从工程地质类比的角度看锦屏一级水电站左岸深部裂缝的形成

锦屏一级水电站左岸高陡边坡内部水平向很大深度上发育了大量裂缝。合理解释这一特殊的工程地质现象成为工程地质学的新课题。从工程地质类比的角度对锦屏一级水电站坝区4个边坡工程地质条件进行了详细比较，指出了区域的地壳活动水平和构造应力场强度是普斯罗沟左岸边坡深部裂缝形成的本质原因和前提条件，但是仅仅具备这个条件并不一定在边坡内部出现深部拉裂，普斯罗沟左岸边坡的边坡坡体结构以及岩性组合是深部裂缝形成的物质基础。从力学机制上来讲，它与三滩左岸边坡的变形力学机制应该相同，只是岩性和岸坡结构导致的变形破坏形式不同。     

锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡深部裂缝成因初探

 对锦屏一级水电站边坡工程地质条件、坝址区实测地应力分布及左岸深部裂缝发育规律进行全面分析,采用UDEC和3DEC离散元程序模拟锦屏一级水电站河谷的演化发展,对河谷边坡不同演化阶段应力场的变化规律及变形与卸荷分带规律进行深入分析。根据数值模拟结果并结合河谷边坡变形及地应力现状特征,认为锦屏一级水电站左岸发育的深部裂缝是在河谷地质结构上软下硬、地层反倾、上部开阔下部狭窄、下蚀迅速和区域高应力背景的特定条件下,在河谷下切至1 830～1 730 m高程阶段造成边坡1 700～1 850 m高程范围的局部应力集中到超过岩体强度而产生岩体屈服破坏的结果。从工程地质定性的角度分析,目前左岸发育的深部裂缝对边坡稳定性的影响有别于区域构造断层,其对工程边坡的影响是有限的、局部的,工程中切实保护河谷1 680 m高程以下岩体是控制深部裂缝进一步发展及保证边坡稳定的基本原则。     

岩石边坡潜在失稳区域微震识别方法

 为深入研究锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡深部岩体微震活动规律并评价边坡稳定性,在已有微震监测资料基础上,结合常规监测数据,并借助RFPA有限元数值模拟手段,分析左岸边坡深部岩体微破裂萌生、发育和扩展的演化机制,解释高程1 829 m处2#固结灌浆平洞多点位移计变化与微震事件时空分布规律之间的内在联系,再现典型剖面边坡渐进破坏全过程,重点阐述高程1 885 m坝顶平台裂缝形成机制。综合施工工况和工程地质情况分析,表明微震监测系统可以有效地识别和圈定边坡深部岩体微破裂区域和潜在滑裂面,边坡外观变形及微震活动性与该部位地质构造及灌浆活动有密切关系,灌浆导致的应力重分布和边坡内部天然裂隙带错动变形是诱发高程1 885 m坝顶平台裂缝的主要原因。研究结果为更好地理解和分析复杂应力条件下岩石边坡变形及其微震活动性诱发失稳机制提供重要的参考。     

岩质边坡微震活动特征及其施工响应分析

 岩石高边坡稳定性是水电工程建设能否顺利进行的关键问题之一。锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡地应力高,断层裂隙发育,岩体卸荷深度大,地质条件复杂,边坡在施工期和运行期的稳定性问题十分突出。介绍左岸边坡微震活动特征,并对开挖卸荷过程微震活动性时空分布规律以及与不同时段、区域的施工工况进行对比分析,对岩石微破裂萌生、发育、扩展、聚集趋势与岩体损伤关系进行探讨,得到左岸边坡微震活动与施工响应之间的相互关系。结果表明：大坝基坑、煌斑岩脉置换斜井、1 670 m雾化区边坡排水廊道开挖和边坡弱层固结灌浆引起的深部岩体卸荷松弛而诱致微震活动性,可以很好地揭示和反映现场施工工况。研究成果可供其他类似岩质高边坡工程借鉴、参考。     

金沙江白鹤滩水电站坝区左岸边坡变形特征及机制分析

左岸河谷边坡的稳定问题是白鹤滩水电站重要的工程地质问题之一,在地质历史过程中,随着河谷下切,岸坡不同部位不同高程的岩体均产生不同程度的卸荷变形,研究这些变形特征及变形机制对于从宏观上定性把握左岸边坡的稳定性至关重要。根据勘察成果初步分析,左岸河谷边坡变形受缓倾角错动带以及NW向断层控制明显,具体地,卸荷裂隙的空间分布和发育规模均与其相对这些控制性结构面的位置相关,并且表现出较强的规律性。总结这些规律并采用离散单元数值分析软件UDEC和3DEC模拟河谷下切过程中这些控制性结构面对边坡变形的控制作用,进一步印证地质上的分析成果,同时结合地质勘察与数值计算成果分析左岸边坡的变形机制。     

大型复杂岩质高边坡安全监测与分析

 岩石高边坡稳定性是水电站建设能否顺利进行的关键问题之一。锦屏一级水电站左岸开挖高边坡地应力高、断层裂隙发育、岩体卸荷深度大,地质条件十分复杂,边坡在施工期和运行期的稳定性问题特别突出。介绍左岸边坡的监测布置,并对岩体表面变形趋势、空间分布形态、变形与开挖的关系进行分析,对多点位移计变形大小、岩体变形与结构面的关系进行探讨,对平洞石墨杆收敛计变形、谷幅平距观测、锚索荷载和抗剪洞变形等监测结果进行综合分析,得到边坡岩体的变形规律。研究结果表明,锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡岩体受开挖影响的范围较大,超过80 m,边坡岩体卸荷松弛变形量级较大,边坡岩体应力释放与转移过程较长,边坡达到完全稳定需要的时间较长。该工程的监测成果可供其他类似工程参考和借鉴。     

锦屏一级水电站左岸1885m以上开挖工程边坡预应力锚索施工质量控制

锦屏一级水电站坝肩左岸边坡地质复杂,岩体内层面、层间挤压错动带、断层及节理裂隙发育;谷坡深部岩体内地应力高,浅表部岩体由于应力释放卸荷松弛强烈,且标段区内岸上坡深部存在深部裂缝,开挖后形成522m高的人工边坡,边坡稳定问题非常突出。施工中采用了大面积的单孔多锚头压力分散型无黏结预应力锚索深层支护、框格梁及锚喷混凝土浅层支护。通过一年多的工程实践,基本完成了EL1960m以上锚索施工。经过锚索测力计、测斜孔、多点变位计等监测表明,锚固后的开挖边坡是稳定的。     

布西水电站坝址边坡地应力场及岩体力学特性的试验研究

介绍了水压致裂法和钻孔弹性模量法在布西坝址边坡地应力场及该区域岩体力学性状研究中的综合应用,其中包括测试区域岩体水平主应力、弹性模量和变形模量的大小及其分布规律。研究结果表明:坝址右岸边坡的应力水平明显高于左岸,而浅部测试的模量值均较小,揭示了边坡表层及河床附近岩体的力学性质。最后根据测试结果分析了边坡卸荷机制,初步划定卸荷界限,为拱坝坝肩边坡的合理开挖提供了依据。     

锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡微震监测系统及其工程应用

锦屏一级水电站坝区山高坡陡,两岸山体地应力高,左岸存在深部裂缝、低波速松弛岩体、煌斑岩脉(X)及f2,f5断层等复杂地质条件。为对左岸边坡深部岩体微震活动性进行实时监测和分析,2009年6月该边坡安装加拿大ESG公司生产的微震监测系统。通过构建左岸边坡三维地质模型和优化传感器布设方案,采用人工定点爆破试验对监测系统定位性能进行测试,结果显示在传感器阵列范围内的震源定位误差小于12m,证明系统具有较高的定位精度。对拾取的事件波形进行分析和聚类研究,给出系统运行以来微震事件的时空分布规律,初步圈定左岸边坡微震活动引起的深部岩体变形区域,并结合RFPA有限元软件对比研究边坡应力场和潜在滑裂面。研究结果表明,该边坡微震监测系统的设计和实施满足深部岩体变形的全局监测,能够识别左岸边坡可能存在的潜在岩体破坏区域和滑移面,为边坡后期生产性灌浆以及加固处理提供一些参考,也为高岩质边坡稳定性分析提供一个新的研究思路。     

不对称发育深卸荷地质力学模式

揭示不对称发育深卸荷空间分布规律、变形破坏类型及地质力学模式。以白鹤滩水电站深卸荷为典型实例,基于现场调查、精细描述,分析深卸荷空间分布特征、变形破坏特征、变形破坏类型,结合河谷演化历史,揭示深卸荷岩体能量演化过程,从能量存储、释放角度建立不对称发育深卸荷地质力学模式。研究表明：深卸荷分布于距边坡表面水平、垂向深度均为50～150 m空间范围,均处于历次谷底高应力集中影响范围;深卸荷变形破坏类型可划分为3类：继承性拉张型、新生性张剪型与错动扩展型;偏移-下切河谷演化使左岸岩体经历多次循环加卸载过程,能量演化过程具有区别于右岸的三高特点：储存量高,耗散量高,强度劣化程度高,这是深卸荷不对称分布的根本原因;深卸荷地质力学模式可概括为先期沿结构面与岩桥拉裂,以及后期沿缓倾角错动带产生的滑移-拉裂;深卸荷形成过程可概括为3阶段：损伤加剧与强度劣化阶段、局部拉应力形成阶段、错动扩张阶段。     

A method to experimentally investigate injection-induced activation of fractures

Natural fractures are generally well developed in most hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs, which can produce complex fracture networks due to the activation of fractures during hydraulic stimulation. The present paper is devoted to developing a method to investigate the activation characteristics of fracture under injection-shearing coupled condition at laboratory scale. The fluid is injected into the single-fractured granite until the fracture is activated based on the triaxial direct shear tests. The results show that injection process can significantly influence the shear stress distribution field, resulting in release of shear stress and relative slip between the opposite sides of the fractured surface. The injection-induced activation of fracture is strongly dependent on the stress states. When the normal stress increases, the injection-induced activation pressure increases, and the comparatively high normal stress can restrain the fracture activation. The fracture deformation mechanisms during fluid injection are also discussed preliminarily with the experimental data. The sensitivity of shear stress to fluid injection increases with increase of shear stress level, while it decreases under high normal stress. The results can facilitate our understanding of the natural fracture activation behavior during fluid pressure stimulation.     

裂隙岩体渗流与应力耦合分析

岩体变形与水力特性主要决定于岩体中的裂隙分布、密度和尺寸。本文建议的岩体渗流与应力耦合分析方法以裂隙渗流理论和变形本构关系为基础。文末给出重力坝及坝基渗流与应力耦合数值分析算例。     

Assessment of an equivalent porous medium for coupled stress and fluid flow in fractured rock

The equivalent porous medium (EPM) for coupled stress and fluid flow in fractured rock was assessed. The assessment was focused on the contributions of the seepage-induced force to the system's equilibrium and deformation as well as fluid flux through the fractures, with the special emphasis on the inter-relations among these three aspects. Seepage-induced average stress was calculated for the EPM. And it was proved, with respect to the fluid flow system (FFS) proposed by Long et al. [Long JCS, Remer JC, Wilson CR, Witherspoon PA. Porous medium equivalents for networks of discontinuous fractures. Water Resour Res 1982;18:645–658], that the equivalence of the equilibrium contribution of the seepage-induced force is unconditionally satisfied in the EPM. The equivalence of fluid flux and seepage-induced deformation was evaluated using numerical techniques based on the FFS, in which the seepage-induced deformation was considered as ‘tensile’ deformation under fluid pressures. The numerical simulation results of the two cases suggest that the EPM established in terms of fluid flux based on the FFS guarantees equivalence of coupled stress and fluid flow. Also, the numerical simulation results indicate that the percolation theory can not be applied to a system with fractures of remarkably different size and hydraulic conductivity.     

高拱坝谷幅变形机制及非饱和裂隙岩体有效应力原理研究

蓄水期谷幅变形影响着高拱坝当前工作性态和长期安全状况,但拱坝设计方法中尚没有相关的评价标准。首先总结蓄水期高拱坝坝址谷幅变形规律和常规数值方法计算的难点。从裂隙水压力的作用规律出发,在弹塑性模型屈服函数中引入静水压力,并应用于锦屏一级拱坝蓄水期计算分析。计算结果与监测值符合良好,初步解释谷幅收缩等坝址区山体变形现象。探索蓄水初期裂隙岩体的细观变形机制,提出非饱和、非贯通裂隙岩体中的有效应力原理。结果表明,裂隙水压力改变岩体平衡状态,是蓄水后坝址区岩体产生塑性变形的主要驱动力。     

层状围岩中管片衬砌受力特征的模型试验研究

深部层状围岩结构强度具有各向异性特点,此类地层中修建盾构隧道,管片衬砌易受偏压作用,对结构安全构成挑战。开展层状围岩与盾构管片衬砌相互作用关系的相似模型试验研究,研究不同层理倾角下管片衬砌壁后围岩压力、管片衬砌内力和变形分布规律。研究结构表明:管片衬砌受力和变形特征受层理面控制明显,管片衬砌受力极不均匀,弯矩、轴力和变形呈现非对称分布;管片衬砌壁后围岩压力最大值集中在强度最弱的层理面法线方向,该方向上管片衬砌的弯矩最大,轴力最小,变形最大;层理倾角对管片衬砌的受力和变形影响显著,层理倾角不仅影响管片衬砌壁后围岩压力分布形状还影响其量值大小;均质地层中,管片衬砌裂缝主要出在封顶块接头处和其他环向接头处,层状地层中管片衬砌裂缝出现位置受接头位置影响减弱,而受层理倾角影响明显,管片衬砌裂缝出现位置主要集中在层理面法向。研究结果对层状围岩中修建盾构隧道的支护结构型式设计具有一定参考价值。     

Formulation of strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity for a fractured rock mass

By characterizing rock masses as anisotropic continua with one or multiple sets of critically oriented fractures, a methodology is developed in this paper to address the change in hydraulic conductivity resulted from engineering disturbance, material nonlinearity and anisotropy. An equivalent elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive model with non-associated flow rule and mobilized dilatancy is developed to describe the global nonlinear response of the rockmass under complex loading conditions. By separating the deformation of fractures from that of the equivalent medium, a strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity tensor is formulated. This not only considers the normal compressive deformation of the fractures, but also and more importantly, integrates the effect of material nonlinearity and post-peak shear dilatancy. Using this methodology, a closed-form solution is derived to describe the hydraulic behavior of a single fracture during combined normal and shear loading processes. The closed-form solution is validated by an existing coupled shear-flow test under wide ranges of normal and shear loads. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the changes in hydraulic conductivities of a cubic block of fractured rock mass under triaxial compression and shear loading, as well as a circular underground excavation in a biaxial stress field at the Stripa mine, Sweden. The simulation results agree well with the in-situ experimental observations and an existing elastic strain-dependent analytical solution, respectively. The evaluation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of predicting the changes in hydraulic properties of fractured rock masses under loading or excavation.     

An analytical solution of equivalent elastic modulus considering confining stress and its variables sensitivity analysis for fractured rock masses

The equivalent elastic modulus is a parameter for controlling the deformation behavior of fractured rock masses in the equivalent continuum approach. The confining stress, whose effect on the equivalent elastic modulus is of great importance, is the fundamental stress environment of natural rock masses. This paper employs an analytical approach to obtain the equivalent elastic modulus of fractured rock masses containing random discrete fractures (RDFs) or regular fracture sets (RFSs) while considering the confining stress. The proposed analytical solution considers not only the elastic properties of the intact rocks and fractures, but also the geometrical structure of the fractures and the confining stress. The performance of the analytical solution is verified by comparing it with the results of numerical tests obtained using the three-dimensional distinct element code (3DEC), leading to a reasonably good agreement. The analytical solution quantitatively demonstrates that the equivalent elastic modulus increases substantially with an increase in confining stress, i.e. it is characterized by stress-dependency. Further, a sensitivity analysis of the variables in the analytical solution is conducted using a global sensitivity analysis approach, i.e. the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (EFAST). The variations in the sensitivity indices for different ranges and distribution types of the variables are investigated. The results provide an in-depth understanding of the influence of the variables on the equivalent elastic modulus from different perspectives.     

不等厚互层顺层磷矿高边坡变形机制研究

以云南晋宁磷矿东采区顺层高边坡为研究对象,通过现场勘察,对现场滑坡形态、破坏情况、滑面及滑体特征等进行分析,并从地质、力学角度上分析滑坡变形破坏特征、力学机制及滑坡演化形成过程。最后采用离散元分析验证。研究结果表明:滑坡变形破坏模式为滑移—拉裂破坏,降雨及磷矿开采是滑坡滑动的重要诱因。磷矿层开采坡前缘切断岩层,形成临空面,岩体卸荷松弛发育裂隙,雨水下渗到全风化粘土层面附近富集,层间含水化强的物质,在长期浸泡软化、不等厚互层差异风化等作用下,岩体力学性质大幅衰减,滑体沿软弱层面向临空方向滑动,坡体后缘岩体被拉开,形成张拉裂缝,软弱滑动面贯通,边坡发生变形破坏,主要是以岩石的拉张破坏为主,拉应力对岩石的破坏起主导作用。从计算的位移、滑动形态、变形速率及应力分布判断,滑坡的变形机制为滑移—拉裂破坏模式。其研究成果为矿区高边坡稳定性分析及加固设计提供一定参考依据。