加氢站定量风险分析研究

结合定量风险分析理论和加氢站的特点,从加氢站的事故场景、事故频率、事故后果、死亡概率和个人风险与社会风险5个方面进行了研究,提出了加氢站定量风险分析模型,并结合某加氢站进行了实例计算分析,计算出该加氢站量化的个人风险和社会风险,再与国内外认可的可接受风险标准进行比较,得出其风险水平是否可接受的分析结论。其量化的风险分析结论将对加氢站建设的审批和公众安全认可具有重要指导意义。     

管道输运高压氢气与天然气的泄漏扩散数值模拟

基于有限体积法,建立了管道运输高压氢气及天然气的泄漏扩散模型,考虑到氢气与天然气的管道泄漏事故危险性不同,进行了数值模拟与对比,得出了管道泄漏后氢气与天然气的不同泄漏扩散特性.结果表明:高压氢气的泄漏扩散形成的危险云团较大而且集中;氢气初始的泄漏速度比天然气大得多,与周围环境达到压力平衡所需时间较天然气短;随着扩散时间的增加,氢气危险气体云团扩散最大高度较天然气增加得快;在近地面区氢气泄漏扩散产生的危险后果较天然气小.     

长管拖车的检验及使用安全

根据《压力容器定期检验规则》的要求对长管拖车进行了定期检验，发现了在用长管拖车的一些缺陷并对其产生原因进行分析，从多个角度提出了长管拖车在日常使用中防止缺陷产生应注意的问题，指出了保障长管拖车的安全使用应采取的措施。     

一起爆破片破裂事故的分析

随着天然气和工业气体行业的快速发展，气体运输的方便与快捷成为市场追捧的目标。我公司生产的高压气体长管拖车就是公路运输压缩天然气的工具，高压气体长管拖车由框架、大容积钢质无缝气瓶、前仓、后仓四部分组成，如图1所示。高压气体长管拖车前仓为安全仓，用于安装安全泄放装置。后仓是操作仓，用于安装所有的管路管件、仪表、操作阀件及安全泄放装置。     

煤化行业环境风险评价实例分析

通过某10000t/a粗苯加工项目环评,着重对煤化行业特征化学品进行风险源识别和最大可信事故分析、风险事故后果估算、风险可接受水平分析,可以为煤化项目环境风险评价提供技术支持和作为范例.     

重大能源工程事故定量风险评价思路与方法研究——以三高气田钻完井重大事故为例

风险评价研究以分析三高气田(高压、高产、高含硫)钻完井事故的机理及原因,建立钻完井事故的事故树概率模型及概率计算,通过基于钻完井事故后果的环境风洞物理模拟实验和三维数值模拟定量确定空间硫化氢浓度值。在此基础上进行事故的个人风险及社会风险评价,这种风险定量评价方法将对国内外同类油气田的安全开发有一定的指导意义。     

大型氢冷发电机吸附式氢气提纯方法研究

大型氢冷发电机机内氢气纯度与发电机效率直接相关。为解决氢冷汽轮发电机运行过程中机内氢气纯度下降问题，提出了吸附式氢气提纯方法，并开发了吸附式氢气提纯装置。通过模拟试验和理论计算对该方法进行了双重验证。试验结果和计算分析均表明，该氢气提纯方法可以确保氢冷发电机机内氢气纯度（体积分数）稳定在99%以上。该方法的推广应用可为大型氢冷发电机组带来可观的经济效益和社会效益。     

关于长管拖车定期检验现状的分析

长管拖车作为一种新型气体运输工具，具有高效、便捷的优点，极大程度上弥补了长输管道投资大、工期长及区域覆盖性不全的缺点，近年来在国内发展极为迅速。本文从国内长管拖车定期检验的重要性出发，简单阐述国内外长管拖车的常见结构形式，比较相关的中关法规、标准体系，重点对比了中美长管拖车定期检验方法的不同之处。为相关专业技术人员了解长管拖车基础知识和国内外定期检验现状提供参考。     

氢气管输技术研究进展

利用现有“全国一张网”的天然气管道设施,将氢气掺入天然气管道输送,可有效解决中国氢气规模化输送难题。该文综述目前关于氢气管道输送的研究成果,总结氢气管道建设现状;分析输氢工艺安全性,阐述管线泄漏的危害性及防护措施,分别讨论高压输送管道、中低压配送管道和管道焊缝的相容性;归纳目前的燃气互换性方法及设备适应性。指出了目前氢气管输面临的问题：掺氢比例等参数对氢气渗透、聚集、泄漏、喷射火灾等安全问题的影响尚不明确;氢气与典型管材的相容性研究不足;缺少纯氢和掺氢管道输送技术相关标准规范体系。     

稻草催化热解制取氢气的研究

利用自制的热解反应炉,选取陕西汉中稻草为原料,以MnO2、Al2O3、MgO这3种金属氧化物为催化剂,进行了一系列催化热解制备氢气的研究,并采用气相色谱对氢气进行分析.实验着重研究了不同催化剂以及不同催化剂添加量对氢气浓度和产量的影响.结果表明:添加0.1%的Al2O3、MgO、MnO2作为催化剂,各个温度段的氢气产量均有不同程度的提高,催化活性为氧化镁>氧化铝>氧化锰,催化剂的添加量对于稻草热解产氢的浓度和产量也有直接影响.     

Quantitative risk assessment of a mobile hydrogen refueling station in Korea

Hydrogen infrastructure is expanding. Mobile hydrogen refueling stations are advantageous because they can be moved between locations to provide refueling. However, there are serious concerns over the risk of various accident scenarios as the refueling stations are transported. In this study, we conduct a quantitative risk assessment of a mobile hydrogen refueling station. Risks that may occur at two refueling locations and the transport path between them are analyzed. Our evaluation reveals that risks are mostly in an acceptable zone and to a lesser degree in a conditionally acceptable zone. The greatest single risk factor is an accident resulting from the rupture of the tube trailer at the refueling site. At sites with no tube trailer and during the transport, the risk is greatest from large leaks from the dispenser or compressed gas facility. The mobile hydrogen refueling station can be safely built within acceptable risk levels.     

Techno-economic analysis of conventional and advanced high-pressure tube trailer configurations for compressed hydrogen gas transportation and refueling

Transporting compressed gaseous hydrogen in tube trailers to hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) is an attractive economic option in early fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) markets. This study examines conventional (Type I, steel) and advanced (Type IV, composite) high-pressure tube trailer configurations to identify those that offer maximum payload and lowest cost per unit of deliverable payload under United States Department of Transportation (DOT) size and weight constraints. The study also evaluates the impacts of various tube trailer configurations and payloads on the transportation and refueling cost of hydrogen under various transportation distance and HRS capacity scenarios. Composite tube trailers can transport large hydrogen payloads, up to 1100 kg at 7300 psi (500 bar) working pressure, while steel tube trailer configurations are limited by DOT weight regulations and may transport a maximum hydrogen payload of approximately 270 kg. Using steel pressure vessels to transport hydrogen at high pressure is counterproductive because of the rapid increase in vessel weight with wall thickness. The most economic composite tube trailer configuration includes 30-inch-diameter vessels packed in a 3 × 3 array. A linear relationship between the deliverable payload and the capital cost of a composite tube trailer has been developed for configurations with the lowest cost-per-unit payload. The capital cost is approximately $1100 per kg of deliverable hydrogen payload. Considering the entire delivery pathway (including refueling), tube trailer configurations with smaller vessels packed in greater numbers enable higher payload delivery and lower delivery cost in terms of $/kg H₂, when delivering hydrogen over longer distances to large stations. Selection of the appropriate tube trailer configuration and corresponding hydrogen payload can reduce hydrogen delivery cost by up to 16%.     

Techno-economic assessment of hydrogen refueling station: A case study in Croatia

Hydrogen refueling station (HRS) capacity and location depend on the users, which makes it difficult to select the most favorable option before potential users are actually identified. As in Croatia, at least for now, there are no hydrogen users, this study considers a wide range of HRS capacities and their different configurations. These include hydrogen production and charging station within one existing wind farm in Croatia or both nearby the users, the hydrogen production within the wind farm and the charging station nearby the users, while hydrogen is delivered to the station with a tube trailer, and configuration of hydrogen production within the wind farm with a mobile charging station in case of several users in different locations. Each HRS configuration is evaluated by the obtained levelized cost of hydrogen depending on the capital, and operation and maintenance costs within the HRS techno-economic analysis provided.     

Research progress of hydrogen behaviors in nuclear power plant containment under severe accident conditions

Severe accident in a water-cooled nuclear power plant may lead to the production and release of hydrogen. If hydrogen forms flammable gas with air and steam in the containment, it may trigger more serious hydrogen explosion accident, threaten the integrity of the equipment and the containment. The behavioral characteristics of hydrogen under severe accident conditions become primarily responsible for the assessment of combustion risk. This review paper first identifies and describes various key physical phenomena associated to hydrogen behavior in the containment during a severe accident from four main aspects, including the source of hydrogen, hydrogen transport, combustion, and risk mitigation. The typical release process of hydrogen, the combustion limits of hydrogen and main risk mitigation measures are clarified comprehensively. Moreover, representative experimental facilities, related tests and key conclusions are introduced emphatically, which can provide specific guidance for future and ongoing related experimental research. Additionally, through the analysis of corresponding typical simulation studies based on LP method and CFD method, numerical methods suitable for various key phenomena are summarized and recommended. Currently, associated models realized in codes have limitations for predicting hydrogen behavior under certain conditions, which are mainly derived from the coupling effect of complex factors such as condensation, jets, and flame propagation, etc. The applicability and uncertainty of the models in these situations still need to be further evaluated and developed.     

Intrinsic transport and combustion issues of steam-air-hydrogen mixtures in nuclear containments

Understanding local transport behaviour of steam-air-hydrogen mixture inside the containment and associated hydrogen combustion issues are essential to ensure integrity of the nuclear reactor containment in the event of a severe accident. During a severe accident, various mechanisms occurring inside and outside of reactor pressure vessel may lead to generation of steam, and subsequently hydrogen, which eventually gets released in the containment space. Hydrogen may deflagrate in the presence of an ignition source/hot spot depending on local mixture composition of steam-air-hydrogen; this may further lead to flame acceleration, deflagration to detonation transition, and finally to detonation depending upon local conditions and geometric factors, further increasing the internal pressure and temperature of the containment. The fraction of non-condensable gases may also rise due to simultaneous on-going steam condensation, which not only elevates the possibility of hydrogen combustion, but also in turn, affects the eventual local and average steam condensation rates. In this background, this paper reviews the coupled issues between steam condensation, hydrogen transport, hydrogen combustion criteria, location of its sources, and stratification inside reactor containment under plausible severe accident scenarios. Several experiments in the context of containment thermal-hydraulics and hydrogen combustion are elaborated. Looking into the complexity of the problem, necessity to adopt simulation approach is highlighted. Two types of codes, i.e., lumped-parameter (LP) and computational fluid dynamic (CFD), are scrutinized based on their specific applications and limitations. It is inferred that the containment thermal-hydraulics and ensuing safety strategies must address the issue of steam condensation and hydrogen management simultaneously, through a comprehensive and integrated approach.     

Safety design of compressed hydrogen trailers with composite cylinders

Compressed hydrogen is delivered by trailers in steel cylinders at 19.6 MPa in Japan. Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. developed two compressed hydrogen trailers with composite cylinders in collaboration with JX Nippon Oil in a project of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).The first trailer, which was the first hydrogen trailer with composite cylinder in Japan, has 35 MPa cylinders and the second trailer has 45 MPa cylinders. These trailers have been operated transporting hydrogen and feedstock to hydrogen refueling stations without the accident. This paper describes the safety design, including compliance with regulations, the influence of vibrations, and safety verification in case of a collision.     

Hydrogen refueling station compression and storage optimization with tube-trailer deliveries

Hydrogen refueling stations require high capital investment, with compression and storage comprising more than half of the installed cost of refueling equipment. Refueling station configurations and operation strategies can reduce capital investment while improving equipment utilization. Argonne National Laboratory developed a refueling model to evaluate the impact of various refueling compression and storage configurations and tube trailer operating strategies on the cost of hydrogen refueling. The modeling results revealed that a number of strategies can be employed to reduce fueling costs. Proper sizing of the high-pressure buffer storage reduces the compression requirement considerably, thus reducing refueling costs. Employing a tube trailer to initially fill the vehicle's tank also reduces the compression and storage requirements, further reducing refueling costs. Reducing the cut-off pressure of the tube trailer for initial vehicle fills can also significantly reduce the refueling costs. Finally, increasing the trailer's return pressure can cut refueling costs, especially for delivery distances less than 100 km, and in early markets, when refueling stations will be grossly underutilized.     

The simulation and analysis of leakage and explosion at a renewable hydrogen refuelling station

The number of hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) is steadily growing worldwide. In China, the first renewable hydrogen refuelling station has been built in Dalian for nearly 3 years. FLACS software based on computational fluid dynamics approach is used in this paper for simulation and analysis on the leakage and explosion of hydrogen storage system in this renewable hydrogen refuelling station. The effects of wind speed, leakage direction and wind direction on the consequences of the accident are analyzed. The harmful area, lethal area, the farthest harmful distance and the longest lethal distance in explosion accident of different accident scenarios are calculated. Harmful areas after explosion of different equipments in hydrogen storage system are compared. The results show that leakage accident of the 90 MPa hydrogen storage tank cause the greatest harm in hydrogen explosion. The farthest harmful distance caused by explosion is 35.7 m and the farthest lethal distance is 18.8 m in case of the same direction of wind and leakage. Moreover, it is recommended that the hydrogen tube trailer should not be parked in the hydrogen refuelling station when the amount of hydrogen is sufficient.     

3D risk management for hydrogen installations

This paper introduces the 3D risk management (3DRM) concept, with particular emphasis on hydrogen installations (Hy3DRM). The 3DRM framework entails an integrated solution for risk management that combines a detailed site-specific 3D geometry model, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool for simulating flow-related accident scenarios, methodology for frequency analysis and quantitative risk assessment (QRA), and state-of-the-art visualization techniques for risk communication and decision support. In order to reduce calculation time, and to cover escalating accident scenarios involving structural collapse and projectiles, the CFD-based consequence analysis can be complemented with empirical engineering models, reduced order models, or finite element analysis (FEA). The paper outlines the background for 3DRM and presents a proof-of-concept risk assessment for a hypothetical hydrogen filling station. The prototype focuses on dispersion, fire and explosion scenarios resulting from loss of containment of gaseous hydrogen. The approach adopted here combines consequence assessments obtained with the CFD tool FLACS-Hydrogen from Gexcon, and event frequencies estimated with the Hydrogen Risk Assessment Models (HyRAM) tool from Sandia, to generate 3D risk contours for explosion pressure and radiation loads. For a given population density and set of harm criteria, it is straightforward to extend the analysis to include personnel risk, as well as risk-based design such as detector optimization. The discussion outlines main challenges and inherent limitations of the 3DRM concept, as well as prospects for further development towards a fully integrated framework for risk management in organizations.