回转窑内生物质高温空气燃烧过程数值模拟

结合高温空气燃烧(HTAC)技术的特点,利用计算流体力学(FLUENT)软件,对回转窑内空间生物质在传统燃烧和不同温度下HTAC等3种典型工况进行了数值模拟与分析。计算结果表明:窑内生物质燃烧存在水分蒸发、挥发分逸出燃烧和焦炭燃烧的3个过程;高温低氧燃烧可以降低炉内温度峰值,使炉膛内温度场均匀,抑制NO_x的产生;提高空气温度和氧气体积分数可以加快燃烧过程;低氧燃烧时,要使燃烧完全,须提高过剩空气系数,同时还需要增加回转窑长度。     

通过不同配风方式研究层燃炉非阻力型正压的机理

为揭示层燃炉非阻力型正压的机理,建立了实验台,利用天然气模拟层燃炉内挥发分的燃烧.采用动态压力传感器测量了炉内的压力波动.研究了2种不同配风方式在不同流量下的压力波动幅值,结合数值模拟对这2种配风方式下炉内气相燃烧特征进行了比较分析.结果表明:配风对非阻力型正压有显著影响,这种现象可用"涡脱落诱导微爆燃"的非阻力型正压解释.     

生物质颗粒链条锅炉降低一氧化碳排放技术的数值模拟研究

生物质颗粒的挥发分含量远高于煤炭,导致燃烧后产生的烟气中一氧化碳含量严重超标。采用在链条锅炉喉口处增设二次风,在炉膛内设置双层炉拱等措施,一方面能加强炉内的氧气与不完全燃烧物质充分反应,另一方面可以有效延长烟气在炉膛中的停留时间,极大促进烟气中一氧化碳的燃尽,进一步提高锅炉出力及热效率。采用Fluent计算软件,针对采用此种改进结构的生物质颗粒链条锅炉进行了数值模拟。主要对炉内气流分布规律、气流充满度等进行了分析和探究,并通过热态实验加以验证。发现采用增设二次风和加装双层炉拱等措施后烟气中一氧化碳含量显著下降(达到国家排放标准),从而验证了此种改进措施的有效性。所得出的结论可以用来指导实际工程设计。     

链条炉炉拱设计的建议

为了使层燃炉稳定、经济地运行,正确地布置炉膛很重要。对燃烧层沿炉排长度分阶段燃烧的链条炉排,组织好炉排上的燃烧以及炉膛空间内的燃烧,炉拱的采用是必不可少的。合理的布置炉拱能够较好地起到二个作用:(1)促使炉膛中气体的混合。(2)组织辐射和炽热烟气的流动,使燃料及时着火。正确地设计炉拱,首先应考虑所燃用燃料的种类和结渣、颗粒度等特性,其次还要顾及二次风,水冷壁的布置以及炉墙等问题。文章通过设计总结,运行调查以及对国外某些标准的分析,提出了如下的建议: 上述炉拱基本尺寸是这样提出的:     

玉米秸秆打捆燃烧特性研究

采用热重-微分热重(TG-DTG)联用技术对玉米秸秆散烧、打捆、成型3种燃烧方式进行热重分析,通过计算分析得出打捆燃料燃烧特性指数,并与散烧和成型燃烧相对比。试验结果表明:捆烧与散烧和成型燃烧过程都经历水分蒸发、挥发分析出、固定碳的燃烧和燃尽4个阶段;由于打捆燃料具有独特的尺寸结构,不利于传热传质的进行,其挥发分的析出峰值时间滞后;打捆燃料挥发分不易析出,析出过程较为平稳,维持较长时间;打捆燃料燃烧后期固定碳的燃烧存在更为显著的峰值点;通过自主设计捆烧试验台对热重试验结果进行实验验证,其结果具有相似性。最后将打捆燃料燃烧特性与生物质锅炉供风系统设计相结合,采用分段式供风,提出一种新型锅炉供风系统设计思路。     

不同过量空气系数下层燃炉煤层NO_x析出特性研究

层燃炉燃煤特性和煤粉炉燃煤特性差异很大,为了了解过量空气系数对层燃炉NOx析出特性的影响,在层燃单元体炉上进行了不同过量空气系数下煤层表面NOx析出特性的对比实验。发现增大过量空气系数可强化燃烧,加快火焰锋面传递,提高燃烧温度;在挥发分析出阶段促进挥发分析出,增强还原性气氛,抑制NOx生成;在焦炭燃烧阶段提高氧浓度,促进NOx生成,降低了焦炭对NOx还原效果。     

大容量高热值垃圾焚烧炉炉内流场的模拟研究

为优化大容量高热值垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧工况,利用数值模拟手段对不同炉膛结构下的焚烧炉内部流场进行对比分析。结果表明,烟道位置对焚烧炉内的流场分布具有明显影响,烟道入口的最佳位置为垃圾料层燃烧段的上方;前拱二次风会在烟道入口处形成涡流,涡流随后拱倾斜角的增大而增长;前拱对气相燃烧的影响大于后拱;当前拱倾斜角为21°、后拱倾斜角为35°时,炉内挥发分燃烧的效率较高,流场分布较为理想。     

秸秆直燃锅炉燃烧数值模拟

对某75 t/h秸秆层燃锅炉进行数值模拟并用现场实测数据加以验证。计算结果与实测结果基本吻合,较好地反映出实际炉排炉稻杆层燃特性。通过对炉排炉一次风各风室比例的调整计算表明,一次风风量比例对床层稻杆的燃烧具有重要影响。针对该模型和设计燃料,当一次风4个风室风量比例为0.22∶0.32∶0.34∶0.12时运行综合效果最佳。在保证燃料水分析出段和挥发分析出燃烧段所需风量时,适当增加焦炭燃烧段的供风量有利于缩短燃烧时间,降低底灰含碳量。     

生物质气再燃喷口摆角改变耦合燃煤锅炉燃烧特性数值模拟

为了研究再燃喷口竖直摆动角度对煤粉耦合生物质气再燃锅炉燃烧特性的影响,基于Fluent模拟软件搭建生物质气再燃锅炉模型,对某电厂600 MW燃煤锅炉耦合2台20 t/h秸秆气化炉再燃系统进行再燃喷口摆动角度分别为0°、±15°、±25°等5种工况燃烧过程进行数值模拟,分析燃烧区、折焰角及炉膛出口处烟气速度场及温度场分布特征.结果 表明:生物质气再燃工况下炉内燃烧区温度变化趋势大致相同;改变再燃风喷口竖直摆动角度对炉内燃烧稳定性会造成影响;当再燃风喷口向下摆动角度过大(工况1)时,再燃风气流会扰动主燃区烟气气流,影响主燃区煤粉的燃烧;随着再燃喷口摆角向上倾斜,炉膛出口烟气温度偏差和温度分布不均匀系数M逐渐增大,再燃喷口摆角为+25°(工况4)时的M值最大,可达5.80％.在不影响炉内主燃区燃烧的同时,再燃喷口摆角为-15°时,炉膛出口烟气温度偏差最小.再燃喷口摆角向下倾斜一定角度,有利于减小炉膛出口热偏差.     

生物质层燃实验台的设计与实验

研究小型层燃炉燃烧实验系统,设计并搭建了生物质多功能实验台,可进行层燃燃烧、室燃燃烧及配风等实验的模拟.同时对水稻秸秆和玉米芯燃料层燃燃烧过程进行了研究,分析了风量对生物质燃料层燃燃烧的影响.研究表明:对床层内部分布的热电偶的温度和整个燃烧过程中床层上方的气体浓度变化进行分析,燃烧过程的温度变化曲线与床层上方气体浓度变...     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093