用样条函数构成室外逐时温度的插值方法及其误差估计

建筑空调的全年能耗分析以及空调系统的动态模拟,都需要输入全年逐时气象数据.作者在构成“建筑空调能耗分析用气象资料”时,采用气象站每天八次的定时观测气温值,用样条函数方法插值确定逐时室外温度值.本文对样条函数插值方法,以及端点条件对插值误差的影响进行分析,井介绍减少插值误差的方法.     

气候变化对中国寒冷和夏热冬暖城市建筑能耗的影响

气候变暖已对建筑全生命周期的运行状况产生了不可忽略的影响,准确评估气候变化下的建筑能耗对建筑方案设计和既有建筑的节能改造具有重要意义。进行气候变化下建筑能耗的精确预测,必须拥有未来的逐时气象数据。以寒冷地区北京和夏热冬暖地区广州为研究对象,将挑选的两个城市典型气象年为基线气候,结合全球模式下的预测气象数据,应用变形法修正TMY的气象参数,得到直至本世纪末的10个节点年逐时气象文件,并进行了全年能耗模拟,预估了两个城市的办公建筑在气候变化下建筑能耗的变化趋势。结果表明:在两种预测排放情景下,干球温度、含湿量和太阳辐射均呈增加趋势;北京采暖能耗显著降低、制冷能耗增加,总能耗减少,广州采暖能耗降低、制冷能耗显著增加,总能耗增加。     

气象参数对成都地区办公建筑能耗的影响及预测

气象参数是影响建筑热环境和供暖空调能耗的主要因素之一。基于成都地区1971—2000年共30a的历史观测数据,生成了建筑能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus所需要的逐时气象数据文件。比较分析了该地区30a干球温度、太阳辐射等各气象参数月均值的变化,模拟分析了该地区建筑的采暖、制冷及总能耗,利用多元回归建立了建筑能耗与气象参数之间的关系式,并检验了该关系式的准确性。结果表明:成都地区办公建筑能耗变化与各气象参数没有呈现明显的规律性;建筑月总能耗与各气象参数呈纯二次多项式关系,月采暖能耗、月制冷能耗与各气象参数呈交叉二项式关系;建筑月能耗回归模型能够较准确地预测建筑月能耗与各气象参数的关系,且月采暖能耗和月制冷能耗回归模型预测的准确性优于月总能耗模型。     

我国城镇住宅空调能耗简化算法研究

应用DeST软件逐时模拟计算了典型条件下我国主要气候区代表性城市的住宅空调能耗。通过对模拟计算结果的分析,提出了我国城镇住宅空调能耗的一种简化算法,并用一些相关调查数据验证了其准确性。     

一种新的典型气象年权重因子构建方法

典型气象年(TMY)是建筑能耗模拟用基础参数,其准确与否直接影响建筑能耗模拟和建筑节能设计。目前TMY的生成方法中,对挑选TMY的气象参数皆采用统一的权重因子,未能体现不同地域气象参数的影响差异。基于Sandia国家实验室法,采用随机赋权法验证了权重对TMY的挑选结果有明显影响;采用EnergyPlus软件对北京地区典型代表建筑进行了逐年能耗模拟,将不同类型气象参数与建筑能耗进行相关性分析,采用定量分析的手段重新确定新的权重因子。结果显示,新权重挑选的TMY比原权重挑选的TMY更接近长期平均值。     

建筑能耗分析逐时气象资料的开发研究

逐时气象资料对建筑能耗动态模拟是不可缺少的。在编制《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》时 ,应用了动态模拟计算软件。为了开发逐时气象资料 ,通过与美国劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室的技术合作 ,研究建立了我国城市的逐时资料。介绍了由我国气象台站报道的气象参数建立太阳辐射量的数学模型 ,阐述了典型气象月的选取原则 ,以及逐时数值插补方法。     

Robustness of a methodology for estimating hourly energy consumption of buildings using monthly utility bills

The evaluation of building energy consumption under typical meteorological conditions requires building energy profiles on an hourly basis. Computer simulations can be used to obtain this information, but generating simulations requires a significant amount of experience, time, and effort to enter detailed building parameters. This paper considers a simple methodology for using existing EnergyPlus benchmark building energy profiles to estimate the energy profiles of buildings with similar characteristics to a given benchmark model. The method utilizes the building monthly energy bills to scale a given benchmark building energy profile to approximate the real building energy profile. In particular, this study examines the robustness of the methodology considered with respect to the parameter discrepancies between a given building and the corresponding EnergyPlus benchmark model used to estimate its profile. Test buildings are defined by perturbing several combinations of the parameters defined in the benchmark building model. The test buildings examined are similar to the EnergyPlus, medium sized office, benchmark building in Baltimore, MD, and a total of 72 distinct test building configurations are examined. The analysis reveals that the methodology can significantly reduce the errors introduced by discrepancies from the EnergyPlus benchmark model.     

厦门农村住宅用能状况与建筑能耗模拟分析

以厦门农村住宅为调查研究的对象,采取实地调研和计算机模拟相结合的方法,根据农宅住户实际用电特征将厦门农村住宅分为6种基本类型,从中归纳出3种不同的空间原型作为计算机模拟的模型,通过De ST-h模拟软件进行能耗模拟,得出典型农村住宅基本能耗,分析其建筑能耗的特点。结果表明,农宅的用能方式导致不同的建筑形态其能耗也不同,通过典型气象年的运算发现,空调冷负荷在建筑总能耗中占比最大,3种计算模式的空调开启时间和运行时间均不同,3种计算模型的空调能耗占比分别是81.5%、84.6%、96.8%。     

Methodology to estimate building energy consumption using EnergyPlus Benchmark Models

The evaluation of building energy consumption usually requires building energy profiles on an hourly basis. Computer simulations can be used to obtain this information but generating simulations requires a significant amount of experience, time, and effort to enter detailed building parameters. This paper presents a simple methodology to estimate hourly electrical and fuel energy consumption of a building by applying a series of predetermined coefficients to the monthly energy consumption data from electrical and fuel utility bills. The advantage of having predetermined coefficients is that it relieves the user from the burden of performing a detailed dynamic simulation of the building. The coefficients provided to the user are obtained by running EnergyPlus Benchmark Models simulations; thus, the simulation process is transparent to the user. The methodology has been applied to a hypothetical building placed both in Atlanta, GA, and in Meridian, MS, and in both cases, errors obtained for the estimated hourly energy consumption are mainly within 10%.     

基于室外气象参数的排风热回收装置能耗特性

提出一种基于室外气象参数的排风热回收性能分析方法。在计算热回收装置的节能量时考虑了装置本身的运行能耗,计算得到不同热回收方式下该地区可使用热回收装置的最低比焓或温度。以上海地区某图书馆为例,逐时计算了热回收装置的回收量和电耗,经比较获得了全年不同条件下相对节能的热回收方式和工作模式,为系统的优化设计提供计算参考。     

Identifications: inevitability of RVRs being approximately the same under different meteorological conditions when taking the same energy-saving measures in the same building

By making comparative research on hourly, daily and monthly energy consumption differences and also on energy conservation rates of heating and cooling when taking the same energy-saving measure in the same building in typical-year meteorological conditions (WDB1) and artificial meteorological conditions (WDB2), we can find from this paper that although the hourly heating and cooling load has great differences when making the same energy efficient measure in the same building under WDB1 and WDB2, the distribution laws of hourly energy efficiency rates (RVRs) of heating and cooling are very similar. It is just the similarity that determines the inevitability of approximation of annual energy conservation rates of heating and cooling. The importance of this paper is that it reveals the common rule of building efficiency. When making the same energy-saving measure on the same type of building in different regions the annual energy consumption and its reduction of the building have a great difference between the regions and the energy conservation rates (RVRs) of the same measures are approximate. After taking some energy-saving measure on the same building in the same place, within the lifetime of the building, however different the local weather conditions over the years are, the energy consumption of different years and the energy reductions of the measure must be different. However, it can be foreseen that the energy conservation rate of any year is approximate after making energy-saving measures on the building. The reason for the above is that although climate changes between years, there is nothing more impractical in artificially modifying meteorological conditions (WDB2), which provides a powerful theoretical basis for every country to lay down design standard for energy efficiency.     

遮阳系数对供暖与空调能耗影响差异的逐时解析

以中国福州为例，从当地逐时气象数据入手，分析了建筑空调负荷及供暖负荷的所有时刻对应的逐时太阳辐射，用特征温度法研究当遮阳系数减小时各时刻建筑的空调与供暖能耗及相对变化(节能率)情况。研究发现，由于冬季有太阳辐射各时刻的供暖能耗相对于无太阳辐射各时刻能耗比例很小，故遮阳措施对供暖总能耗的影响不显著，从而证明DOE-2关于冬季遮阳系数减小对供暖能耗影响的结论值得商榷；由于夏季有太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗远大于无太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗，故遮阳措施对空调总能耗及节能率的影响非常显著，DOP2软件与特征温度法的结果是正确的；通过对福州全年各时刻空调供暖能耗、建筑负荷及节能率进行解析，揭示了看起来很分散的各时刻能耗及节能率差异数据总体上遵循的某种共性规律，供同行参考。     

建筑节能设计的常见问题

建筑节能设计是一项繁琐、细致的工作,由一系列简单环节组成,任何一个简单环节出现问题,都会导致整个节能设计的错误。从假数据、围护结构部位缺项、图纸计算书备案表三者不一致、能耗指标、露点温度验算、设计参数取值、淘汰和限制使用的产品、构造不合理、设计变更、防火隔离带的设置与计算、节能经济性等十几个方面分析了建筑节能设计的常见问题,并提出了错误原因和解决方法。     

建筑能耗分析用室外气象数学模型的建立

建立徐州地区的逐日和逐时气象数学模型。经检验，由该模型模拟得出的气象参数反映了实测值所具有的规律性和数字特征，给建筑能耗分析工作提供了可靠的依据。     

Cross-correlations between weather variables in Australia

The information on climate variations is essential for the research of many subjects, such as the performance of buildings and agricultural production. However, recorded meteorological data are often incomplete. There may be a limited number of locations recorded, while the number of recorded climatic variables and the time intervals can also be inadequate. Therefore, the hourly data of key weather parameters as required by many building simulation programmes are typically not readily available. To overcome this gap in measured information, several empirical methods and weather data generators have been developed. They generally employ statistical analysis techniques to model the variations of individual climatic variables, while the possible interactions between different weather parameters are largely ignored.     

气候变化下建筑能耗模拟气象数据研究

气象参数是建筑能耗模拟的基础,随着全球气候异常变暖,必将对建筑采暖和空调能耗产生重要影响。进行未来气候条件下的建筑能耗模拟,必须首先开展未来模拟气象参数的研究。根据TMY2模拟气象参数模式提出了节能分析气象年(AEEMY)模拟气象参数模式。使用了3个气候模型预测了中国建筑热工分区代表城市未来2021-2050的30 a气象参数。使用AEEMY模式得到了1971-2000年和2021-2050年代表城市的建筑能耗模拟气象参数。应用DOE2模拟软件对中国各气候区的居住建筑在2种气候条件下进行了建筑能耗模拟。验     

空调季冷凝水回收量的动态计算方法

介绍空调冷凝水形成特点和常见利用方式。对冷凝水的组成及计算方法进行分析。以天津地区典型办公类建筑为例,对系统设计状态下产生的冷凝水量进行静态计算,利用能耗分析软件DeST中天津地区的逐时气象参数对空调季可供利用的冷凝水总量进行动态计算分析,为此类项目冷凝水利用方案的制定提供依据及指导。     

建筑能耗模拟典型年中气象参数权重的确定

在建筑能耗模拟用典型年的生成中,传统的Finkelstein-Schafer统计方法对气象参数赋予了固定的权重因子,但有关研究表明,由于地域间气象资源不同,气象参数权重因子的固化有待商榷。针对挑选典型年时气象参数权重因子统一与否对典型年挑选结果和建筑能耗模拟准确性的影响问题,选同一建筑热工分区中寒冷地区的代表城市北京和拉萨,分别使用FS方法和主成分法进行了典型年的挑选,并对典型公共建筑建模进行了能耗模拟分析。结果表明:FS统计方法适于表征单独气象参数的长期相似性,但存在对太阳辐射参数权重赋予过大的问题,适用于太阳能丰富地区;而主成分法适合寻求当地气象资源的本质特征,使用主成分法时对气象参数的选择尤为重要。     

The use of normative energy calculation beyond building performance rating

Standardized building performance assessment is best expressed with a so-called normative calculation method, such as defined in the Committee for Standardization/International Organization for Standardization (CEN/ISO) calculation standards. The normative calculation method has advantages of simplicity, transparency, robustness and reproducibility. For systematic energy performance assessment at various scales, i.e. at the unit of analysis of one building up to a large-scale collection of buildings, the authors' group developed the Energy Performance Standard Calculation Toolkit (EPSCT). This toolkit calculates objective indicators of energy performance using either the monthly or hourly calculation method as specified in the CEN/ISO standard for building energy calculation. The toolkit is the foundation for numerous single, medium-scale and large-scale building energy management applications. At the largest level, applications should be able to manage hundreds or thousands of buildings. The paper introduces two novel applications that have the normative calculation at their core: (1) network energy performance modelling and (2) agent-based building stock energy modelling.     

建筑能耗用室外气象资料的研究历史与现状

回顾了国内外建筑能耗用室外气象资料的研究历史与现状,对已有的研究方法进行了较详细的总结与说明。综述了在气象资料研究过程中太阳辐射模型、插值方法及TMY(典型气象年)的研究成果及存在问题。强调应结合我国国情及气象资料特点研究的必要性以及在该领域的研究方向。