Characterizing cyclic and static moduli and strength of compacted pavement subgrade soils considering moisture variation

Compacted soils are widely used as the subgrade layer for pavements. Knowledge of the mechanical properties of subgrade soils under cyclic and static loading conditions and their variation under the influence of environmental factors is required for the rational design of pavements based on mechanistic methods. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the cyclic and static moduli and the strength properties of seven different compacted Canadian subgrade soils considering the variation in the post-compaction moisture content. Cyclic triaxial tests were performed to reliably determine the resilient modulus (M_R). Unconfined compression tests, which allow an unloading-reloading loop at 1% strain, were performed to determine the deviator stress (S_u1%) at 1% strain, the reloading elastic modulus (E_1%) at 1% strain and the unconfined compressive strength (q_u) at failure. The physical properties, the chemical and mineralogical compositions, and the soil-water characteristics of these soils were also determined. Relationships were developed to predict the M_R from the S_u1%, E_1%, q_u and soil physical properties for the investigated subgrade soils because the experimental determination of M_R is both expensive and time-consuming. The studies presented in this paper provide useful information and approaches that can be used to promote the implementation of mechanistic pavement design methods using simple techniques.     

路基永久变形对水泥混凝土路面的影响分析

采用由室内反复加载三轴试验建立的路基土永久变形预估模型,计算了典型土组路基永久变形的量值。分析表明,随着路基回弹模量的提高,其永久变形也逐渐减小;路基永久变形在空间上呈垂球面形,在模拟计算中,可采用抛物线或正弦曲线进行拟合。将路基永久变形作为初始条件赋予相应节点,建立考虑不均匀支撑条件的路面结构分析模型,并对不同荷位下路面结构的荷载响应和疲劳寿命进行分析。结果表明,路基变形对柔性基层路面荷载应力和疲劳寿命的影响均十分显著,因此柔性基层不适宜用于重交通和特重交通路面中;对于半刚性基层路面,当路基回弹模量达到40 MPa时,路基永久变形对路面荷载应力和疲劳寿命的影响均较弱,因此建议在路面结构设计中可予以忽略。     

非饱和粘性路基土回弹模量之研究

利用MTS动力三轴试验系统,进行一系列路基土回弹模量试验,并于试验后以滤纸法量测土样之基质吸力,以探讨非饱和粘性路基土之回弹模量特性及基质吸力对回弹模量之影响。研究结果显示重复荷载下之偏应力愈大则回弹模量愈小,且回弹模量随基质吸力的增加而增加。本文并建立以重复荷载之偏应力及基质吸力预测非饱和粘性路基土回弹模量之模式,改善传统模式未能考虑含水率对路基之影响。     

Resilient behavior of compacted subgrade soils under the repeated triaxial test

Subgrade soils are very important materials to support highways. Resilient modulus (M_r) has been used for characterizing stress-strain behavior of subgrades subjected to repeated traffic loadings. Recently the repeated triaxial test procedure has been upgraded through AASHTO T 307. Since the testing procedure is still complex, the testing has not been widely implemented in practice. In order to evaluate resilient behavior of compacted subgrades soils, the repeated triaxial test and the unconfined compressive test as well as some fundamental property tests were conducted. In this study, the applicability of a simplified procedure with a confining pressure of 13.8 kPa and deviator stresses of 13.8, 27.6, 41.4, 55.2, 69 and 103.4 kPa was investigated on the typical sandy–silty–clay and silty–clay subgrade soils encountered in Indiana. The results obtained from the simplified procedure are comparable with those obtained from AASHTO T 307 which calls for 15 combinations of stresses. This shows the simplified procedure to be feasible and effective for design purpose. Some soils compacted wet of optimum moisture content showed an excessive permanent deformation. This phenomenon was investigated by the comparison of the unconfined compressive test and the repeated triaxial test results. For soils exhibiting excessive permanent deformation, use of deformed length is desirable for more accurate calculation of M_r. Usually the soils compacted dry of optimum shows the largest M_r for sandy–silty–clay soils due to capillary suction, but it is not necessarily true for silty–clay soils. A predictive model to estimate regression coefficients k₁, k₂, and k₃ using 11 soil variables obtained from the soil property tests and the standard Proctor compaction tests was developed. The predicted regression coefficients compare well with measured ones.     

水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的预估分析

基于非饱和土基本理论,利用基质吸力及土水特征曲线的最新研究成果,对受地下水位控制的粘土路基的平衡湿度状态进行了预估分析;同时采用室内重复动三轴试验方法,建立了非饱和粘性路基土动回弹模量的双线性本构经验预估模型.将上述研究成果相结合,创建了综合考虑路基湿度和应力状态的路基当量回弹模量的预估方法,并结合实体工程建立了以地下水位、路基填筑高度为核心的路基当量回弹模量预估方程.通过与试验路上传统测试方法测试结果的对比分析,表明该评价方法具有准确、可靠特点.研究成果从平衡湿度和应力状态耦合控制的角度,对水网密集区粘土路基当量回弹模量的确定提供了新的视角和途径.     

车辆循环荷载作用下柔性路面路基的永久变形

柔性路面路基土过量的车辙变形会造成大量的经济损失,影响到路面行车的安全性和舒适性,而且还会引起路面其它形式破坏例如反射裂缝的产生和加强.为此首先简要综述了车辆循环荷载下柔性路面路基变形的研究现状,对现有的路基土永久变形预估模型进行了简要评价并重点讨论了南非车辙预估模型;然后,基于南非重车加载试验数据建立了一个简单的力学-经验计算模型来预测柔性路面路基的永久变形量,该模型可以全面考虑路基材料特性、路基土在车辆荷载作用下的应力应变状况和荷载作用次数;最后,以一个柔性路面和半刚性路面为例,应用该模型对不同轴载下的路基变形进行了预估.该预估模型可以为以后沥青路面车辙方面的研究及其沥青路面的设计提供参考.     

Investigation on the freeze-thaw damage to the jointed plain concrete pavement under different climate conditions

Freeze-thaw damage is one of the main threats to the long time performance of the concrete pavement in the cold regions. This project aims to evaluate the influence of the freeze-thaw damages on pavement distresses under different climate conditions. Based on the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) data base, the freeze-thaw damage generated by four different kinds of climate conditions are considered in this project: wet-freeze, wet-non freeze, dryfreeze and dry-non freeze. The amount of the transverse crack and the joint spalling, along with the International Roughness Index (IRI) are compared among the test sections located in these four different climate conditions. The back calculation with the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) test results based on the ERES and the Estimation of Concrete Pavement Parameters (ECOPP) methods are conducted to obtain concrete slab elastic modulus and the subgrade k-value. These two parameters both decrease with service time under freeze condition. Finally, MEPDG simulation is conducted to simulate the IRI development with service year. These results showed the reasonable freeze-thaw damage development with pavement service life and under different climate conditions.     

含水率变化下压实路基土动态回弹模量试验研究与预估模型

路基土动态回弹模量MR是路面设计和使用性能评价采用的关键参数,运营期间受含水率变化影响显著。以压实红黏土为研究对象,制备了6个不同含水率和3种不同压实度的试样,采用滤纸法测试了不同状态下的基质吸力,并通过动三轴试验研究了含水率、压实度、动偏应力和围压对动态回弹模量的影响。试验结果表明:MR随压实度、围压的增大而增大,随动偏应力增大呈非线性减小;MR随含水率增大急剧降低,从最佳含水率增加4.5%时,不同压实度下MR均降低约50%,动偏应力和压实度对MR的影响随含水率增大逐渐减弱;MR随含水率和饱和度的变化规律与土性显著相关,而不同土样的MR随基质吸力变化趋势基本一致。进而引入基质吸力,建立了综合考虑含水率和应力水平影响的压实路基土MR预估模型,通过本文和文献试验数据证实了该模型的适用性,并基于13种土样的试验结果建立了模型参数与物性指标之间的经验关系。     

路基土回弹模量应力依赖性分析及预估模型

通过室内重复加载三轴试验研究4种常用路基土的回弹特性,分析回弹模量对体应力、侧向应力、偏应力的依赖关系。试验结果表明,回弹模量值是两个应力变量的函数,且当其中一个变量保持不变时,回弹模量值随另一变量呈非线性变化,函数关系应为幂函数形式。在此分析基础上,参考Uzan模型表达式,以偏应力和体应力为变量回归得出相应的路基土回弹模量预估模型,拟合结果良好。模型的建立,有利于更好地理解路基土的回弹特性,并为路基模量设计值的取用与路面结构力学响应计算提供可靠的技术依据。     

砂土路用动态特性试验研究

为研究砂土在重复荷载作用下的路用动态特性,开展系列动三轴试验。根据累积塑性应变随加载次数的变化规律,获得不同含水量、压实度下砂土的临界动应力。研究结果表明,砂土动态回弹模量随围压、压实度的提高而增大,随循环偏应力和含水量的增大而减小。采用偏应力和体应力为变量的动态回弹模量本构模型对试验数据进行回归分析,结果表明所选模型具有较高的决定系数,证明所选模型具有较高的合理性与可靠性,可为基于动力学的路面结构设计提供参数。为运用上述动态特性评价公路路基填料,提出基于动力特性的公路路基设计思路。     

Hydraulic and volume change behaviors of compacted highly expansive soil under cyclic wetting and drying

The wide engineered application of compacted expansive soils necessitates understanding their behavior under field conditions. The results of this study demonstrate how seasonal climatic variation and stress and boundary conditions individually or collectively influence the hydraulic and volume change behavior of compacted highly expansive soils. The cyclic wetting and drying (CWD) process was applied for two boundary conditions, i.e. constant stress (CS) and constant volume (CV), and for a wide range of axial stress states. The adopted CWD process affected the hydraulic and volume change behaviors of expansive soils, with the first cycle of wetting and drying being the most effective. The CWD process under CS conditions resulted in shrinkage accumulation and reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_sat). On the other hand, CWD under CV conditions caused a reduction of swell pressure while has almost no impact on k_sat. An elastic response to CWD was achieved after the third cycle for saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_sat), the third to fourth cycle for the volume change potential under the CV conditions, and the fourth to fifth cycle for the volume change potential under the CS conditions. Finally, both swell pressure (σ_s) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (k_sat) are not fundamental parameters of the expansive soil but rather depend on stress, boundary and wetting conditions.     

模量不均匀路基上的沥青路面动力响应研究

为研究路基模量的不均匀对沥青路面动力响应的影响规律,首先采用便携式落锤弯沉仪(简称PFWD)对亚-雪公路路基模量分布进行现场测试,分析并总结路基模量的空间不均匀分布特征;进而考虑汽车车体的运动、轮胎的黏弹效应、沥青路面的黏弹性能以及路基模量的不均匀特性,基于D′Alembert原理和黏弹性薄板振动理论,建立了重载汽车-路面-不均匀模量路基耦合动力学模型,并分析了路基不均匀特性、行车速度和后轴轴重对沥青路面动力响应的影响。计算结果表明,路基模量的不均匀性对路面动应变的影响显著。当汽车行驶通过路基不均匀模量区时,后轴产生的基层底应变幅值约为前轴的2倍;当后轴轴载由100kN增加至180kN,基层底应变幅值由62με增加到109με;随着行车速度从5km/h增加至80km/h,基层底部的拉应变幅值增加1.3倍,并逐渐趋于稳定;特别当路基不均匀模量幅值从40MPa降低到0、不均匀模量弦长由1m增加至4m,基层层底拉应变幅的增幅分别可达26%和23%。     

路基土回弹模量影响因素分析

采用室内重复加载三轴试验测试了不同性质路基土的回弹模量(Erm),分析了应力级位、含水量和压实度对路基土回弹模量的影响.结果表明:偏应力(dσ)和侧向应力(3σ)对路基土回弹模量均有显著影响,含水量对路基土回弹模量的影响非常大,而压实度同样是一个主要影响因素.路基土回弹模量测试及取值应遵循的条件为:估算路基土实际受力水平以确定应力级位;根据Miner线性累加损坏准则,对全年各季节不同含水量状况下的路基土回弹模量取加权平均值;压实度可根据实际施工水平取值,或取95%.     

Filtration and clogging of permeable pavement loaded by urban drainage

Permeable pavement, as a sustainable infrastructure material can promote hydrologic restoration, particulate matter (PM) and solute control. However, filtration and commensurate clogging are two aspects of continued interest and discussion. This study quantifies filtration and clogging of cementitious permeable pavement (CPP) for loadings from 50 to 200 mg/L of hetero-disperse sandy-silt PM. The CPP mix design provides a hetero-disperse pore size distribution (PSD)_pore, effective porosity (φ_e) of 24% and median pore size of 658 μm with a standard deviation of 457 μm. The PM mass separation across the entire particle size distribution (PSD)_PM exceeds 80%; with complete separation for PM greater than 300 μm and 50% separation for suspended PM. Turbidity is reduced (42–95%), and effluent is below 10 NTU in the first quartile of a loading period. Permeable pavement illustrates reductions in initial (clean-bed) hydraulic conductivity (k₀) with loading time. For all PM loadings, k₀ (3.1 × 10^?1 mm/s) was reduced to 10^?4 mm/s for runoff loading durations from 100 to 250 h, respectively. Temporal hydraulic conductivity (k) follows exponential profiles. Maintenance by vacuuming and sonication illustrate that 96–99% of k₀ is recovered. Permeable pavement constitutive properties integrated with measured PM loads and a year of continuous rainfall-runoff simulation illustrate k reduction with historical loadings. Study results measure and model filtration and hydraulic conductivity phenomena as well as maintenance requirements of permeable pavement directly loaded by urban drainage.     

NONLINEAR VISCOSITY OF SUBGRADE SOILS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING

1 anODUCTIONBoth qualny and Haree of Pavment willlopIy depend on mechanical behavior of suWesoils, Wially the viscous mp of sUbgrade soilunder vehicle-induced dynaInic loading. However,little effort has bo mad in inveStigating soil viscousbehavior in both the laboratory and the field. In mostntnnerical and compute modeling inveStigations,poeters related to soil viscous behavior aretalitionally empintal. For example, cOmPLItr mode-ling wAn the finite elemen method (FEM) is one ofmoSt …     

Laboratory tests to evaluate effectiveness of wicking geotextile in soil moisture reduction

A new type of woven geotextile, referred to as wicking geotextile, was developed and introduced to the market. Since this wicking geotextile consists of wicking fibers, they can wick water out from unsaturated soils in a pavement structure thus resulting in an increase of soil resilient modulus and enhance performance of roadways. In this study, a physical model test was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the wicking geotextile in soil moisture reduction for roadway applications. A test box with a dimension of 1041 mm in length, 686 mm in width, and 584 mm in height was used in this study. Two HDPE plastic panels were used to separate the box into two sections, one containing a dehumidifier and the other backfilled with soil. The dehumidifier was adopted to collect the water, which was wicked out from the soil by the wicking geotextile and evaporated into air. Test results show that (1) the wicking geotextile wicked water out from the soil even at the moisture content close to the optimum moisture content and (2) the comparison of soil moisture contents before and after rainfall demonstrated that the wicking geotextile maintained the soil moisture contents after rainfall close to those before rainfall and had an effective distance for the soil moisture reduction.     

循环荷载下土基的非线性剪切粘性（英文）

Experimental investigations of nonlinear shear viscosity of subgrade soils under periodic loading are conducted. Unsaturated subgrade soil samples are prepared to conduct triaxial shear tests under repeated loading that is used to simulate the cyclic stress induced by vehicles. Investigations included three aspects. First,a new nonlinear viscous model is introduced to describe the relation of shear stress and shear strain rate. This relation was reduced from the constitutive law of nonlinear poroviscosity suggested by the author before. Second,related constitutive parameters are investigated and calibrated with experimental results from triaxial shear tests. The nonlinear viscous parameters are assumed to be a function of deviatoric strain and loading repetitions. Third,both viscous and elastic behavior of soils associated with the deviatoric strain and the cyclic loading repetition is tudied. The correlation between shear viscosity and resilient modulus is discussed as well. This is the first attempt to find any correlation between soil viscosity and elasticity through laboratory investigations. In contrast,in traditional numerical computations (e.g.,the finite element method),the extra viscous term added to the governing equation is assumed to be related to system mass and rigidity.     

沥青路面反算模量与沥青混合料动态模量的关系

为获取沥青路面结构层沥青材料模量参数,合理评价沥青路面结构性能,开展沥青路面反算模量与同温度下室内沥青混合料动态模量的关系研究。采用落锤式弯沉仪（FWD）对4个不同结构的沥青路面试验路进行测试,并通过路面结构埋设的温度传感器同步采集温度,对试验结果进行沥青层模量反算;采用沥青混合料性能试验机（AMPT）对试验路沥青材料进行动态模量试验,根据时温等效原理获取FWD测试的同温度下的沥青混合料模量值,结合沥青路面结构层厚度计算沥青混合料动态模量的当量模量;对沥青层同一温度下的FWD反算模量与动态模量的当量模量进行分析比较,建立回归模型。结果表明,不同路面结构的FWD反算模量与室内动态模量的关系基本一致,其变化趋势不依赖于沥青层厚度的变化;沥青路面FWD的反算模量和室内AMPT的模量呈非线性关系,当模量较小时,FWD反算模量要低于室内模量,随着模量的增加,在10000MPa附近时,二者的模量值是接近的,模量值再继续增大时,FWD反算模量的增加较快,明显大于室内动态模量,室内动态模量的增长趋于平缓。     

粒料基层沥青路面结构非线性分析

在分析国内外四种常用粒料基层材料非线性本构模型的基础上,提出一种新的的本构模型;运用该模型,对砂砾基层沥青路面的模量及应力、应变进行分析,给出模量取值;并将理论分析与室内试验的测试结果进行对比,结果表明路面垂直变形值和应力值与实测结果吻合度在85%以上,本模型与实际情况是相符的。     

考虑拉压模量不同的沥青路面力学计算方法与分析

现行沥青路面设计理论为传统的线弹性理论,设计时采用抗压回弹模量作为材料刚度参数,并未充分考虑道路材料拉压模量具有显著差异的特点。为此,文章将双模量理论(即拉压模量不同弹性理论)引入到路面力学分析中,基于迭代思想建立考虑材料拉压模量不同的沥青路面结构数值计算方法,且利用ABAQUS二次开发平台UMAT编制计算子程序,对典型沥青路面结构进行力学分析。结果表明：路面关键点位的力学响应,基于双模量理论与传统线弹性理论的计算结果之间的偏差高达30%～50%,应引起高度重视;沥青路面表面存在着较大的拉应力和拉应变,应为沥青路面破坏源之一,建议将沥青面层的设计点位从层底移至路表轮隙区;应用双模量理论对路面结构进行力学分析可有效地解决道路材料弹性模量的不唯一性问题。