近58年大汶河流域降水量演变特征分析

为进一步系统识别气候变化背景下大汶河流域降水量演变特征,基于大汶河流域32个雨量站1956~2013年逐日降水资料,分析了大汶河流域降水量年内分配与年际变化特征及趋势性、随机性、突变性、周期性的变化规律。结果表明,大汶河流域降水量年内分配不均,连续最大四个月均出现在6~9月,所占比例超过70%;年际变化较大,各分区多年平均降水量极值比分布在3.71~5.26之间;降水量呈现不显著下降趋势;降水序列并非完全独立,表现为正持续性;降水量在1964年发生不显著突变,降水量变化周期以14年为主。     

上海城区雨岛效应及其变化趋势分析

选用1959~2007年上海市龙华站降水、气温资料及青浦、嘉定降水资料,运用累积曲线、距平统计和相对偏差对比等方法对上海地区降水量进行统计分析,并对上海市城区、郊区降水的时空特征进行对比。结果表明,上海城市气温和降水变化基本一致,城区、郊区降水存在显著差异,雨岛效应主要集中于5~10月汛期,21世纪城区、郊区降水差距有减小趋势。     

辽宁省年最大24h降水时空特征

为分析辽宁省最大24h降水时空特征,选取辽宁省46个雨量站1964~2013年的年最大24h降水量资料,利用EOF和REOF方法分析了辽宁省年最大24h降水量空间分布和时间变化。结果表明,辽宁省年最大24h降水量多年均值由东南部向西北部递减,总体呈带状分布,最大24h降水量的历史极值也大体由东南向西北递减;最大24h降水量在全省一致偏多或偏少,不同区域反向变化;辽宁省8个分区的最大24h降水量变化过程无相关性,区域特征明显。     

莆田市1956~2012年降水量及径流变化分析

基于莆田市1956~2012年降水及径流资料,采用ARCGIS空间分析、线性倾向估计、滑动平均、累计距平、Mann-Kendall突变检验法及小波分析,对莆田市降水及径流变化特征进行了全面分析。结果表明,该地区降水空间分布不均,整体呈西北山区向东南沿海递减,年降水量整体呈增长趋势,但变化不显著,气候倾向率为13.5mm/10a,降水突变点为1961、1996年,存在25、20、8年周期变化;径流深地带分布趋势与降水量分布相似,多年平均径流深呈上升趋势,但不显著,变化倾向率为17.3mm/10a,突变点为1989年,存在20、25、12年周期性变化。     

济南市南部山区雨洪特性分析

济南市南部山区多年平均降水量为648mm,雨水资源丰富。采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型曲线法建立降雨频率模型,模拟南部山区降雨量与频率之间的关系,模型中理论频率曲线和实际情况拟合较好,误差在±10%以内。年降雨量在640mm以上的频率是50%,雨水利用潜力巨大。对济南市南部山区降雨特性及雨水利用进行研究有很重要的理论和经济意义。     

淮河流域近58年降水特征分析

为了更明确、具体地了解淮河流域降水的时空分布特征,基于1959～2016年淮河流域170个高密度站点逐日降水资料,采用Spearman秩次相关和对趋势分析较准确的成对斜率回归中值等统计方法,分析了流域不同级别降水的降水量、降水日数和降水强度等指标的时空分布特征。结果表明,淮河流域年降水南北差异较显著,由西北向东南递增,年降水量和降水日数最大的地区均位于流域最南部大别山地区,其值为最小值的2倍左右;平均日降水强度及年暴雨量和暴雨日数的分布相似,东部沿海地区和西南部山区为大值区,西北部海拔流域最高的地区为最小值分布区,在流域中部由西北向东南方向逐渐增多;平均暴雨强度的一个大值区位于流域中部偏西的河南驻马店地区,淮河流域极端强降水的发生地也集中在此地周围;流域整体年降水量有轻微下降趋势,降水日数明显减少(东北部地区尤其显著,干旱风险增加),导致平均日降水强度显著增加。这主要是由10mm以下的小雨尤其是0.1～1mm的微量降水的频数显著减少导致的,而50mm以上的暴雨各指标在流域整体上均无显著的变化趋势;流域春秋两季降水量呈减少趋势,夏冬两季降水量呈增加趋势,属于春秋变干、冬夏变湿的地区。     

辽西北地区45年来年降水量时空分布特征

辽西北地区是辽宁省的重点旱区。选择该地区39个雨量站1966~2010年共45年的年降水资料,利用EOF分解和小波分析方法,研究了该地区降水的时空特征。结果表明,辽西北年降水量由东南向西北递减;45年来全区平均年降水量无显著增加或减小趋势,主要表现为丰枯周期变化;EOF分解的前三个特征向量累积方差达到74.9%,代表的空间变化型分别为全区降水一致型、东南与西北相反型、东部与西部相反型;第一特征向量时间系数随年份的变化与降水距平的年际变化极为相似,存在明显的17、9、4年周期;第二特征向量时间系数存在29~33、12年周期;第三特征向量时间系数存在29~33、6~7年的周期变化。     

1960~2013年云南省降水时空变化特征分析

鉴于分析云南省降水时空变化特征对该地区旱涝灾害预警和水文模型研究具有重要意义,基于云南省29个气象站点1960~2013年的逐日降水资料,采用滑动平均、线性倾向估计、Mann Kendall突变检验、滑动t检验和普通克里格插值等方法分析了该地区降水变化特征、降水变化趋势及空间分布情况。结果表明,年际降水量以7.7 mm/10a的幅度逐渐减少,在2008年发生突变;空间分布不均,整体由东北向西南呈带状递增分布,并形成2个孤岛状的降水集中区。夏、秋、冬三季降水量均逐渐减少,春季增加;季突变时间存在差异性;夏、秋两季空间分布情况与年际类似,春季自南向北逐渐减少,冬季自中部分别向东南和西北呈带状递增分布,同时还具有自南向北呈带状递减分布的特征。     

安徽省近60年台风降水特征分析

基于中国水情年报和安徽省15个降水观测站1957～2016年台风期间降水资料,分析台风登陆中国后7d内在观测站形成的日降水大于或等于5mm的降水事件,提取了各站、各区域年台风降水量、次数等台风降水特征,分析了安徽省台风降水特征的时空分布规律。结果表明,台风降水量年际、年代际差异显著,安徽省多年平均年台风降水量为165mm;江南、江淮和淮北三个区域多年平均年台风降水量分别为216、154、137mm,具有从南到北递减规律;15个降水观测站多年平均年台风降水量为125～347mm,平均年台风降水发生3.2～4.7次;安徽省7～9月台风降水量为128mm,占年台风降水量的78%;安徽省台风降水量具有山区多平原少,迎风坡多背风坡少的特征。     

基于TFPW-MK法的太湖流域湖西区降水时空变化分析

基于太湖流域湖西区13个雨量站近50年(1964~2013年)逐日降水量资料,采用TFPW-MK法分析该地区降水时空变化规律。结果表明,湖西山丘区年平均降水量为1 469mm,平原区为1 397mm;湖西山丘区汛期(5~9月)平均降水量高于平原区,分别为975、732mm;湖西区近50年各序列存在不同程度的自相关性,降水呈显著上升趋势(Z=1.36),其中湖西平原区降水呈极显著上升趋势(Z=1.66);湖西区汛期平均降水量占全年平均降水量的66%,汛期降水空间分布与全年降水空间分布基本吻合,均呈自西南向东北递减趋势;但湖西区近50年来全年与汛期平均降水量变化趋势并不完全一致,如东部小河新闸、宜兴、大浦口全年降水趋势为不显著减少,汛期降水趋势则为不显著增加;西南部茅东闸、平桥全年降水趋势为不显著增加,汛期降水趋势则为不显著减少。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.