基于径向基函数神经网络的内燃机气缸压力识别

提出了一种新的利用内燃机缸盖振动信号识别气缸压力的径向基函数（radial basis function,RBF）神经网络方法。首先，给出了该方法的实现原理与步骤，并根据内燃机的工作特性，对径向基函数神经网络的参数进行了有效的设置，建立了完整的内燃机缸盖振动信号与气缸压力之间的非线性映射关系；然后，对试验数据进行了处理。结果表明，这种方法不仅在压力波形而且在特征点的数值上都具有较高的识别精度并有较强的鲁棒性。最后，对有关问题进行了讨论。     

基于连续小波变换的气密性故障诊断

给出了利用起动电压波形来检测气密性这一简单易行的试验原理与方法；对小波函数及其尺度参数的选择进行对比分析，根据连续小波变换能够有效地检测出弱信号的优良性质，对除噪后的电压信号使用Gaussl小波进行变换；结合小波系数绝对值分布灰度图和高阶低频逼近信号来实现故障辨识。     

基于抽区间采样的内燃机状态监测方法研究

内燃机由于内部激励源众多，外部测得的振动信号十分复杂，不能准确分析和监测机器的磨损状态。利用各激励力存在一定的相位差进行抽区间采样，可以缩短数据长度，突出局部时间段信号特征，削弱其它干扰成分的影响。提出基于抽区间采样的内燃机状态监测方法：抽取多个工作循环特定时间段的数据，合成一个新的数据信号；对合成信号进行经验模态分解，通过分解后的本征模态函数的幅值谱比较，选取对故障敏感的本征模态函数进行信号的重构；然后对重构的信号进行时频分析，达到对内燃机状态监测的目的。     

基于支持向量机的柴油机排气阀智能故障诊断研究

排气阀是柴油机的重要部件之一，其故障诊断一直受到研究者的关注，传统的学习机器在小样本学习时不具有良好的泛化能力，其现场效果与实验室精度差距较大。建立在统计学习理论基础之上的支持向量机具有和样本数相适应的最优泛化能力。利用支持向量机适合处理高维数据以及具有良好泛化能力的特点，建立了排气阀故障诊断模型，将排气阀振动信号经过小波包分解后提取的特征指标在小样本时进行支持向量机学习，通过不同核函数的支持向量机和其它智能方法准确率的比较证明：支持向量机较其它智能方法有较大的优越性；准确率对核函数有一定的敏感性；在常用的3种核函数中，线性核的诊断准确率达到了100％，是柴油机排气阀智能故障诊断支持向量机的最佳核函数。     

小波除噪、时频分布及气密性诊断

通过快速小波任意尺度的分解，为具体分析与实现原始信号的信噪分离与干扰成分的剔除提供了有效手段。同时根据核函数在模糊域中的过滤原则，提出了新的核函数，并给出了新的时频分布(TFD)。将其应用于气密性故障诊断，成功地刻画了气密性故障信号特征；通过与Wigner-Ville Distri—bution的对比，发现新的时频分布能够较好地抑制交叉项并具有优良的时频聚集性，从而为气密性故障诊断提供了新的强有力的工具。     

鼓泡流化床风帽压力信号的频谱分析

在鼓泡流化床冷态试验台上,采集不同风帽入口的压力信号.基于Matlab软件,利用自相关函数的傅里叶变换对采集的信号进行频谱分析,得到信号主频的分布范围以及对应的功率谱密度,分析了不同静床高和不同表观气速下布风板中心、边壁风帽的压力波动特性.结果表明:风帽入口压力信号的频谱变化与静床高和表观气速的变化密切相关,且压力波动信号的主频集中在0～10 Hz的范围,可为风帽压力信号的测点布置和采样频率的设置提供参考.     

基于缸盖振动信号的柴油机多工况性能预测

采用小波分析法和时间序列法从柴油机缸盖表面振动信号识别气缸压力，通过对示功图 进行分析计算得到了相应的放热规律；采用双韦柏函数对放热规律进行拟合，建立了双韦柏参数的多工况变化关系式，实现了放热规律的多工况计算，并与工作过程数值计算相结合，从柴油机缸盖振动信号预测多工况性能。     

关于汽轮机蒸汽功率测量的多传感器信息融合方法的研究

在功频调节系统中，利用电功率信号作为反馈信号会引起反调现象的产生。利用汽轮机中特殊位置处的蒸汽压力对蒸汽功率的变化响应快和电功率信号的稳态精度高的特性，将两者组成一个信息融合对，通过构造互补FRF(频率响应函数)对，在频域内进行信息融合，获取高性能的蒸汽功率信号。最后采用仿真试验表明，通过此法获取的蒸汽功率信号作为功频调节中的功率反馈信号可明显减小反调现象。     

发动机稳态与非稳态振动信号分析比较

主要探索了在发动机机械故障诊断中采用非稳态信号分析方法进行故障诊断。介绍了定转速非稳态数据采集器测试原理，讨论了短时傅里叶（Fourier）变换的原理与窗函数选择方法。应用它分析了发动机稳态与非稳态加速振动信号并进行了比较。试验与分析结果表明：定转速非稳态数据采集器能准确地测取发动机加速过程中所设定转速的振动信号；采用短时Fourier变换和窄带能量累加方法能有效提取加速振动信号中分析对象的故障特征，具有良好的重复性和稳定性；加速振动的信噪比远比稳态振动大得多。     

基于卷积高斯窗的电能计量研究

摘要： 结合卷积高斯窗和傅里叶变换实现电能计量分析,利用高斯窗函数良好的时频分辨能力,可以准确辨识电能信号中不同的谐波分量,完成电能精确估算。实验仿真电能信号含有5阶谐波分量,对比了高斯窗函数,卷积高斯窗函数对仿真电能信号不同阶次谐波分量的频率、幅度和相位的数值估计误差,验证了卷积两次的高斯窗函数的性能最优,其对于电能信号谐波参数的估计相对误差均在0.1‰以下。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

The Solar Office in context

The goal of sustainability in buildings can only hope to be realised if buildings are designed to both conserve and generate energy. The Solar Office at Doxford International is designed to minimise the use of energy while its external fabric is designed to replace such energy that is used. The recently completed building is now subject of a comprehensive monitoring programme. The programme covers both the performance of the 73 kW_p photovoltaic installation and the environmental conditions within the building as a whole. Hour by hour findings are posted on a dedicated web site. Photovoltaics could have the same impact on building form and layout as the invention of the passenger lift at the end of the last century.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Hydrogen recovery from the photovoltaic electroflocculation-flotation process for harvesting Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae

In this paper, an integrated process using photovoltaic power to harvest microalgae by electro-flocculation (EF) and hydrogen recovery is presented. It is mainly favorable in regions with high solar radiation. The electro-flocculation efficiency (EFE) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa microalgae was investigated using various types of electrodes (aluminum, iron, zinc, copper and a non-sacrificial electrode of carbon). The best results regarding the EFE, and biomass contamination were achieved with aluminum and carbon electrodes where the electrical energy demand of the process for harvesting 1 kg of algae biomass was 0.28 and 0.34 kWh, respectively, while the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 0.052 and 0.005 kWh kg^?1, respectively. The highest harvesting efficiency of 95.83 ± 0.87% was obtained with the aluminum electrode.The experimental hydrogen yields obtained were comparable with those calculated from theory. With a low net energy demand, microalgae EF may be a useful and low-cost technology.