600MW火电机组低负荷调峰的经济运行方式分析

随着电网峰谷差的日益增大,600MW火电机组调峰是其必然趋势。提高调峰机组低负荷运行的经济性,是目前亟待解决的问题。从最优化的角度出发,对600MW汽轮机低负荷调峰运行中火电机组之间负荷的优化分配、汽轮机循环水系统运行方式的优化和配汽方式的优化方法进行分析,给出了通过改变运行方式指导调峰机组低负荷经济运行的具体方法。     

火电机组间负荷优化分配算法比较与分析

负荷优化分配是电厂节能和运行优化的重要研究内容。在全厂机组组合方式一定的情况下,各台机组间合理的优化分配负荷可以提高整个电厂运行的经济性。为此,文中应用二次规划原理对某电厂4台300MW机组并列运行时的负荷分配进行优化。结果证明,它比线性规划分配负荷的调度方式所用煤耗明显降低。     

超临界600MW汽轮机运行方式的优化研究

阐述了汽轮机变负荷运行的优化原理,介绍了某电厂600MW超临界汽轮机组变负荷运行优化试验的情况,并按照机组高调阀的实际流量特性,通过不同典型负荷下（包括540MW、480MW、420MW、360MW、330MW和300MW共6个负荷）的热效率对比试验,得到了机组优化后的变负荷运行方式,考虑了机组排汽压力的修正,给出了相应运行曲线的拟合函数.结果表明：优化后的运行方式在机组低负荷运行时,汽轮机热耗率明显降低,优化后的运行方式有效地提高了机组变负荷运行时的经济性.     

基于遗传算法的多机型多热源复杂热电负荷优化分配方法

热电联产机组因同时能生产热负荷和电负荷而得到了广泛应用.机组在不同热、电负荷下的热耗不同,不同机组在相同热、电负荷下的热耗也不相同.因此,为达到节约能源的目的 ,对其进行热电负荷优化分配成为至关重要的问题.针对某电厂的多机型、多热源的复杂机组,提出了一种改进的遗传算法,对该机组进行负荷优化分配.结果 表明,优化后的热耗有明显下降,极大的提高了背压机在热电负荷分配时的优化精度,可以在合理范围内对纯凝机与背压机联合运行的系统进行热电负荷分配计算.该方法对提高此类复杂机组的运行经济性具有一定的指导意义.     

基于分支限界法的火电机组负荷分配研究

针对大规模新能源并网调峰问题,提出不同调峰阶段火电机组负荷分配方法：分析火电机组调峰能力、调峰成本及二者之间的关系;以总煤耗成本、机组启停成本之和最小为目标,建立不同调峰阶段火电机组负荷分配优化模型;根据火电机组爬坡率、滑坡率,提出参与负荷分配机组的组合策略,并使用分支限界法对负荷分配优化模型求解。算例表明,随着火电机组调峰深度的增加,机组煤耗成本和启停成本减少,深度调峰运行下附加煤耗成本和机组损耗成本增加。     

热泵系统中的多机组运行负荷配比优化研究

基于某建筑的全年逐时能耗模拟数据,通过MATLAB软件的非线性结构优化功能对热泵系统中多台机组的运行负荷配比方案进行优化,提出最优的机组运行负荷配比方案。研究表明:在逐时负荷大于单台或多台机组装机容量时,随着逐时负荷增加到运行机组总装机容量的70%左右时,各台机组运行负荷占各机组额定容量的百分比趋于相同;热泵系统采用最少台数的机组运行可有效提高系统的运行性能。根据部分负荷下机组负荷配比原则,给出机组在不同日负荷特性曲线下的运行方案。     

大型火电机组优化运行技术的研究

提出了大型火电机组负荷优化分配技术和运行优化技术。介绍了大型火电机组的负荷优化分配的数学模型、求解技术以及大型火电机组运行优化的关键技术，给出了黄台发电厂的应用实例。     

基于模型预测的多模式供热电厂机组间负荷优化分配调度研究

为解决热电厂机组间负荷分配不合理的问题，提出一种基于模型预测的多模式供热电厂多机组间负荷实时优化分配方法。基于模块化建模原理构建热电厂全厂范围的机理仿真模型,并运用运行数据对模型辨识校准，根据机组特性和电网调峰补贴政策，建立全厂的运行经济性收益评估模型，进而设计基于粒子群算法的负荷实时优化方法，借助性能预测模型预测评估各方案的经济性。以某包含高背压、切缸、抽汽、光轴4种供热模式机组的电厂为例，对不同电、热负荷组合工况下的厂内负荷进行优化分配研究。应用结果表明：该方法可根据热、电负荷的实时指令在线获得经济性优化的厂内机组间负荷分配方案。     

火电厂多机组负荷经济分配方法

针对SIS系统火电厂多机组负荷经济分配的要求，从单元机组锅炉和汽轮机设计计算书或性能考核试验数据出发，结合单元机组实时性能计算和耗差分析的原理，提出了一种可以同时解决机组负荷特性线的获取和机组负荷特性线的实时修正问题的火电厂多机组负荷经济分配的方法。该方法计算简捷、实时性强，在获得负荷优化分配结果的同时，给出了负荷优化分配的准确效果。     

1000MW超超临界机组变负荷关键参数性能分析及优化

随着我国新能源的快速发展,火电机组参与深度调峰成为常态化,然而机组低负荷运行时往往会偏离最优运行工况,因此研究低负荷下多参数热力耦合特性以及控制策略优化能有效地改善火电机组的经济性能。本文分析研究了低负荷下汽轮机关键热力参数对机组的效率、热耗率以及节能量等多个变量的影响,优化了机组滑压运行曲线并确定了控制策略优化方案,提高了机组经济性能,具有很重要的学术意义和工程实用价值。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．