气象参数对成都地区办公建筑能耗的影响及预测

气象参数是影响建筑热环境和供暖空调能耗的主要因素之一。基于成都地区1971—2000年共30a的历史观测数据,生成了建筑能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus所需要的逐时气象数据文件。比较分析了该地区30a干球温度、太阳辐射等各气象参数月均值的变化,模拟分析了该地区建筑的采暖、制冷及总能耗,利用多元回归建立了建筑能耗与气象参数之间的关系式,并检验了该关系式的准确性。结果表明:成都地区办公建筑能耗变化与各气象参数没有呈现明显的规律性;建筑月总能耗与各气象参数呈纯二次多项式关系,月采暖能耗、月制冷能耗与各气象参数呈交叉二项式关系;建筑月能耗回归模型能够较准确地预测建筑月能耗与各气象参数的关系,且月采暖能耗和月制冷能耗回归模型预测的准确性优于月总能耗模型。     

城市热岛效应对我国不同气候区既有居住建筑采暖空调能耗的影响研究

选取严寒地区、寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区的9个城市典型气象年数据为基准,采用TRNSYS对某实际居住建筑的采暖空调能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明：同一个气候区的居住建筑采暖能耗降低率与热岛强度呈现出良好的线性关系,空调能耗的增加率与热岛强度的线性关系则不明显。夏热冬暖地区,居住建筑仅为空调能耗,受热岛效应影响总能耗增长率约为8.55%/0.5℃;夏热冬冷地区,热岛效应带来的空调能耗增加和采暖能耗降低相差不大,总能耗基本保持不变;严寒和寒冷地区,居住建筑以采暖能耗为主,受热岛效应影响总能耗降低率分别约为1.74%/0.5℃和2.97%/0.5℃。     

气候变化条件下中国典型城市未来天气参数与建筑能源需求预测

20世纪以来,全球气候变暖趋势已得到证实,对生态系统和人居环境造成的影响备受瞩目,气候变化无疑将对建筑能源需求产生重大影响。基于IPCC最新预测结果,选择我国3个典型气候区代表城市——北京、上海和广州,采用统计降尺度方法 -Mor-phing,在现有典型气象年的基础上,结合地球气候模式(GCM)在气候变化中间稳定路径(RCP4.5)和高端路径(RCP8.5)下的大尺度预测结果,进行未来天气参数预测。针对每个城市、每个气候变化路径各生成5个未来时间段(2000年～2017年、2018年～2035年、2036年～2053年、2054年～2071年和2072年～2089年)的TMY逐时天气参数文件,用于典型建筑模型进行全年能耗模拟,预估典型城市建筑能源需求在未来100年里的变化趋势。     

浙南地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗模拟分析

在3种不同空调系统运行模式下,利用建筑能耗模拟软件IES-VE对温州地区同一住宅建筑能耗进行动态模拟,分析空调运行模式对温州地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗大小的影响。结果表明,空调运行模式由连续模式改变为间歇式,采暖能耗降低33.5%,制冷能耗减小53.2%,采暖空调总能耗降低43.5%,引入自然通风可将制冷能耗进一步降低27.6%,采暖空调总能耗降低50.5%。间歇式空调模式下,采暖空调能耗的降低与空调运行时间的减少并非线性关系。     

气候变化下建筑能耗模拟气象数据研究

气象参数是建筑能耗模拟的基础,随着全球气候异常变暖,必将对建筑采暖和空调能耗产生重要影响。进行未来气候条件下的建筑能耗模拟,必须首先开展未来模拟气象参数的研究。根据TMY2模拟气象参数模式提出了节能分析气象年(AEEMY)模拟气象参数模式。使用了3个气候模型预测了中国建筑热工分区代表城市未来2021-2050的30 a气象参数。使用AEEMY模式得到了1971-2000年和2021-2050年代表城市的建筑能耗模拟气象参数。应用DOE2模拟软件对中国各气候区的居住建筑在2种气候条件下进行了建筑能耗模拟。验     

基于DeST的城市建筑能耗模拟平台开发

我国建筑运行用能占社会总能耗的22％.城市建筑能耗模拟为评估区域可再生能源潜力、节能改造效果、气候变化对城市影响等方面提供重要支撑.而城市建筑能耗模拟面临数据来源庞杂,城市热岛、建筑遮挡等影响因素复杂,计算规模巨大等挑战.因此,城市建筑能耗模拟平台的开发尤为重要.本研究提出一个基于DeST的城市建筑能耗模拟平台(DeST-urban),实现了从城市三维几何数据到城市建筑的DeST能耗模型的自动生成,并实现了多线程并行模拟.本文以北京市五环内区域的建筑能耗模拟为案例,分析了城市气象的空间差异对建筑耗冷热量的影响.考虑建筑当地的气象后,相比采用单一默认气象,城市建筑的逐时耗冷热量的最大值和累计值均呈现显著变化.     

广州地区学生公寓建筑能耗模拟分析

学生公寓建筑作为高校校园建筑的一个重要组成部分,降低其能耗对高校建筑总能耗的降低有直接影响。在对夏热冬暖地区典型城市广州的典型年气候参数分析的基础上,采用模拟软件对广州大学城某大学学生宿舍建筑全年逐时冷负荷、月累计冷负荷、供冷时段空调月累计冷负荷进行计算,分析供冷期逐月平均供冷成本,为该地区各高校对学生宿舍的供冷进行收费提供参考。     

建筑能耗模拟用气象数据研究

研究典型气象年是为了准确地服务于建筑能耗模拟分析,为室外设计条件提供气象数据支持的基础工作。典型气象年的研究立足于详实的历史气象数据和科学处理方法以及在建筑能耗模拟中的验证。介绍了国内外建筑能耗模拟用典型气象年的研究进展。针对我国特有的气候特点和建筑行业能耗模拟的实际要求,梳理了建筑能耗模拟用典型气象年的生成方法及对建筑能耗的影响,以及适应我国建筑设计的气象参数的逐时化分析方法。指出了下一步研究工作的重点是不同气象参数逐时化、精细化模型及针对极端气候条件和用能高峰期的基础气象数据处理方法研究。     

窗的传热系数对浙南住宅采暖空调能耗的影响

在三种不同空调运行模式下,利用建筑能耗模拟软件IES-VE对温州地区某住宅建筑能耗进行动态模拟,分析不同空调运行模式下,窗的传热系数对温州地区住宅建筑采暖空调能耗的影响规律。结果表明,窗的传热系数每减小20%,采暖能耗降低6%,且与空调模式相关性不大,但窗的传热系数对夏季空调能耗的影响与空调运行模式密切相关。连续空调模式下,窗的传热系数每降低20%,制冷能耗增加0.4%;间歇式空调模式下,制冷能耗随窗传热系数的增大而减小,窗的传热系数每降低20%,制冷能耗增加1.0%;间歇式空调＋自然通风模式下,窗的传热系数的每降低20%,制冷能耗减小0.5%。     

我国五种气候区应用半透明光伏幕墙的综合能耗研究

建筑幕墙集成半透明光伏材料,能够形成瑰丽的建筑外观和斑驳的室内光影,在获得光伏发电的同时也改变了建筑照明能耗、空调采暖制冷能耗。考虑到气候因素对建筑能耗和太阳能发电的显著影响,文章选取了我国五种气候分区的代表性城市,测算了半透明光伏幕墙在不同气候区的综合能耗（包括发电、照明、采暖和制冷等）,为相关工程中应用半透明光伏的优化设计提供参考。     

The influence of calculation error of hourly marine meteorological parameter on building energy consumption calculation

The ocean is a crucial area for future economic development. The marine environment has high energy-efficient and ecological requirements for building construction. Meteorological parameters are the key basis for the analysis and design of building energy efficiency. The lack of meteorological parameters for energy efficiency, particularly hourly data, under oceanic climatic conditions is a universal problem. The appropriate calculation methods of hourly meteorological parameters under oceanic climatic conditions are explored in this study. The impact of the calculation errors of the hourly meteorological parameters on building energy consumption is also analyzed. Three key meteorological parameters are selected: temperature, humidity, and wind speed. Five hourly calculations methods, including linear interpolation, cubic spline interpolation, pieceated three-Hermite interpolation, Akima interpolation, and radial basis function interpolation, are selected to calculate the error of the difference method, with Xiamen, Haikou, and Sanya as the locations of meteorological research. Appropriate interpolation methods are selected for the three parameters, and the seasonal and regional characteristics of the errors of each parameter are compared. Different interpolation methods should be selected for different meteorological parameters in different seasons. The error data of the three parameters of different magnitudes are constructed. A quantitative relationship between the sum of squares due to error of the three meteorological parameters and the rate of change of cooling energy consumption is established. The hourly calculation errors of meteorological parameters have an important impact on the calculation of dynamic energy consumption. The energy consumption differences caused by the errors of different parameters are significant. Obvious regional and seasonal differences also exist. This research strengthens the research foundation of building energy consumption calculation under oceanic climate conditions.     

Developing future hourly weather files for studying the impact of climate change on building energy performance in Hong Kong

The concern on climate change leads to growing demand for minimization of energy use. As building is one of the largest energy consuming sectors, it is essential to study the impact of climate change on building energy performance. In this regard, building energy simulation software is a useful tool. A set of appropriate typical weather files is one of the key factors towards successful building energy simulation. This paper reports the work of developing a set of weather data files for subtropical Hong Kong, taking into the effect of future climate change. Projected monthly mean climate changes from a selected General Circulation Model for three future periods under two emission scenarios were integrated into an existing typical meteorological year weather file by a morphing method. Through this work, six sets of future weather files for subtropical Hong Kong were produced. A typical office building and a residential flat were modeled using building simulation program EnergyPlus. Hourly building energy simulations were carried out. The simulated results indicate that there will be substantial increase in A/C energy consumption under the impact of future climate change, ranging from 2.6% to 14.3% and from 3.7% to 24% for office building and residential flat, respectively.     

Preparation of future weather data to study the impact of climate change on buildings

The dynamic interaction between building systems and external climate is extremely complex, involving a large number of difficult-to-predict variables. In order to study the impact of climate change on the built environment, the use of building simulation techniques together with forecast weather data are often necessary. Since most of building simulation programs require hourly meteorological input data for their thermal comfort and energy evaluation, the provision of suitable weather data becomes critical. In this paper, the methods used to prepare future weather data for the study of the impact of climate change are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The inherent relationship between these methods is also illustrated. Based on these discussions and the analysis of Australian historic climatic data, an effective framework and procedure to generate future hourly weather data is presented. It is shown that this method is not only able to deal with different levels of available information regarding the climate change, but also can retain the key characters of a “typical” year weather data for a desired period.     

Evaluating the potential impact of global warming on the UAE residential buildings – A contribution to reduce the CO2 emissions

There is significant evidence that the world is warming. The International Panel of Climate Change stated that there would be a steady increase in the ambient temperature during the end of the 21st century. This increase will impact the built environment, particularly the requirements of energy used for air-conditioning buildings. This paper discusses issues related to the potential impact of global warming on air-conditioning energy use in the hot climate of the United Arab Emirates. Al-Ain city was chosen for this study. Simulation studies and energy analysis were employed to investigate the energy consumption of buildings and the most effective measures to cope with this impact under different climate scenarios. The paper focuses on residential buildings and concludes that global warming is likely to increase the energy used for cooling buildings by 23.5% if Al-Ain city warms by 5.9 °C. The net CO₂ emissions could increase at around 5.4% over the next few decades. The simulation results show that the energy design measures such as thermal insulation and thermal mass are important to cope with global warming, while window area and glazing system are beneficial and sensitive to climate change, whereas the shading devices are moderate as a building CO₂ emissions saver and insensitive to global warming.     

气候变暖对建筑能耗的影响

能源消耗与气候具有密切关系。一方面能源的开发利用会对气候产生影响；另一方面气候变化又直接影响到能源消耗。建筑部门就是受此影响部门之一。供暖空调能耗在建筑能耗中所占比重较大。通过对我国若干城市近几年的1月平均温度、冬季平均温度与常年值进行比较，利用度日数等气候指标分析了气候变暖对建筑物供暖能耗的影响。同时探讨了气候异常时建筑物空调能耗的变动状况。     

温湿度独立控制空调系统和常规空调系统的性能比较

选择北京和广州相同的办公楼作为比较对象,常规空调系统采用典型的风机盘管+独立新风的形式。应用DeST软件计算了建筑全年逐时冷负荷,计算了两个系统的能效比EER(energy efficiency ratio)和能耗。结果表明,对于北京的办公建筑,温湿度独立控制空调系统全年能耗为14.75k Wh/m2,EER为4.5;常规空调系统全年能耗为18.63k Wh/m2,EER为3.6。对于广州的办公建筑,温湿度独立控制空调系统全年能耗为32.66k Wh/m2,EER为4.5;常规空调系统全年能耗为43.39k Wh/m2,EER为3.4。相比常规空调系统,温湿度独立控制空调系统的节能率在20%～30%。     

Climate change adaptation pathways for Australian residential buildings

Climate change can significantly impact on the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of residential buildings. Therefore, climate adaptation should be properly considered in both building design and operation stages to reduce the impact. This paper identified the potential adaptation pathways for existing and new residential buildings, by enhancing their adaptive capacity to accommodate the impact and maintain total energy consumption and GHG emissions no more than the current level in the period of their service life. The feasibility of adaptations was demonstrated by building energy simulations using both representative existing and new housing in eight climate zones varying from cold, temperate to hot humid in Australia. It was found that, in heating dominated climates, a proper level of adaptive capacity of residential buildings could be achieved simply by improving the energy efficiency of building envelop. However, in cooling dominated regions, it could only be achieved by introducing additional measures, such as the use of high energy efficient (EE) appliances and the adoption of renewable energy. The initial costs to implement the adaptations were assessed, suggesting that it is more cost-effective to accommodate future climate change impacts for existing and new houses by improving building envelop energy efficiency in cooling dominated regions, but installing on-site solar PVs instead in heating and cooling balanced regions.     

A probabilistic analysis of the future potential of evaporative cooling systems in a temperate climate

The probabilistic projections of climate change for the United Kingdom (UK Climate Impacts Programme) show a trend towards hotter and drier summers. This suggests an expected increase in cooling demand for buildings – a conflicting requirement to reducing building energy needs and related CO₂ emissions. Though passive design is used to reduce thermal loads of a building, a supplementary cooling system is often necessary. For such mixed-mode strategies, indirect evaporative cooling is investigated as a low energy option in the context of a warmer and drier UK climate.Analysis of the climate projections shows an increase in wet-bulb depression; providing a good indication of the cooling potential of an evaporative cooler. Modelling a mixed-mode building at two different locations, showed such a building was capable of maintaining adequate thermal comfort in future probable climates. Comparing the control climate to the scenario climate, an increase in the median of evaporative cooling load is evident. The shift is greater for London than for Glasgow with a respective 71.6% and 3.3% increase in the median annual cooling load.The study shows evaporative cooling should continue to function as an effective low-energy cooling technique in future, warming climates.