平圩发电厂2号锅炉再热器的超温原因及改进措施

安微淮南平圩发电有限责任公司的2号锅炉是引进美国CE公司技术,由哈锅厂制造的我国首批600MW亚临界燃煤锅炉,自投运以来,再热器多次发生因过热而超温爆管的现象。经过试验和计算分析,发现该型锅炉有因四角切圆残余旋转造成的沿宽度方向上的各片屏的热偏差,同屏之间有因吸热不均匀造成同屏各管之间的热偏差,有因结构原因造成的各管热偏差的叠加。经过分析计算,对该炉通过中上层二次风反切,过燃风水平摆动以减弱残余旋转,屏式再热器采取短路以调整各管吸热量为基本方法,制定了攻关方案,目前正在实施中。该方案在同类型锅炉上已经得到应用,取得了良好的效果。图11表3     

某百万∏型二次再热锅炉再热器壁温偏差调整

某百万双切圆∏型二次再热锅炉试运过程中高/低压末级再热器壁温沿炉宽方向存在壁温偏差大的问题,限制两级再热汽温达到设计值。通过烟气再循环喷口反切和燃尽风喷口反切,减小了高/低压末级再热器的壁温偏差,为两级再热汽温达到设计值打下了基础。     

大型锅炉水平烟道左右两侧烟温偏差的研究

在我国火电站现用的许多大型４角切圆燃烧锅炉中，存在着水平烟道两侧烟温差的问题，由此产生过热器和再热器超温过热。为了提高其安全可靠性，本文讨论了这种烟温差的影响因素，并对一台１０２５ｔ／ｈ４角切向燃烧锅炉进行了现场试验研究，测定了锅炉水平烟道的两侧速度偏差。并由此计算了两侧的烟温和管壁温度偏差。研究结果表明：该锅炉燃烧器采用３次风反切，对于减少这种烟温差是很有效的。     

锅炉受热面热偏差的改进措施

平圩发电有限责任公司的2号锅炉是采用美国CE公司技术，由哈尔滨锅炉厂设计和制造的我国首批600MW亚临界燃煤锅炉。由于热偏差大，分隔屏、后屏、再热器经常发生超温爆管现象。平圩发电有限公司联合上海发电设备成套设计研究院，共同进行了技术攻关。通过试验研究和计算分析，找出了超温爆管的原因。在改造方案中应用了可控涡强的计算方法，制定了从CD层开始二次风逐渐加大反切风、过燃风水平摆动的思路，并解决了分隔屏、后屏、再热器经常超温爆管的问题。     

四角燃烧无烟煤锅炉蒸汽侧解决再热器汽温偏差

分析了四角切圆燃烧无烟煤锅炉产生烟温偏差较大的原因，针对无烟煤采取相应的措施解决由于烟温偏差引起的汽温偏差。文章在对近期某台125MW中间再热超高压机组燃用无烟煤锅炉的两次改造和性能实验的基础上，对解决无烟煤锅炉的烟温偏差和汽温偏差提出了新的思路和解决办法，对无烟煤锅炉的再热器和尾部受热面布置提出建议。     

350MW机组锅炉水平烟道烟温偏差调整试验

本文分析了四角切圆燃烧水平烟道烟温偏差的成因，针对宝钢自备电厂2号锅炉三再超温爆管现象，通过燃烧调整，使二再、三再出口烟温偏差得到了明显改善，降低了水平烟道热力不均匀性，使再热器恢复汽温运行成为可能。     

同心反切燃烧锅炉四角配风不均对炉内多相流动的影响

四角切圆燃烧锅炉中各角一、二次风风速均衡是提高锅炉燃烧效率 ,防止炉内火焰中心偏移、炉膛结渣的重要因素。但大容量锅炉多采用直吹式制粉系统 ,且送粉管道阻力不均 ,燃烧器数量众多 ,易发生配风不均。采用数值模拟方法对采用同心反切二次风系统的某 3 0 0MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉四角配风不均对炉内多相流动特性进行了多工况模拟。获得了配风不均对炉内切圆中心、颗粒运动轨迹、贴壁风速等的影响。同时就配风不均对采用同心反切二次风系统和不采用二次风反切技术的四角燃烧系统的影响进行了比较 ,结果表明 ,采用同心反切系统的四角燃烧锅炉对配风偏差更为敏感 ,应引起设计和运行人员的注意     

1 025 t/h锅炉再热器超温处理及可行性分析

针对某1 025 t/h锅炉再热器管壁超温、减温水量大的问题,通过现场试验、数值模拟和热力计算等方法,分析管壁超温和减温水量大的原因,提出燃烧调整和受热面改造方案。研究表明：该锅炉末级再热器出口管壁温度存在较大偏差,烟道中间及右侧部分管壁超温,原因在于炉膛出口的烟温偏差;通过将燃尽风由四角均匀配风调整为左侧风门开度50%、右侧风门开度100%,降低了炉膛出口左右两侧的烟温偏差,进而减小了再热器出口的壁温偏差;针对锅炉再热器、过热器减温水量大的问题,进行二次风优化调整,当二次风正塔配风时炉膛出口温度比二次风均等配风和束腰配风时有所降低,有利于降低减温水量;该炉二次风配风优化难以从根本上解决减温水量大的问题,为此提出减少再热器、过热器受热面及增加省煤器受热面的改造方案,使减温水量在不同负荷下均能满足锅炉运行要求。     

四角切圆煤-气混烧锅炉炉膛出口烟温偏差的控制

某石化公司热电厂四角切圆煤-气混烧锅炉在实际运行过程中,炉膛出口烟温与设计值偏差较大,导致对流受热面局部区域的管道超温爆管,原因是四角风粉不均及气体燃烧器结构、运行方式、负荷分配等不合理引起炉内火焰中心的偏斜。通过采取均衡四角风粉比例,采用多枪平流式气体燃烧器和对角投用最下层气体燃烧器,布置反切的二次风与三次风和优化最上层二次风挡板开度等措施,使炉膛出口烟温偏差控制在20℃以内,确保了锅炉的安全运行。     

燃尽风对四角切圆锅炉烟温偏差影响的数值模拟

对某电站四角切圆煤粉锅炉进行燃烧特性的数值模拟.炉膛出口存在烟温偏差,采用OFA(燃尽风)联合三次风反切的方法,减小炉膛出口烟温偏差.分析了4种不同反切角度对炉膛出口烟温偏差的影响.结果 表明:OFA和三次风在适当的角度下进行反切对主燃区的影响较小,但过度增大反切角度会使主燃区燃烧紊乱,增大炉膛出口的烟温偏差;OFA联...     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.