷壁管中单相及两相流体在绝热和受热条件下的摩擦压降特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:在受热和绝热两种条件下内螺纹管的阻力特性不同,受热管的单相摩擦压降系数f比绝热管的小;受热管的两相摩擦倍率φ2l0比绝热管的大.无论是受热,还是绝热情况下,压力对φ2l0的影响很大,φ2l0随压力增大而减小;质量流速的影响很小.随蒸汽干度增加,φ2l0先增加,随后增幅减小.提出了由试验获得的单相水摩擦压降系数以及汽水两相流体摩擦压降的计算式.     

垂直并联内螺纹管水动力不稳定性试验研究

以东方锅炉（集团）股份有限公司自主开发的600MW超临界“w”火焰锅炉拟采用的031．8x6mm多头优化内螺纹管为研究对象,在多相流试验台上进行了锅炉水冷壁在低负荷条件下的水动力不稳定性试验研究,并对试验结果进行了初步分析,得出了水冷壁发生水动力不稳定的条件。试验表明：东方锅炉自主设计的600MW超临界“w”火焰锅炉水冷壁拟采用的多头内螺纹管在当压力〉6MPa时,试验就不再有密度波型脉动发生,当压力〉9MPa时,就不再有压力降型脉动发生。因此,根据东方锅炉超临界“w”火焰锅炉的设计特点及设计运行参数范围,锅炉运行不会出现水动力不稳定现象,水冷壁水动力是安全的、可靠的。     

高效宽负荷率超超临界锅炉垂直管圈水冷壁在低质量流速下的传热特性

在压力p=21~29.8 MPa、质量流速G=600~1 100kg/(m~2·s)、热负荷q=330~793kW/m~2工况范围内,对低质量流速优化内螺纹管的传热特性进行了实验研究,并根据实验数据得到了近临界压力区和超临界压力区的传热实验关联式.结果表明:在近临界压力区,亚临界部分的传热特性好于超临界部分的传热特性,质量流速增大能推迟传热恶化,热负荷增大则使传热恶化提前发生,内螺纹管抑制膜态沸腾(DNB)的能力有所减弱;在超临界压力区,压力越低,大比热容区内强化传热作用越显著,在其他条件一定时,超临界水的热物性变化对管内传热的作用由质量流速和热负荷共同决定;质量流速不变,继续增大热负荷,大比热容区内的传热将由强化转变为恶化.     

超临界W火焰锅炉壁温超温分析

以某厂超临界W火焰锅炉在运行过程中出现的水冷壁管超温现象为例,从水动力稳定性影响的因素如质量流速、压力、干度、热负荷、流量补偿性等方面来进行超温爆管案例分析,并对锅炉提出了改造措施.改造后,水冷壁管超温现象得到了较好的控制.     

基于采用分液冷凝有机闪蒸循环分液干度分析及优化

分液冷凝是一种新兴的强化传热方法,可以显著提高冷凝传热系数。将分液冷凝应用于有机闪蒸循环(OFC),采用R227ea、R236ea、R245fa、R600、R601、R600a、R601a、R1234ze和R1234yf为循环工质,分别研究了进口干度、分液干度、冷却水温升和质流密度对冷凝器换热面积的影响。研究结果表明:当进口干度较大时,换热面积会随着分液干度的增大而先减小后增大;当分液干度较小时,分液干度越接近进口干度换热面积越小。采用分液冷凝后的冷凝器换热面积相对不分液时减少13.2%~55.3%,且相对减少量随着进口干度的增大而减小。     

Frosting of heat pump with heat recovery facility

This paper aims to prolong the heat pump frost time and reduce its growth with heat recovery facility, which should mix the exhausted indoor and outdoor air before entering the evaporator. An ideal mathematic model is developed for heat transfer, frost generation and airside pressure drop. The properties of the mixture would be obtained by solving the mass and energy conservation equations. A parametric analysis is performed to investigate the effects of air inlet temperature, relative humidity and air mass flow rate on total heat transfer coefficient, frost thickness and airside pressure drop, respectively. The results show that rationalizing the ratio of indoor and outdoor air could prolong frosting time and reduce the frost thickness greatly. The total heat transfer coefficient, frost thickness and airside pressure drop increase monotonically with time going, but are not proportional. Decreasing the mixture inlet air temperature and relative humidity could essentially reduce frost growth on the tube surfaces. This can also be observed when increasing the air mass flow rate.     

Mechanism and influence factor analysis of heat transfer deterioration of transcritical methane

A three-dimensional simulation, of transcritical flow, and heat transfer of methane, under asymmetric heating conditions, were performed. The simulation results demonstrated that the drastic changes in density at the pseudo critical temperature lead to an M-type velocity distribution, which plays a dominant role in the deterioration of heat transfer. The specific heat affects the location of the deterioration, while the thermal conductivity and viscosity affect only the wall temperature magnitude, whereas they do not affect the occurrence and location of heat transfer deterioration. The M-type velocity gradually disappears with the inlet mass flow rate increasing, indicating that heat transfer deterioration was eliminated. In addition, there is a critical inlet pressure of 10 MPa. When the inlet pressure is less than critical inlet pressure, heat transfer is improved with the inlet pressure's increase. However, when the inlet pressure is higher than critical inlet pressure, with inlet pressure increasing further, the decrease in the peak specific heat value will weaken the heat absorption capacity of methane, making the deterioration more severe. The deterioration of heat transfer will be improved by increasing the wall roughness, while the pressure drop will also be increased. The optimal wall roughness of 7 μm can be selected by using the thermal performance factor.     

Simulation of compressible flow in high pressure buried gas pipelines

The aim of this work is to analyze the gas flow in high pressure buried pipelines subjected to wall friction and heat transfer. The governing equations for one-dimensional compressible pipe flow are derived and solved numerically. The effects of friction, heat transfer from the wall and inlet temperature on various parameters such as pressure, temperature, Mach number and mass flow rate of the gas are investigated. The numerical scheme and numerical solution was confirmed by some previous numerical studies and available experimental data. The results show that the rate of heat transfer has not a considerable effect on inflow Mach number, but it can reduce the choking length in larger f_DL/D values. The temperature loss will also increase in this case, if smaller pressure drop is desired along the pipe. The results also indicate that for f_DL/D = 150, decreasing the rate of heat transfer from the pipe wall, indicated here by Biot number from 100 to 0.001, will cause an increase of about 7% in the rate of mass flow carried by the pipeline, while for f_DL/D = 50, the change in the rate of mass flow has not a considerable effect. Furthermore, the mass flow rate of choked flow could be increased if the gas flow is cooled before entrance to the pipe.     

Experimental Investigation of Forced Convective Boiling Flow Instabilities in Horizontal Helically Coiled Tubes

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Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Two‐Phase Fluid in Inclined Pipes on a Rotation Platform

A rotating platform was used to create dynamic load, and the mixture air–water two‐phase flow and boiling steam–water two‐phase flow were obtained in an inclined test pipe. By changing the parameters, such as inclination of the test pipe, rotational speed, inlet temperature, flow rate, and so on, the experiments for two‐phase flow in the pipe at inclination of 0°, 45°, and 66° were conducted, respectively. The effects of acceleration and inclination on their flow and heat transfer characteristics were investigated. The two‐phase flow patterns in inclined pipes under rotation conditions were caught with a video camera. The images show that the impact mixed flow and churn flow were found in this research. The results show that the acceleration and pipe inclination significantly influence the flow characteristic and heat transfer of the two‐phase pipe flow. As the directions of the dynamic load and the gravity are opposite to the flow direction, the greater the dynamic load and inclination, the higher the pressure drop and the heat emission, and the lower the flow rate, the void fraction, and the fluid temperature. Therefore, the dynamic load and gravity will improve the flow resistance, enhance heat emission and reduce the heat gained by the fluid.     

R134a在水平内微翅管管内凝结换热的实验研究

对制冷剂R134a在水平强化换热管管内的凝结换热性能进行了实验研究。实验管为两种内微翅管,分别命名为A管和B管。实验件采用套管结构,强化内管外表面和外管内表面之间(管间)走乙二醇水溶液。实验过程中管内冷凝温度为51℃,管间乙二醇水溶液的流速为3.35 m/s,乙二醇水溶液的进口温度根据制冷剂的质量流速做相应调整,以保证试件出口制冷剂有一定的过冷度。实验结果表明:两种水平强化管的管内冷凝换热系数均随着制冷剂质量流速的增加而增大,在制冷剂质量流速从300 kg/(m2.s)增加到700kg/(m2.s)时,A管的管内冷凝换热系数比B管高1.87%到6.28%,而B管的制冷剂流动阻力比A管高9.56%到11.05%,A管的结构优于B管。