圆柱形混合室截面直径对喷射系数影响的实验研究

依据索科洛夫等学者提出喷射器计算的经验公式对喷射器进行优化设计加工,并自行搭建测量喷射器性能实验台。采用N_2、CO_2、R290 3种自然工质,研究了当扩压室直径为定值,实验压力为高压(10 MPa≤P≤100MPa)状态时圆柱形混合室截面直径变化对喷射器性能的影响规律。实验结果表明:当喷射器背压为3.9 MPa、工作流体温度为90℃、工作流体压力变化范围为8.0～10.0 MPa或引射流体压力变化范围为2.4～2.9 MPa、混合室截面直径在1.7～2.1 mm范围变化时,喷射器的喷射系数均随圆柱形混合室截面直径的增大而升高,且在实验工况范围内,以N_2为工质的喷射系数随圆柱形混合室截面直径变化趋势相对平缓。     

太阳能喷射式制冷系统喷射器性能的三维数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件对太阳能喷射式制冷系统中的喷射器进行三维数值模拟,从影响喷射器性能的主要工作参数和喷射器的主要尺寸、结构等方面进行了数值计算。从数值模拟的研究中得出：流线型结构的喷射器能减弱混合过程中的回流现象;在超过某一值时继续增加工作流体的压力对喷射器性能没有改善;喷嘴出口和扩压管入口存在一定的距离会提高喷射器的性能;收缩段采用流线型的喷射器性能很接近四段都采用流线型的喷射器的性能,并且都能提高喷射器的性能。     

LNG绕管式换热器管侧冷凝流型数值模拟

为了对液化天然气(LNG)用绕管式换热器管侧冷凝流型变化进行预测,本文用数值模拟的方法建立了基于VOF多相流、RSM湍流模型和Lee相变模型的冷凝计算模型,模拟了管侧三股流的冷凝流型,结果表明天然气在超临界压力下冷凝,气液物性接近,流型均具有均匀混合的特性,可采用均相流方法来计算;预冷段和液化段轻烃混合冷剂的冷凝流型主要有雾状流、环状流和分层流,流速越大环状流占的比重越大。     

氨水液-汽型喷射器性能分析与结构优化

建立氨水液-汽型喷射器的一维稳态热力学模型,对喷射器的热力学性能与结构进行研究,包括工作喷嘴、扩散段中的工作流体与引射流体的压力及速度的变化,以及不同扩散角对喷射器性能的影响。将氨水液-汽型喷射器应用于Kalina循环,以降低膨胀机的背压来提高循环输出功与效率。在对喷射器性能,如:引射系数、引射压力及混合出口压力等相互关系分析基础上,以得到Kalina循环更高的循环输出功为目的,对喷射器的性能与结构进行研究。结果表明,喷射器的扩散角越小,越有利于喷射器的压力回收,扩散角越大,越有利于汽、液两相的混合。给定喷射器混合出口压力时,引射系数越小,引射压力越小。引射系数对提高Kalina循环性能起关键作用。最终优化得到的喷射器设计工况为:扩散角为1°、引射系数0.1、引射压力656 k Pa。     

基于沸腾空化模型的跨临界CO_2喷射器性能优化

喷射器内存在的激波效应对其性能有重要影响,现有的一维模型无法实现对激波的捕捉。在处理非平衡相变、超音速流和激波等复杂现象时,建立CO_2两相喷射器三维模型来捕捉喷射器超音速喷嘴处的激波特性,采用空化和沸腾相变模型来模拟流体的相变过程。经与文献的实验验证,沸腾空化模型能够准确分析喷射器的性能,喷射系数的最大误差为4.3%;进行5种湍流模型的对比,其中SST k-ω模型能很好地预测内部流动,喷射系数的最大误差为5.8%。进一步对设计工况下喷射器的几何尺寸混合段与扩散段进行优化,分析其与激波间的关系。结果表明:1)分析扩散角变化的影响,存在一个使摩擦损失与湍动能损耗都较小的最佳扩散角;2)在一定的工况下,存在最佳的混合室长度和直径使喷射系数较高,当混合室直径一定时,增加混合室长度有助于增加激波链的长度,但超过最佳混合室长度时,激波的强度逐渐减弱;在混合室长度不变时,减小混合室直径会使工作喷嘴出口处的激波幅度减弱,扩散室入口处的激波增强,但过多的增加混合室直径会使混合室的作用降低,失去升压效果。     

导叶开度对混流式水轮机尾水管内流动特性的影响

为了深入研究尾水管内的流动特性,结合某电站混流式水轮机的实际运行情况,基于标准的κ-ε湍流模型,选用Fluent软件在额定水头不同导叶开度下对其进行全流道数值模拟,分析了不同导叶开度对混流式水轮机尾水管内部流动特性的影响。结果表明,当导叶开度为100%时尾水管内部形成了周期空化涡带,此涡带的存在易导致水轮机机组产生强烈振动;当导叶开度较小时,尾水管内速度分布较为均匀;尾水管进口段的压力分布情况对导叶开度的变化较为敏感,可通过合理控制导叶开度来减小尾水管内的水力振动,降低水力损失。     

基于CFD的高速离心泵进口段流动数值模拟分析

基于CFD的理论基础应用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对某一高速离心泵进行内流场数值模拟,研究回流现象。通过不同工况下的分析计算,发现诱导轮前进口段的回流漩涡范围随着流量的增加呈现逐渐减小的趋势;利用一个无量纲数来分析回流涡旋的变化范围,高速离心泵在小流量0.6Q_d工况下,进口段的回流漩涡为2.26;在大流量1.4Q_d的工况下回流漩涡的大小为0.45,结果表明:随着流量增加涡流变小,图像和数值能更全面地展示漩涡的结构和大小;模拟分析回流漩涡对诱导轮的压力和速度的影响,由于回流漩涡的水力损失,减少了诱导轮进口前缘处的压力,使诱导轮前缘处产生了一小部分低压区,增大了诱导轮发生空蚀的几率。通过对高速泵进口段不良流动的分析,为高速离心泵的设计与优化提供理论参考。     

R141b气液两相喷射器性能研究

考虑实际流体性质、混合室阻力和喉部激波现象,采用等压混合模型,根据质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒建立中心进气两相喷射器一维模型。以R141b为工质,研究在不同入口参数和混合室截面积变化比(混合室喉部截面积与混合室入口截面积之比)下喷射器的升压特性以及入口参数和混合室截面积变化比对喷射器出口压力和喷射系数的影响。结果表明:在一定工况下,入口主蒸汽压力每增加0.5 MPa,喷射器出口压力提高约0.002 MPa;入口引射液体压力每增加0.1 MPa,出口压力约升高0.6 MPa。相对于入口主蒸汽参数的变化,入口引射液体参数变化对喷射器的升压特性影响更大。另外,随着混合室截面变化比的增大,升压效果下降。在入口引射液体参数为0.1 MPa/299 K和0.2 MPa/321 K的条件下,混合室截面积比分别增至0.6和0.4时,出口处蒸汽不能完全凝结。研究结果适用于大部分工质,为喷射器的设计和运行提供理论指导。     

基于三维数值模拟的蒸汽喷射器结构优化

蒸汽喷射器可以有效利用余热资源,是一种节能环保的流体机械。采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件对蒸汽喷射器进行三维数值模拟,研究了喷嘴出口马赫数、混合室长度、等截面积混合段长度和扩压室长度对喷射器引射比和临界压力的影响。模拟结果表明:混合室长度存在一个最佳值,且最佳混合室长度与喷嘴出口马赫数有关;等截面积混合段长度和扩压室长度对引射比的影响不大,但是会影响喷射器的临界压力。研究结果对于蒸汽喷射器的设计和结构优化有一定的意义。     

不同动量比对湍流穿透现象的影响

在核电工业中,T型管是一种常见的管道结构。在稳压器波动管道的T型接口处,由于主支管动量比很大,会产生湍流穿透现象。针对T型管不同动量比冷热流体混合过程中的湍流穿透现象,使用数值方法进行了研究,通过合理划分网格及设定时间步长,采用大涡模拟方法获得了管内流体的瞬时速度与温度。结果表明:当湍流穿透现象发生时,支管内速度与温度会发生剧烈波动;随着主支管动量比的增加,湍流穿透的深度增加;温度波动区域的范围大于湍流穿透区域。     

Transient characteristics investigation of the integrated ejector-driven hydrogen recirculation by multi-component CFD simulation

The hydrogen supply of the fuel cell system is realized by the cooperation of multiple components. Transient characteristics of a single component can affect the performance of other components. In this study, a three-dimensional multi-component computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to investigate the synergistic transient characteristics of the hydrogen recirculation components such as hydrogen injector, ejector, and purge valve in an 80 kW PEMFC. The results show that the entrainment performance of the ejector is reduced under unsteady purge conditions compared with steady conditions. The pressure fluctuation of the secondary flow is significant even under purge closed durations. There are drastic changes in velocity and pressure in the ejector, especially in the mixing chamber. Moreover, an abundant hydrogen supply capacity of the injector is necessary to deal with the excessive anode pressure fluctuation. The feedforward-feedback integrated control of the injector is a more efficient strategy to reduce pressure fluctuations compared with the feedback control.     

Ejector performance influence on a solid oxide fuel cell anodic recirculation system

This work deals with the design and off-design performance evaluation of an anodic recirculation system based on ejector technology for solid oxide fuel cell hybrid applications.The analysis presented here has been divided into three parts: (i) ejector design taking into account all the thermodynamic, fluid dynamic and chemical constraints, such as steam to carbon ratio (two ejector geometries have been considered: constant area mixing section, constant pressure mixing section); (ii) stand-alone ejector design and off-design performance analysis; (iii) influence on the whole hybrid system—SOFC, reformer, anode recirculation-design and off-design performance of the ejector primary flow conditions (hybrid system part-load conditions).     

Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Internal Flow of Supersonic Ejector Under Different Working Modes

Supersonic ejectors involve very complex phenomena such as interaction between supersonic and subsonic flows, shock trains, instabilities, which strongly influences the performance of supersonic ejector. In this study, the static pressure distribution along the ejector wall and Mach number distribution along the axis are used to investigate the internal flow field of supersonic ejector. Results indicate that when the back pressure is much less than the critical back pressure, there are two series of shock trains, and the change of the back pressure will not affect the flow field before the effective area section, so the entrainment ratio would remain constant. The second shock train moves further upstream and is combined with the first shock train to form a single shock train as the back pressure rises. When the back pressure is greater than the critical back pressure, the position of the shock train, the static pressure at its upstream and the entrainment ratio, will be affected. The “effective area section” in the mixing tube is obtained. The effective area section position moves downstream with the increase of the primary flow pressure, while it moves upstream with the increase of the secondary flow pressure. The entrainment ratio shows inversely proportional relationship with the effective section position. Besides, the first shock train length increases with the increase of primary flow pressure or secondary flow pressure. The critical back pressure represents direct proportional relationship to the first shock train length.     

Experimental investigation on starting process of supersonic single-stage air ejector

This paper deals with experimental study of flow field of starting process in two-dimensional, single-stage supersonic ejector on different air total pressure. Schlieren pictures of flow field were taken, static pressure distribu-tions on side wall were measured. The obtained results show that, on critical pressure, the starting main shock waves in ejector oscillated back and forth between the second throat and the middle section of the mixing chamber, it causes the pressure in the second half of the mixing chamber acutely fluctuated .When the working pressure of the active flow is higher than the critical starting pressure, ejector starts normally and the inner flow-field of the mixing chamber keeps stable and the shock waves in the second throat have a certain degree of oscillation . After ejector starts, the operating pressure of the active flow may be lower than the starting pressure .     

PEMFC系统引射器设计及仿真研究

针对燃料电池汽车的运行特点,对氢气循环引射器进行了结构设计,利用Fluent软件对所设计的引射器进行了全工况模拟,确定了对引射器效率影响较大的变量。通过改变工作流体流量,并经过多次模拟后发现,为了使氢气引射器在怠速工况下不失效,引射器前端工作流体压力p_p要≥1.05 MPa。分析了工作流体质量流量G_p、喷嘴喉部直径d_(p*)和工作流体压力p_p对引射性能的影响,发现G_p对引射器的引射性能影响最大,并给出了G_p的取值范围。研究建议引射器设计时G_p在0.21~0.23 g·s~(-1)范围内最佳。     

二维流动模型的喷射器性能分析研究

采用二维轴对称流动模型，计算分析了吸入通道内回流现象、喷射器“恒能力”现象与静压力在轴线上分布情况之间的关系；探讨了工作压力对喷射器性能的影响。结果表明：持续降低出口压力会在混合室内形成激波，喷射因数保持不变；工作压力过高会在混合室内产生壅塞，反而降低喷射因数；吸入压力过低会在喷射器吸入通道内产生回流现象，影响喷射式制冷系统运行的安全性。     

Parametric effect on the flow and mixing properties of transverse gaseous injection flow fields with streamwise slot: A numerical study

Mixing process between the injectant and air in supersonic crossflow depends on the injector configuration and the jet-to-jet spacing heavily. In the current study, the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the two equation SST k-ω turbulence model were employed to simulate the mixing process induced by an array of three spanwise-aligned small-scale rectangular portholes, and the influences of the jet-to-jet spacing, the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio and the aspect ratio of the injector on the flow field properties were evaluated. Two quantitative objectives were considered in this article, namely the fuel penetration depth and the mixing efficiency. The obtained results show that the flow field induced by the array of three spanwise-aligned small-scale rectangular portholes is a multiobjective design optimization problem, and the large aspect ratio is beneficial for the mixing enhancement in supersonic crossflow. However, it is not beneficial for the flame holding. The interaction between the adjacent injectors has a great impact on the fuel penetration depth in the far-field, especially for the larger jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio, and this is due to its wider fuel plume.     

Structural optimization and experimental investigation of supersonic ejectors for boosting low pressure natural gas

The supersonic ejector was introduced into boosting the production of low pressure natural gas wells. The energy of high pressure gas wells, which was usually wasted through choke valves, was used as its power supply to boost the low gas production. The operating performance of natural gas ejectors was determined not only by the operating parameters but also by the structural parameters. This study focused on the structural optimization and operating performance of natural gas ejectors. The optimal structural parameters were obtained by numerical simulation when the maximum pressure ratio was obtained, and the numerical results were validated by experimental investigation. The numerical results showed that the optimal diameter ratio of mixing tube to primary nozzle throat was 1.6, the optimal length to diameter ratio of mixing tube was 4.0 and the optimal inclination angle of mixing chamber was 28°. The entrainment ratios and pressure ratios from the numerical simulation agreed well with the field experimental data, with the maximum value of pressure ratio up to 60%. The operating performance of the supersonic ejector was also investigated by the field experiment, and the results showed that the induced gas flowrate and entrainment ratio showed nonlinear characteristics with peak values when the motive pressure ranged from 8 MPa to 13 MPa. These experimental results have proved the optimized structural parameters of the supersonic ejector. The investigation will help to the further application in boosting natural gas production of supersonic ejector.     

Numerical and experimental study on aerodynamic performance of small axial flow fan with splitter blades

To improve the aerodynamic performance of small axial flow fan, in this paper the design of a small axial flow fan with splitter blades is studied. The RNG k-ε turbulence model and SIMPLE algorithm were applied to the steady simulation calculation of the flow field, and its result was used as the initial field of the large eddy simulation to calculate the unsteady pressure field. The FW-H noise model was adopted to predict aerodynamic noise in the six monitoring points. Fast Fourier transform algorithm was applied to process the pressure signal. Experiment of noise testing was done to further investigate the aerodynamic noise of fans. And then the results obtained from the numerical simulation and experiment were described and analyzed. The results show that the static characteristics of small axial fan with splitter blades are similar with the prototype fan, and the static characteristics are improved within a certain range of flux. The power spectral density at the six monitoring points of small axial flow fan with splitter blades have decreased to some extent. The experimental results show sound pressure level of new fan has reduced in most frequency bands by comparing with prototype fan. The research results will provide a proof for parameter optimization and noise prediction of small axial flow fans with high performance.