高压蒸汽阀门内流场的二维数值模拟及流动特性分析

高温、高压、高压差的蒸汽调节阀中的流动不稳定导致异常的振动，造成阀门的磨损及阀杆破坏以及流动中的压损。这些问题引起许多设计制造部门和研究单位的高度关注。为此，通过数值模拟的方法对二维的高速蒸汽阀门内流场进行理论计算和流动的定性分析。搞清阀内气流不稳定的流动情况，并在此基础上对阀芯进行改型，得到改型后的阀门所受激振力小的结论。通过与实验比较，得到了良好的仿真。图5参5     

透平级三维粘性非定常流动和气流激振力的研究

针对非定常流动对透平气动性能的影响和导致产生动叶片振动疲劳的气流激振力,深入研究和总结了国内外透平机械的非定常流动,阐述了RNGκ-ε湍流模型和双时间步法,并提供了笔者研究的2个汽轮机高压级以及末级的非定常流场与气流激振力的例子.结果表明:采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型和双时间步法对透平级进行非定常粘性流场分析可获得更为详细、精确的流场状况以及更为真实的效率;气流激振力和激振力因子的水平与流场状况有密切联系,影响流场的因素(如背压,流量,动静间隙等)发生变化会对气流激振力因子产生影响.此外,还提出了今后进一步研究的思路和方法.     

静叶尾迹流引起的气流激振力计算方法与激振力特性研究

在研究汽轮机叶片气流激振力的来源与性质的基础上,建立了静叶尾迹流产生的气流激振力计算模型,开发出了基于Matlab的气流激振力计算与分析软件,以探讨叶片气流激振力特性随叶栅结构参数的变化关系。对国产300MW汽轮机某级叶片的气流激振力进行了计算与分析,结果表明:叶栅的结构参数δ、z、B1、b1、t1对气流激振力特性有较大的影响。在汽轮机设计过程中,合理地选择上述结构参数,可以有效地控制气流激振力。     

气流激振力作用下碰磨转子的分叉现象

采用超超临界压力是提高汽轮机热效率的重要途径。随着蒸汽参数的提高,作用在转子上的激振力将显著增大,使得机组发生气流激振的可能性远远大于亚临界机组,因此有必要对气流激振作用下转子的非线性动力学特性加以研究。本文采用双控体模型来计算气封腔内的蒸汽对转子的激振力,分析了气流激振力作用下的碰磨转子的分叉特性。着重讨论了输入气压、密封间隙及转子转速等决定气流激振力大小的因素对碰磨转子分叉特性的影响。研究结果表明,气流激振力将明显抑制碰磨转子的拟周期运动。这种抑制作用随着输入气压的升高、密封间隙的减小而增强。     

离心压缩机迷宫密封中的气流激振

结合国内两家化工厂同一型号的离心压缩机在扩容改造中出现的振动问题，分析了离心压缩机迷宫密封中气流激振的机理和特点，介绍了几种减小密封气流激振的措施。     

调节级非定常流动与汽流激振力数值研究

采用ANSYS-CFX商用软件数值研究了亚临界600MW汽轮机调节级在不同工况下的三维非定常流动特性与汽流激振力的变化规律。结果表明:随着调节阀门的开启,调节级后的压力升高,焓降和功率逐渐减小,级效率升高,余速损失减小;部分进汽调节级会对动叶产生明显的激振力;在进汽弧段,动叶激振力变化均匀,而从进汽弧段旋转到非进汽弧段以及在喷嘴端面附近时,汽流激振力会发生很大突变。两阀全开时动叶受切向力最大,随着阀门的开启,叶片受切向力逐渐减小。动叶片受到的低频激振力频率集中区域均小于1 000Hz,远小于高频激振力频率。     

迷宫轴封气流周向剪切力对转子动态特性系数的影响

采用扰动法计算分析了透平机械直齿型轴封中非定常高压气流流动对涡动转子的气流激振问题,针对进口速度、进口压力、转子转速、涡动频率以及间隙大小对转子动特性系数的影响进行了详尽计算.结果表明,表面周向剪切力对转子动特性系数的影响不可忽略.     

汽轮机内部的激振源

从汽轮机的设计和制造方面，讨论分析了引起汽轮机内部激振的各种原因，并提出了避免激振的方法。     

工业汽轮机调节级部分进汽的瞬态研究

采用计算流体力学方法研究某给水泵汽轮机调节级在低压喷嘴单独进汽和高低压喷嘴同时进汽两种工况下的三维非定常流动特性,以及动叶因周向不均匀来流而所受到的激振力变化。结果表明:当喷嘴组给定不同进汽参数工质时会造成调节级动叶入口参数周向不均匀,从而影响动叶做功;动叶离开高压区进入低压区前,动叶做功能力最大;动叶离开低压区进入高压区前动叶做负功;叶片上受到的气流激振力主要脉动频率为1倍轴频及其高阶谐频,叶轮转子受到的气流激振力主要脉动频率为1倍叶片通过频率,其受力大小与入口工质初参数有关。     

汽轮机末级动叶片大负攻角工况下的气流激振分析

在小容积流量工况下运行的大功率机组的末级动叶顶部进口气流的负攻角流动易造成叶片压力面的气流分离，在一定条件下会诱发叶片颤振。对一典型平面动叶栅大负攻角下的二维分离流场进行数值分析，得到了详细的流场信息和叶片作用力及力矩与攻角的关系。采用准定常的方法，给出了叶片发生扭转和弯曲振动时，激振流场对叶片的气动功的计算方法，并根据能量法的原理，讨论了判断叶片颤振的方法。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．