液化场地–群桩基础–结构体系动力响应分析——大型振动台模型试验研究

进行了液化场地–结构体系动力相互作用大型振动台试验,对土体和桩基的加速度反应、饱和砂土层的孔压反应等进行了测试。重点阐述了土体和群桩基础的加速度地震响应特征和饱和土体的孔压发展规律,并对土体侧向变形规律进行了分析。试验研究结果表明:0.05g拍波输入时,土体和桩基对加速度反应有着明显放大作用,土体各处孔压比增长幅度不大,土体侧向位移较小;0.3g汶川地震卧龙台地震记录输入时,桩基加速度反应规律与土体反应基本一致,土体孔压比增长明显,上部土体完全液化;土体水平侧向变形较大。本文成果可为液化场地–群桩基础动力相互作用研究做对比分析和验证数值模拟工作提供参考。     

非液化土-群桩基础-结构体系相互作用动力响应振动台试验研究

为深入研究非液化场地中桩-结构体系地震响应和土-结构动力相互作用问题,进行了含有一定深度的松砂层非液化场地土-结构体系动力相互作用大型振动台试验,分析非液化场地和群桩基础的加速度地震响应特征,并对土体侧向变形规律以及桩基弯矩分布进行了分析。结果表明：当输入0.05g拍波时,土体与桩基对加速度反应表现出放大作用,且距离结构较远处土体对加速度放大作用更加明显;当输入0.3g汶川地震卧龙台地震记录时,加速度只在远离桩基的土体中加速度反应有一定放大;桩身最大弯矩均超过60N·m,并且桩基弯矩幅值呈现出桩顶弯矩小(靠近桩顶处)、下部弯矩大(靠近桩端处)的规律,且在土层交界面附近弯矩存在突变;上部结构加速度反应自上而下有一定程度的减小,地震动Arias强度值减小明显,刚性场地上的结构地震动Arias强度是位于土体上结构的3~4倍,说明土体的耗能作用明显。     

倾斜液化场地桩基地震响应离心机试验研究

 倾斜液化场地中群桩地震响应受液化土层侧向流动和桩土相互作用影响和控制,故倾斜液化场地中桩基抗震性能问题是一个极其复杂问题。基于动态土工离心机试验来探讨考虑倾斜液化土侧向流动特点的群桩地震响应规律。试验设计不同地震强度下2个50 g典型土工离心模型试验,以研究倾斜液化场地中桩土加速度、位移、桩身弯矩和土体超孔隙水压力响应特性。试验提出倾斜饱和土层的制备方法,再现倾斜液化场地中桩基础在强震作用下的破坏程度、状态和机制,并进一步对比分析试验结果,取得较好的成果,此为倾斜液化场地桩基础的抗震设计提供可靠依据,对确保液化场地桩基础的抗震稳定性和安全性具有重要意义。     

饱和砂土中直群桩动力响应离心机振动台试验与简化数值模型研究

饱和砂土液化场地高承台直群桩及土体横向动力响应分析一直是岩土工程抗震的热点和难点。针对这一问题,设计制作饱和砂土液化场地的2×2直群桩模型,进行离心机振动台试验,分析液化场地群桩–土动力响应规律。在此基础上,基于ABAQUS有限元软件平台,通过引入砂土液化大变形本构模型,采用有限元网格自适应调整技术克服大变形畸变问题,建立可液化场地群桩基础静动耦合非线性相互作用的二维有限元模型进行数值模拟分析,并用试验结果进行验证。结果表明:峰值加速度0.3 g正弦波工况下离心机振动台试验饱和砂土地基液化速度非常快,直群桩基础承台加速度与土中加速度放大峰值均不会超过输入波峰值,地基液化后承台加速度便开始衰减;饱和砂土地基超静孔隙水压力发展直接影响加速度响应,土体液化直接导致加速度衰减;数值模拟加速度结果与试验的加速度动力响应特性相符合,但量值上有区别,将数值模拟结果进行一定比例缩小后与试验结果基本吻合;数值模拟超静孔隙水压力与超静孔压比与试验结果基本一致,数值模拟显示浅层土较深层土液化明显;数值模拟的承台位移相较于试验偏保守。     

液化地基上隔震结构群桩与土动力相互作用振动台模型试验研究

开展了液化场地–桩–隔震层–上部结构动力相互作用体系的大型振动台模型试验,再现饱和砂土地基液化诱发的地基震陷震害,详细阐述了隔震结构群桩基础与地基的地震响应特征和饱和土体孔压发展规律。试验结果表明：隔震结构群桩基础的角桩桩身应变幅值明显高于中间桩,中间桩顶部应变幅值又明显高于角桩;隔震结构地基液化后上部结构摇摆和基础转动反应急剧增加,进而导致群桩基础桩顶弯矩急剧增加,使得桩身最大弯矩幅值由地基液化前的桩身中上部转移到地基液化后的桩顶位移,同时隔震结构下部桩顶弯矩幅值比桩身弯矩幅值也要大得多,充分说明在土–桩–隔震层–上部结构的动力相互作用下桩顶更易造成严重的地震破坏。     

液化砂土地基侧向流动对群桩作用的数值分析

强震中,液化土体在重力作用下往往发生水平流动,对群桩基础造成严重破坏。因此,液化土体流动对桩的致灾机理以及可液化土与群桩基础的动力相互作用一直是岩土地震工程领域的重要研究之一。采用三维动力FE-FD耦合法及弹塑性饱和土本构模型,对群桩—可液化土体系的振动台实验进行非线性数值模拟,通过土体振动液化后在不同侧向流速下对群桩产生致灾作用的分析,讨论并得到液化土侧向流动中孔隙水压力、流动变形、土体流速对群桩基础前后桩的内力分布和侧向位移的影响规律。     

饱和砂土坝基液化超重力振动台试验研究

坝基作为水利水电工程重要基础设施的核心部分,其在地震作用下的动力响应和稳定性受到广泛关注.针对饱和砂土坝基的动力响应和液化规律,开展了两组超重力振动台试验,分析了饱和砂土地基在坝闸荷载作用下的地震响应规律.根据两组离心试验结果,地震作用下自由场地地基下层土体发生软化,上层土体发生液化喷砂,加速度放大系数和超静孔压比沿深...     

地面横向往返运动下可液化土层中桩基响应机理

通过非液化和液化土层中桩基础宏观震害现象以及等幅波与真实地震波振动台模型实验中桩和土层的加速度、位移、桩土相互作用力、桩动力p-y曲线、桩身弯矩与孔压发展过程对比,研究地震引起的地面横向往返运动下可液化土层中桩基响应机理.结果表明:非液化土层中上部结构惯性力控制着桩的反应性态,桩头加速度和桩身弯矩与土层加速度时程基本保持一致;液化过程中桩土相互作用力呈现明显增大现象,土体侧向刚度虽然衰减,但同时土层相对位移和桩土相对位移增大的影响更为强烈,即土层和桩土相对位移对桩土相互作用力增大的作用明显大于土体刚度衰减引起桩土相互作用力减小的作用;液化土层中桩土相互作用最大反应不是在土层加速度峰值时刻,而是土体相对位移达到最大时响应最大,此时土层孔压比为0.8左右;非液化土层中桩土相互关系为桩推土,惯性力是控制因素,液化土层中则为土推桩,土体位移起主要作用,而液化发展是这一转变决定性因素;常规仅考虑土体刚度衰减的拟静力方法不适合液化土层中桩基础地震响应计算分析.     

可液化场地桥梁群桩基础地震响应振动台试验研究

针对上覆黏土层、下部饱和砂层结构的可液化场地条件,采用2×2低承台群桩—独柱墩结构,完成了可液化场地群桩–土–桥梁结构地震相互作用振动台试验。试验表明:在小幅震动阶段孔压仅有少量积累,孔压积累主要发生在强烈振动段;孔压随震动幅值增大、持时延长而变得更高;最强烈液化作用滞后于峰值加速度时刻。砂层加速度反应受场地液化影响较大;随着砂层液化的发展,土层位移峰值时刻与输入地震波峰值时刻、土层加速度峰值时刻之间表现出明显的时滞特征,而土层位移对桩的弯矩反应起着越来越明显的作用,且液化砂层位移对桩土相互作用力影响效应已凸显;完全液化砂层的承载力并未全部丧失;无论砂层液化与否,桩与砂层加速度反应规律保持一致;地震中土层分界附近桩的加速度、弯矩出现突变。振动台试验无疑为可液化场地桥梁群桩抗震性能研究提供必要铺垫。     

随机地震激励下群桩-土-桥墩相互作用分析

考虑地震动的随机性,利用复反应分析技术,采用随机地震反应计算方法对某一特大型桥梁群桩基础与土动力相互作用效应进行了数值试验研究。将土与群桩体系视为一个整体进行有限元离散,采用等效线性化方法考虑土体的动力非线性性能。将桥墩-群桩-土相互作用体系与自由场随机地震反应进行比较,结果表明:相互作用效应的影响与桩土模量差异以及土体与群桩基础距离有关。软土层剪应变水平及分布发生了显著变化,群桩基础两侧附近土域剪应变呈现明显的弧形分布;地表及浅层土体最大地震加速度反应有所减小,但覆盖层中下部土体加速度反应峰值明显增大,增幅达5%~30%左右;此外,地震地面运动的频谱成分存在显著差别。桥梁桩基础抗震设计中应充分考虑桥梁结构-群桩-土相互作用效应。     

Shaking table test and theoretical analysis of the pile–soil–structure interaction at a liquefiable site

Pile foundations are widely used to support high‐rise buildings, in which piles transmit foundation loads to soil strata with higher bearing capacity and stiffness. This process alters the dynamic characteristics of the pile–soil–structure system in seismically active areas, especially at a liquefiable site. A series of shaking table tests on liquefiable soils in pile group foundations of tall buildings were performed to evaluate the liquefaction process and dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The soil was composed of two layers: the upper layer was a clay layer and the lower layer was saturated sand. These layers were placed in a flexible container that was excited by El Centro earthquake events and Shanghai Bedrock waves at different levels. The test results indicate that the pore pressure ratio is gradually enhanced as the amplitude of the input acceleration increases. The liquefied sand has a filtering effect on the vibration with a high frequency and an amplified effect on the vibration with a low frequency. With increased excitation, contact pressure and strain amplitudes of the pile increase, whereas the peak acceleration magnification coefficient decreases. The seismic responses of a structure with pile–soil–structure interaction are generally smaller than those on a rigid foundation.     

Experimental study on seismic response of soilbags-built retaining wall

The seismic performance of soilbags-built retaining wall model was studied experimentally. A series of small-scale shaking table tests with the input of different amplitude sinusoidal waves and a large-scale shaking table test in a designed laminar shear box with the input of the Wenchuan earthquake wave were carried out on soilbags' retaining wall models. For comparison, the small-scale shaking table tests were also conducted on horizontally reinforced retaining wall models. The horizontal acceleration responses, the Fourier spectra, the dynamic earth pressure and the lateral displacements of soilbags' retaining wall models were investigated in shaking table tests. The results show that the seismic response of the soilbags' retaining wall is equivalent to or even slightly better than that of the horizontally reinforced retaining wall. The fundamental frequency and the Fourier spectral characteristics of the soilbags’ retaining wall are similar to those of backfill sands. The dynamic earth pressure of the wall model fluctuates almost synchronously with the input Wenchuan wave and no residual earth pressure is induced by the seismic loading. The permanent lateral displacements are small when subjected to multiple shakings, providing a proof that the retaining wall of soilbags has a good seismic performance.     

可液化场地下盾构扩挖地铁车站结构地震破坏机制振动台试验

 开展近远场水平地震动作用下可液化地层中盾构扩挖地铁车站结构振动台试验,分析模型地基土层的侧向变形、孔压比、加速度、宏观现象和动土压力以及结构的加速度、应变等物理量。研究结果表明,可液化模型地基在激振时经历先震密而后上浮的物理过程,震后有明显的喷砂冒水现象;地基土层侧向发生的是剪切型变形,其左摆与右摆过程中的峰值位移出现明显的不对称现象;小震时,模型地基中的加速度放大系数从下部到表层逐渐增大,中震及大震时,表现出先减小后增大的趋势;地震波沿模型地基向上传播的过程中,出现明显的高频滤波、低频放大的现象;可液化地基的孔压在地震作用下经历“急增长、慢消散”的变化过程;地下结构的存在对其周围地基孔隙水压力的增长(砂土液化)有明显的抑制作用。随着输入地震动强度的增加,动土压力明显增大,地下结构上、下方的土压力差值是结构发生液化上浮的内因,结构本身在强震过程中逐渐从弹性状态向弹塑性转化;液化场地条件下的结构侧方动土压力有随着埋置深度的增加而增加的趋势;可液化场地条件下盾构扩挖地铁车站结构的地震破坏机制是：中柱率先发生剪压破坏,而后是隧道开口部位与拱肩破坏,随后是侧墙与顶板的连接部位受拉破坏,最终形成机构而发生倒塌。     

可液化地基单桩基础离心机模型试验的三维数值分析

文章通过三维水土耦合动-静一体有限元程序DBLEAVES对饱和砂土地基（Dr=40%）单桩基础的离心机模型试验进行模型试验相对应的原型三维有限元数值模拟和分析。对比分析小震（峰值加速度0.08g）和大震（峰值加速度0.47g）情况下的土体加速度、超静孔隙水压、沉降位移以及桩身弯矩等变化规律。其中,地基土的性质采用应力诱导各向异性的交变移动弹塑性模型模拟,基桩采用弹性梁单元模型模拟。结果表明：①超静孔隙水压会“隔断”振动波的传递,当土体接近完全液化时,土表面峰值加速度会明显小于输入波峰值加速度,而当超静孔隙水压比较小时,土表面加速度相对于输入波则可能会放大;②地震时所达到的最大超静孔隙水压比是地基土沉降量的主要因素之一,且一大部分沉降发生在震后的孔压消散期;③数值模拟与模型试验结果的对比分析表明,交变移动模型可以较好地反映土体在交变荷载下的动力响应特性,验证了所采用的DBLEAVES程序和有限元方法的有效性。     

Model test of stone columns as liquefaction countermeasure in sandy soils

The shaking table model test was conducted to investigate earthquake resistant behavior of stone columns under the intensity of an earthquake resistance of buildings is VIII. The test results show that when acceleration is less than 0.20 g, composite foundation is not liquefied, settlement is also small and pile dislocation is not observed; when acceleration is 0.3g, ground outside embankment’s slope toe is liquefied and ground within stone column composite foundation is not. It is suggesting that reinforcement scale of stone column foundation should be widened properly. The designed stone column composite foundation meets the requirements for seismic resistance.     

Large‐scale shaking table test on pile‐soil‐structure interaction on soft soils

The two large‐scale shaking table tests of tall buildings on soft soils in pile group foundations are performed to capture the effect of the seismic pile‐soil‐structure interaction (PSSI) on the dynamic responses of the pile, soil, and structure. The two different model conditions are observed, including a fixed‐base structure and a structure supported by 3‐by‐3 pile group foundation in soft soil, representing the situations excluding the soil‐structure interaction (SSI) and considering the SSI, respectively. In the tests, the superstructure is a tall building with 12‐story reinforced concrete frame. The pile‐soil‐structure system rests in a shear laminar soil container, which is designed to minimize the boundary effects during shaking table tests. The two models are subjected to various intensity seismic excitations of Shanghai bedrock waves, 1995 Kobe earthquake, and 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake events. According to the experimental and analytical results, SSI systems have longer natural periods than the fixed‐base structure. In addition, soft soil has amplification effect under smaller seismic excitations and isolation effects under larger earthquake intensities. The strain amplitude at the top of pile is large, and the strain at the middle and tip is relatively small. Whereas the contact pressure is small at the top of pile and large at the middle and tip. From the dynamic responses of the superstructure, it is found that the PSSI amplifies the peak displacements and interstory drifts of the structures supported by pile group foundations by comparing with the fixed‐base structure. Whereas the peak acceleration and interstory shear force of the structure are reduced considering seismic PSSI. The results show that the seismic SSI is not always favorable, however, it may increase certain dynamic responses of the structure. Consequently, the seismic SSI should be considered reasonably, providing insight towards the rational seismic design of buildings rested on soft soils.     

结构-群桩基础地震响应离心振动台模型试验

为研究桥梁群桩基础的大质量承台和外露桩基对桩-土动力相互作用效应的影响,分别对低承台（与土接触）和高承台群桩基础进行了离心振动台模型试验。试验中地基土采用了黏质粉土,上部结构简化为质点和杆构件,基础形式包括单桩和群桩。为模拟地震剪切波作用下土层运动效应,采用叠环式层状剪切箱实现土体的层状自由剪切,箱内壁设置橡胶膜以消除边界反射效应。在加速度为5.0g的离心环境中,选取Chi-Chi地震波作为基底激励输入,在不同输入峰值加速度下,分析了结构-群桩基础的地震响应。试验结果表明：与低承台群桩基础相比,高承台形成的群桩外露会增加上部结构和承台的惯性效应,改变桩身峰值弯矩的分布,表现为承台与桩接触处的桩身峰值弯矩下降,但桩身最大峰值弯矩改变较小。